The purpose of this study was to explore the current conditions of personality traits, work stress and coping strategies of the teachers at junior high schools in Kaohsiung County and Kaohsiung City, and to analyze if there was any relationship among them. The study was conducted by means of a questionnaire survey with ¡§Questionnaire on Personality Traits, Work Stress and Coping Strategies of the Teachers at Junior High Schools in Kaohsiung County and Kaohsiung City.¡¨ 577 teachers were randomly sampled from 78 junior high schools in Kaohsiung County and Kaohsiung City. Among the collected questionnaires, 546 copies, which accounted for 94.63 % of all, were valid. The collected data was analyzed by statistical methods, including mean, standard deviation, t-test, one way ANOVA, Pearson¡¦s product-moment correlation, Canonical correlation, and stepwise multiple regression analysis. Based on the analyzed results, the followings were concluded: 1.The overall personality traits of the teachers at junior high schools in Kaohsiung County and Kaohsiung City were high intermediate, with the level of Agreeableness highest. Male teachers with a master¡¦s degree or above felt their overall personality traits were higher. 2.The overall work stress for the teachers at junior high schools in Kaohsiung County and Kaohsiung City was intermediate . The main source of stress originates from the adaptation to change. Single female teachers in middle-sized schools felt a higher degree of work stress. 3.The overall coping strategies of the teachers at junior high schools in Kaohsiung County and Kaohsiung City were high intermediate Among them, the strategy of problem solving got the highest percentage. Teachers who have obtained a master¡¦s degree or graduated from ordinary universities had a higher level of overall coping strategies than those who graduated from normal universities or teachers colleges. 4.Male teachers have a higher degree of emotional stability, extroversion and openness than female teachers. Married teachers outperformed singles with regard to emotional stability and agreeableness. 5.Teachers with a master¡¦s degree or above had better emotional stability than those who graduated from ordinary universities, normal universities or teachers colleges. Teachers with a master¡¦s degree or above had a higher level of agreeableness than graduates from normal universities or teachers colleges. Regarding conscientiousness, the percentage for teachers graduating from ordinary universities was higher than those from normal universities or teachers colleges. 6.Female junior high school teachers perceived more stress than male instructors in terms of teaching management, professional expertise and adaptation to change. Single teachers suffered more work stress related to interpersonal relationships and professional expertise than those who are married 7.There was a higher percentage in the use of the strategy of help seeking for female teachers than for male instructors. 8.The better personality traits of the teachers at junior high schools in Kaohsiung County and Kaohsiung City were, the lower work stress would show. The lower work stress they have, the higher coping strategies would show. 9.Personality traits were predictive to work stress, and the major predictive variable was emotional stability. 10.Work stress was predictive to the overall coping strategies, and the major predictive variable was professional expertise. According to the results and conclusions of this study, the researcher proposes some specific suggestions for the related personnel teachers, school or education administration to do further study.

The study of perfectionism has grown over the past few years with most of the interest focused on the relationship between perfectionism and psychological functioning. Although the literature on perfectionism has continued to increase, the study of the impact of cultural differences on perfectionism and psychological functioning has been understudied. This study examines the relationships between racial identity, perfectionism and satisfaction of life along with other factors that may mediate this relationship such as coping style and stress. A multicultural model of the stress process posited by Slavin, Rainer, et al. (1991) provides a basis for examining the importance of cultural influences on perfectionism. 122 African American women were recruited via university organization listservs and email lists and through direct contact with university professors to complete surveys on perfectionism, life satisfaction, stress and coping. Analysis of data indicated that individuals in the pre-encounter status of racial identity reported lower satisfaction with life. This finding is consistent with prior studies. Findings also included a significant positive relationship (p<.05) between internalization status of racial identity and socially prescribed perfectionism. Additionally emotion oriented coping was found to fully mediate the relationship between socially oriented perfectionism and satisfaction with life (Z=-1.9722, p<.05). These findings highlight the relevance of cultural factors when considering assessment and intervention strategies for African American women. Additionally the significant contribution of coping style to life satisfaction gives guidance in how to intervene with clients in a clinical setting. The findings suggest that reducing the reliance on emotion oriented coping strategies may be important in improving life satisfaction in African American women.

