Coping with stress is essential for a CEO to remain effective as a leader of a community college. The mastery of self-development techniques for CEOs, visualization techniques for CEOs, and techniques which teach the CEOs to master Building Allies are essential tools for CEOs to provide vision and direction for community college. In the mid-1990s, California was going through an economic crisis. The tax base was significantly reduced resulting in the reduction of allocated funds for the local communities. The reduction of public funds limited the availability of social and health services, and community college programs. The economic disruption ultimately lead to employee layoffs, business closures and home foreclosures. (Wady, 1998) The unstable economic environment created many challenges for Chief Executive Officers (CEO)s at the California community colleges that led to stress for the CEOs Several researchers have examined how these changes have affected the CEOs in the types of stress produced, and more importantly, how the CEOs cope with this stress. In 1998, Dr. Gwendolyn Wady conducted a study on the coping skills of California Community College administrators. "The purpose of Wady's study was to identify and describe the administrative stresses and coping strategies utilized by administrators in the California Community College System to manage the job pressures associated with the execution of their official job functions. The administrative job leaders had to occupy a position of Executive, Managerial, and administrative category and must be a member of the Association of California Community College Administrators The outcome from the data indicated that there were significantly differences between coping strategies utilized by community college administrators. There were no significant differences in the selection of coping strategies in relation to personal background (age, years of experience, etc.) Successful administrators tended to use a variety of coping strategies to reduce stress dependent on their personality and type of job pressure."(Wady, p.7, 1998) The findings in Wady's study clearly indicated that the coping approach most selected by the majority of the community college administrators were strategies in the problem-solving category and the least beneficial stress-reducing techniques were postponing the activity. Wady concluded the study with a recommendation that the study be replicated in other states. This current study is designed to examine how community college CEOs in Texas are experiencing stresses, with the added problems caused by the economic crisis and a drastic increase in enrollment. During the past four or five decades, community colleges have experienced expediential growth (Hagedorn, 2010). They are often viewed as a stepping-stone to the fouryear College or university for those students who required an institution closer to home or for other reasons. Now community colleges are seen as a way to enhance skills, learn new skills, and better prepare for the future during severe economic times (Kolesnikova, 2009). Due to dramatic increases in unemployment and the need for retraining new job skills, community colleges are being overwhelmed with new students who are taxing the basic services of these institutions. Administrators are facing problems such as; overcrowded classes, community college faculty are being required to teach extra classes, and students not getting the courses offered to them in a timely fashion, delaying the completion of degrees. (Inside Higher Ed). / text

Although its consequences can be devastating, revenge is surprisingly understudied. In this dissertation, I address several key questions. For example, are the factors that trigger revenge the same across different individuals? What are the psychological processes that facilitate revenge? Does revenge have any adaptive value? These issues were addressed with a series of three studies. Study 1 explored whether personality predictors of self-reported revenge generalize across four specific transgressions. Results indicated that narcissists were only vengeful after social rejection whereas psychopaths and neurotics tended to be vengeful across transgressions. Study 2 expanded on these results by exploring trait-level vengeful fantasies and vengeful behaviors and the impact of a potential mediator, namely, anger rumination. Neuroticism was shown to be predictive of vengeful fantasies: This association was entirely mediated by anger rumination. Psychopathy predicted vengeful behavior: This association was partially mediated by vengeful fantasies. Study 3 involved the analysis of participants' personal anecdotes about how they reacted to transgressions against them. Coded variables included revenge as well as 10 other coping behaviors: These 11 predictors were then evaluated with respect to their impact on both immediate relief and long-term recovery. Although the revenge option fostered immediate relief, it did not benefit long-term recovery. Only one coping behavior (meaning-making) actually fostered recovery. The contributions and limitations of this research plus suggestions for future studies are discussed.

Stress in sport is complex and can lead to a number of undesirable consequences such as burnout, performance difficulties, interpersonal problems, and injury. Lazarus’s (1991, 1999) Cognitive-Motivational-Relational model holds that stress is best understood as a transactional relationship between a person and their environment. Stress is a process which is influenced by appraisals and coping. Appraisals are influenced by personal factors as well as environmental demands and the availability of external resources. Coping involves constantly changing cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage the perceived external and internal demands of a stressful situation (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). The present study examined how appraisal processes mediated (or were possibly moderated by) the effects of social anxiety and perceptions of teammate social support on how high school female soccer players thought they would cope with a hypothetical interpersonal stressor. The study also examined simple relationships among variables. The participants were 181 female high school soccer players from Greater Vancouver. The athletes first completed two questionnaires designed to measure social anxiety (Interaction Anxiousness Scale; Leary, 1983a) and perceived social support from teammates (modified Social Provisions Scale; Weiss, 1974). After reading the scenario, the athletes indicated their appraisal of threat and challenge (Stress Appraisal Measure; Peacock & Wong, 1990) and how they thought they would cope (Coping Functions Questionnaire; Kowalski & Crocker, 2001). . The initial findings indicated that challenge appraisals were moderately correlated with both emotion-focused (r = .41) and problem-focused coping (r = .51), whereas threat had a weak association with avoidance coping (r = .19). Using mediation analysis, the results indicated that challenge fully mediated the relationship between social support and emotion-focused coping, and partially mediated the relationship between social support and problem-focused coping. Threat appraisals mediated the relationship between social anxiety and avoidance coping. Contrary to hypotheses, there was no evidence that social anxiety or threat were related to emotion-focused coping. There was also no support that person variables (social anxiety, social support) moderated the effects of appraisal on coping. The findings suggest that challenge appraisals and social support were key predictors of coping with interpersonal stress in this population.