The aim of this research is to study the life stress and stress coping strategies of graduate students of College of Science and College of Engineering at National Sun Yat-sen University. The instrument applied in this study is ¡§The questionnaire of life stress and coping strategy of graduate students¡¨. The subjects are full-time graduate students of College of Science and College of Engineering at National Sun Yat-sen University. Six hundred and fifty questionnaires were sent out and 598 are valid. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson product-moment correlation. According to the statistic result, the conclusions are: 1.The life stress of the students is moderate in which the role expectation is the highest and learning stress is the lowest. 2.Grade level and financial support have significant effect on graduate students¡¦ life stress. a. The whole life stress of first year graduate students is significantly higher than second year ones. b. Students who support themselves by working as a tutor are most financial stressed. Different financial supports have significant effect on career development stress. 3.The frequency of using coping strategies is moderate in which ¡§emotion adaptation¡¨ is used most and ¡§delay-avoidance¡¨ is used least. 4.There is significant difference in the use of coping strategies between students of different genders and financial supports. a.Male students used ¡§emotion adaptation¡¨ strategies significantly more than female students did. b.Students who depended on ¡§other resources¡¨ as financial support are more likely to use ¡§emotional adaptation¡¨ as main coping strategies. Students who depend on ¡§tutor¡¨ as financial support used ¡§problem solving¡¨ strategies most. Different financial supports affect ¡¨social support¡¨ usage significantly. 5.There is significant correlation between life stress and coping strategies.

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Chronic illness impacts numerous families in the United States. Children are increasingly among those affected by a chronic illness. The families undergo trials and experiences that tax their coping skills and require extensive coping strategies. This research project explored how families cope with chronic illness in one of the children in the family. The objective of the research project was to use the method of case study to examine the everyday lives, perceptions, and coping strategies of the family members as they deal with the realities of the effects of a child’s illness on a daily basis. Three families were studied using the case study format. Through interviews, observations, and investigation of data, the researcher gathered pertinent information about the participants’ lives and experiences. Emergent themes were identified from the facts gathered. These themes included information and suggestions that various participants offered. Included among the emergent themes were the following titles: alarming environment, redefined realities, relational requests, valuable individual, coping concoctions, as well as awareness and advocacy. The study’s emergent themes were divided into numerous subcategories. The multiple realities that the family members face is evidenced in the number of issues and themes that emerged from the study. This research project gives additional insight into the reality of the lives of families experiencing chronic illness in one of the children. Suggestions and observations by the participants could be useful for family, friends, medical professionals, educational systems, and support groups that interact with families facing similar trials. The descriptive style of the study lends itself to the vicarious interaction of the reader to the circumstances of the participants. This format allows the reader to transfer knowledge to his or her own experiences. The study could further be useful by offering detail to the existing knowledge base, in addition to aiding in the development of theory.

<p>An entrepreneur is an innovator, someone who transforms innovations and ideas intoeconomically viable entities; independent on whether in the process she creates oroperates a firm (Baumol 1993). When these firms are created however, sometimes theydo not achieve a viable sustainability; they often face problems and are forced to gobankrupt. When Bankruptcy occurs the entrepreneur is logically affected not onlyeconomically but also mentally and emotionally. Different situations have differenteffects on the entrepreneur´s emotions.</p><p>Lazarus´ Cognitive Appraisal Theory states that when faced with a problem or situationpeople "appraise" or perceive it in different ways. The Primary Appraisal happens whenthe entrepreneur first comes into the realization of the problem; she can view itdifferently, either as an event that deserves indifference, an opportunity, or as a harmfulthreat. The Secondary Appraisal happens when the entrepreneur analyses what resourceshe has available and what strategy he will proceed to use in order to tackle the situation.Furthermore, during the course of the situation the entrepreneur may come into therealization of new information that might change his way of perceiving things, this iscalled an Appraisal. The Cognitive Appraisal Theory is closely linked to the CopingTheory which talks about how entrepreneurs "cope" or deal emotionally with theiradversities. Coping can be divided into two types, Problem focused and Emotion focusedCoping. Problem focused coping intents on coming up with viable and practical solutionsto improve the situation, whereas Emotion focused intends on externalizing the blame andreacting with a worsened emotional state that does not help the situation in the long run.</p><p>This report is an exploratory research and bases its empirical data on the case studyapproach of five different cases of entrepreneurs leaving in Sweden who had theexperience of engaging in an enterprise that ended up in bankruptcy. During the course ofthis investigation a qualitative method was used and the empirical findings wheregathered by engaging in interviews that were later analyzed and correlated with thetheoretical framework.</p><p>In the Analysis we take apart the information gathered in the interviews and try tocorrelate the events to the theories while at the same time striving to find similarities ordifferences between the subjects. We also try to find patterns that may help us understandmore about the subject and finally allows us to address the problem and achieve thepurpose of this report which is to understand how an entrepreneur copes when faced witha business failure.</p><p>In our conclusion we came to the realization that people tend to follow specific patterns ofemotional reaction that concretely support the pre established theories. This report servesas a base or foundation of a tool for entrepreneurs. We find that if entrepreneurs hadprevious knowledge of ways to deal with failure they might be more prompt to avoid itentirely and consequently this can be an invaluable tool for them..3</p>

<p>Vårdyrket ställer höga krav på individen resulterande i en överbelastning som leder till stress och fatigue. Syftet med studien var att beskriva hur stress och fatigue påverkar vårdpersonal och deras arbetsförmåga. För att besvara frågeställningarna gjordes en litteraturstudie med kvalitativ ansats där systematiskt uppsökta, vetenskapliga artiklar analyserades. Av resultatet framkom fyra huvudkategorier som beskriver påverkan på vårdpersonal och deras arbetsförmåga: <em>Arbetets art, organisation och krav, vårdarens kropp och själ, förlust av kontroll </em>samt <em>att bibehålla vårdarens välbefinnande.</em> Roterande skiftarbete och hög arbetsbelastning är de största bidragande faktorerna till stress och fatigue. En negativ inverkan kan ses på psykisk och fysisk hälsa, likväl som på arbetsförmåga och patientsäkerhet. Den slutsats som dras är att stress och fatigue är ett problem inom vården som har konsekvenser för både personal och patienter.</p>

The purpose with this study is to examine how the twelve-step program is described by the author J Keith Miller (2004) in his book Steg in i livet and by the author Olle Carlsson (2012) in his book 12steg för hopplösa. The aim for the study is to highlight the twelve steps usage on people without addiction problems. In the study, the two author’s thoughts and experience of the twelve-step program is analysed and interpreted by Pargaments (1997) theory of religious coping. The research questions in this study are: 1. How is the twelve-step program described by Olle Carlsson and J Keith Miller based on Pargaments theory of religious coping concerning conservation and transformation of significance? 2. How is negative and positive religious coping described from a religious coping perspective by Olle Carlsson and J Keith Miller in their books about the twelve-step program? The method used is a qualitative method with hermeneutical approach and a theory driven analyse in Template Analyse Style. The conclusions are sorted in three themes on the basis of Pargaments (1997) theory; conservation, transformation of significance and positive and negative religious coping. Placed in conservation of significance is category 2; sin, confession and forgiveness and category 3; social support because this mainly motivated people to maintain good habits. Placed in transformation of significance is category 1; admit powerless and let go. This aspect where described as important for the statement of the twelve-step program and a radical change in life. Placed in themes positive and negative religious coping is category 4; the relation to and the image of/to God or a higher power. This is because the authors highlight the important aspects of this regarding faith and that it is part of the description of positive and negative religious coping.

Individuals expect openness in their romantic relationships, and this standard, known as the standard for openness, is the focus of this project. Currently, little empirical evidence describes what individuals do to deal with any dissatisfaction, anger, and disappointment they feel toward their partners and relationships when standards, such as that for openness, go unfulfilled (Boldero et al., 2009). Based on Lazarus and Folkman's (1984) theory of stress and coping, this project's purpose was to address limitations in existing research by exploring the stress elicited when the standard for openness goes unmet, identifying the coping strategies individuals engage in when faced with this stress, and assessing the consequences of coping efforts for individuals and their relationships over time. Individuals in newly dating relationships (N = 203) responded to weekly questionnaires over the course of six weeks. Findings from cross-sectional analyses of Week 1 data revealed that exiting and using humor partially mediated the relationship between the stress associated with unfulfilled openness standards and relational satisfaction, and escaping fully mediated the relationship between stress and relationship satisfaction. Further, exiting, modeling, escaping, and reframing partially mediated the relationship between the stress associated with unfulfilled openness standards and mental well-being. Longitudinal analyses using data from all six weeks failed to support predictions that relational satisfaction and mental well-being were related to discrepancies in the fulfillment of openness standards and stress the following week. / text