Coping is understood to be a protective measure against internal or external demands perceived as stressful. As such, mental health outcomes are partially dependent on one’s choice of coping strategies. The work of Folkman and Lazarus provides the theory which frames the stress-coping relationship, while Corey Keyes’ “complete state model of health” guides the conceptualization and interpretation of mental health. The study’s data come from the Survey on Health and Well-Being (Peter, 2008), with a sample size of 1,245 undergraduate students. Using multiple regression, this project explores the hypothesis that coping will moderate the stress-health relationship, or that stress will modify the coping-health relationship. Furthermore, discriminant analysis was used to determine whether a new coping ‘repertoire’ classification could be derived from the Ways of Coping subscales. Results did not reveal an interaction effect between stress and coping. Findings were supportive of the proposed six category coping ‘repertoire’ classification.

Two studies examined the hypothesis that acceptance and control-based interventions for pain have specific self-regulatory costs and benefits. Both studies consisted of volunteers from a sample derived from the pool of psychology students at the University of Manitoba. Relative to control-based coping, acceptance was predicted to be associated with: 1) Normalization of time distortion; 2) Faster post-stimulus pain recovery 3) Preservation of self-regulatory energy required for acts of self-control; 4) Stronger pain coping self-efficacy beliefs, relative to two control-based coping strategies: suppression and distraction, and 5) improved pain tolerance. Study I (N=180) showed no group differences for pain tolerance, retrospective duration judgments or self-efficacy ratings, and weak evidence of differential pain recovery effects. As predicted, temporal speed ratings were slower for the suppression condition relative to the distraction condition. In Study II the pattern of condition effects for temporal speed was replicated though the statistical main effect only approached significance. In Study II (N=190), between-group differences were detected for pain tolerance, pain recovery, retrospective duration judgments and self-efficacy belief variables. As predicted the distraction group showed higher pain tolerance than the suppression group. Contrary to prediction, the difference between distraction and acceptance for pain tolerance was not significant. Contrary to predictions the greatest normalization of retrospective duration distortion occurred in the distraction condition. As predicted, post-intervention self-efficacy ratings were higher for acceptance than suppression but the difference between acceptance and distraction was not significant. Predicted pain recovery effects were also detected in Study II such that pain ratings for the suppression and distraction conditions were higher than for the acceptance condition at 60 and 120 seconds post-tolerance. Hypothesized between-group differences for self-regulatory-strength depletion were not confirmed. Possible reasons for lack of difference between acceptance and distraction on pain tolerance ratings and ego depletion measures, as well as possible future research directions were discussed.

This study intended to bridge the gap in research on cyberbullying intervention strategies by examining the personal experiences of survivors in order to identify effective coping strategies. This study used a grounded theory methodology to allow data to fully emerge from participants’ perspectives. When analyzing the data, the researcher found that individuals activated coping strategies in response to the negative feelings and thoughts that cyberbullying caused. This main theme, survival strategies, was augmented by three supporting themes: internal characteristics, external influences on internal feelings, and environmental factors. These supporting themes either positively or negatively influenced adolescents’ survival strategies. As a result of this survival process, individuals ultimately became stronger as a result of their inner resilience. The findings of this study have highlighted effective coping strategies that may help to inform future counselling practices.

Two studies examined the hypothesis that acceptance and control-based interventions for pain have specific self-regulatory costs and benefits. Both studies consisted of volunteers from a sample derived from the pool of psychology students at the University of Manitoba. Relative to control-based coping, acceptance was predicted to be associated with: 1) Normalization of time distortion; 2) Faster post-stimulus pain recovery 3) Preservation of self-regulatory energy required for acts of self-control; 4) Stronger pain coping self-efficacy beliefs, relative to two control-based coping strategies: suppression and distraction, and 5) improved pain tolerance. Study I (N=180) showed no group differences for pain tolerance, retrospective duration judgments or self-efficacy ratings, and weak evidence of differential pain recovery effects. As predicted, temporal speed ratings were slower for the suppression condition relative to the distraction condition. In Study II the pattern of condition effects for temporal speed was replicated though the statistical main effect only approached significance. In Study II (N=190), between-group differences were detected for pain tolerance, pain recovery, retrospective duration judgments and self-efficacy belief variables. As predicted the distraction group showed higher pain tolerance than the suppression group. Contrary to prediction, the difference between distraction and acceptance for pain tolerance was not significant. Contrary to predictions the greatest normalization of retrospective duration distortion occurred in the distraction condition. As predicted, post-intervention self-efficacy ratings were higher for acceptance than suppression but the difference between acceptance and distraction was not significant. Predicted pain recovery effects were also detected in Study II such that pain ratings for the suppression and distraction conditions were higher than for the acceptance condition at 60 and 120 seconds post-tolerance. Hypothesized between-group differences for self-regulatory-strength depletion were not confirmed. Possible reasons for lack of difference between acceptance and distraction on pain tolerance ratings and ego depletion measures, as well as possible future research directions were discussed.

Coping is understood to be a protective measure against internal or external demands perceived as stressful. As such, mental health outcomes are partially dependent on one’s choice of coping strategies. The work of Folkman and Lazarus provides the theory which frames the stress-coping relationship, while Corey Keyes’ “complete state model of health” guides the conceptualization and interpretation of mental health. The study’s data come from the Survey on Health and Well-Being (Peter, 2008), with a sample size of 1,245 undergraduate students. Using multiple regression, this project explores the hypothesis that coping will moderate the stress-health relationship, or that stress will modify the coping-health relationship. Furthermore, discriminant analysis was used to determine whether a new coping ‘repertoire’ classification could be derived from the Ways of Coping subscales. Results did not reveal an interaction effect between stress and coping. Findings were supportive of the proposed six category coping ‘repertoire’ classification.

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