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[pt] A integração do controle por computador de microscópios com a aquisição e análise digital de imagens levou à criação de uma nova área, denominada Microscopia Digital. Além de permitir um certo grau de automação, a Microscopia Digital abriu possibilidades realmente novas para a caracterização microestrutural. Uma destas novas e promissoras possibilidades é a Microscopia Co-localizada, que junta diversos tipos de informação, obtidas a partir de diferentes técnicas de microscopia. No presente trabalho foi desenvolvida e implementada uma metodologia de Microscopia Co-localizada que combina imagens de Microscopia Óptica de Luz Refletida (MO) e de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). Esta metodologia envolve desde a aquisição das imagens nos microscópios até a análise das fases presentes através de técnicas de Reconhecimento de Padrões. Um procedimento automático de registro entre os dois tipos de imagens foi desenvolvido, permitindo o ajuste de magnificação, translação, rotação, tamanho de pixel e distorções locais. Desta forma, imagens de MO e de MEV de uma dada amostra podem ser combinadas precisamente. A metodologia foi testada com diversas amostras minerais, visando a discriminação de fases que são indistinguíveis por MO ou MEV. A Microscopia Co-localizada MOMEV foi empregada em uma rotina para a caracterização de amostras de minério de ferro e os resultados obtidos foram comparados com os da análise tradicional ao MEV. / [en] Computer-controlled microscopes with digital image acquisition and analysis led to the creation of a new field, called Digital Microscopy. Digital Microscopy not only allows a certain degree of automation but also has brought new possibilities to microstructural characterization. One of these new and promising possibilities is Co- Site Microscopy, that links different kinds of information, obtained from different microscopy techniques. The present work presents the development and implementation of a Co-Site Microscopy methodology that combines images obtained by Reflected Light Microscopy (RLM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). This methodology involves the whole sequence, from image acquisition at the microscopes to the analysis of the phases using Pattern Recognition techniques. An automatic registration procedure for the two kinds of images was developed, allowing the adjustment of magnification, translation, rotation, and pixel size, and the correction of local distortions. The methodology was tested with several mineral samples, aiming at the discrimination of phases that are not distinguishable with either RLM or SEM. The RLM-SEM Co-Site Microscopy technique was employed in the characterization of iron ore samples and the obtained results were compared to the traditional analysis by SEM.

Pendant l'Eocène Moyen, dans la région du désert d'Atacama, Nord Chili, la mise en place de porphyres et la déformation synchrone de la Précordillère aboutissent à la formation de clusters importants de dépôts de cuivre supergènes et exotiques, actuellement en cours d'exploitation. La formation de ces dépôts métallifères résulte de l'interaction entre la tectonique, l'érosion et le climat. La nature et la chronologie de ces interactions sont encore débattues. Ce travail de doctorat se concentre sur la quantification des processus géomorphologiques, tectoniques et érosifs, sur le versant ouest des Andes, autour de 23°S dans le District minier Centinela situé dans la Précordillère. Vingt-neuf nouvelles données thermochronologiques basse-température et leur modélisation indiquent que les porphyres cuprifères mis en place à faible profondeur durant l'Eocène moyen étaient déjà exhumés près de la surface à l'Oligocène moyen. Il existe un intervalle de temps de cinq millions d'années entre l'exhumation du porphyre qui constitue la source primaire de cuivre et le dépôt secondaire de cuivre dans le district de Centinela daté par les méthodes 40Ar/39Ar et K/Ar. Cette relation suggère que les dépôts de cuivre secondaires ont eu lieu lorsque les reliefs étaient déjà aplanis. Un dépôt exotique cuprifère syn-sédimentaire s'est formé dans le bassin continental du district Centinela. Des échantillons de sable ont été prélevés entre 135 et 13 mètres de profondeur dans les mines El Tesoro et Mirador. Les concentrations en 10Be et 21Ne de quatorze nouveaux échantillons ont permis de déterminer l'âge du dépôt et de contraindre les paléo taux de sédimentation des derniers 14 Ma. L'étude permet de dater le dépôt exotique à ~12 Ma et suggère qu'il a eu lieu lors d'une quiescence des taux d'érosion, confirmant l'idée que les dépôts supergènes de cuivre en milieu aride ont lieu après l'aplanissement des reliefs. Ces résultats confirment aussi que les taux d'érosion ont drastiquement chuté après 10-12 Ma, quand l'hyperaridité s'est établie. Ce travail de thèse illustre la balance nécessaire entre l'exhumation et les taux de précipitation pour former des minéralisations secondaires de cuivre et les conserver. / During the Middle Eocene in the Atacama Desert region (northern Chile), the intrusion of porphyries and the synchronous deformation of the Precordillera resulted in the formation of important clusters of supergene and exotic copper ore deposits that are currently exploited. Such metal ore deposits result of the interaction of tectonics, erosion and climate, for which both timing and relations remain debated. This PhD study focuses on the quantification of geomorphological, tectonic and erosive processes to understand their relationship in the Andean western slope around 23°S in the Centinela district in the Precordillera. Twenty-nine new low-temperature thermochronological data and their modelling indicate that shallow porphyry copper emplaced during mid-Eocene were quickly exhumed near the surface by the early Oligocene. There is a five million years-long time gap between the exhumation of primary source of copper and the ~25-12 Ma range of existing 40Ar/39Ar and K/Ar ages of secondary mineralization in the District. This suggests that supergene copper related deposits occurred when the reliefs where already flattened. A syn-sedimentary exotic copper mineralization was deposited in an intra-mountainous basin in the Centinela District. We sampled sand at different depths between 135 and 13 meters in the Tesoro and Mirador open-pit mines, one of them including this exotic deposit. The 10Be and 21Ne concentrations of fourteen new samples were used to determine the exotic deposit age and to constrain the paleo-sedimentation rate for the last 14 Ma. The study dates the exotic deposit at ~12 Ma and suggests that this mid-Miocene exotic layer occurred during an erosive quiescence, confirming the view that supergene copper mineralization occurs during a stage of slower geomorphic activity in arid environments. The results also confirm that the erosion rates drastically dropped after 10-12 Ma, when the hyperaridity was established. This study highlights the necessary balance between exhumation and precipitation rates required to form secondary copper.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / A discriminação de fases que são praticamente indistinguíveis ao microscópio ótico de luz refletida ou ao microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV) é um dos problemas clássicos da microscopia de minérios. Com o objetivo de resolver este problema vem sendo recentemente empregada a técnica de microscopia colocalizada, que consiste na junção de duas modalidades de microscopia, microscopia ótica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. O objetivo da técnica é fornecer uma imagem de microscopia multimodal, tornando possível a identificação, em amostras de minerais, de fases que não seriam distinguíveis com o uso de uma única modalidade, superando assim as limitações individuais dos dois sistemas. O método de registro até então disponível na literatura para a fusão das imagens de microscopia ótica e de microscopia eletrônica de varredura é um procedimento trabalhoso e extremamente dependente da interação do operador, uma vez que envolve a calibração do sistema com uma malha padrão a cada rotina de aquisição de imagens. Por esse motivo a técnica existente não é prática. Este trabalho propõe uma metodologia para automatizar o processo de registro de imagens de microscopia ótica e de microscopia eletrônica de varredura de maneira a aperfeiçoar e simplificar o uso da técnica de microscopia colocalizada. O método proposto pode ser subdividido em dois procedimentos: obtenção da transformação e registro das imagens com uso desta transformação. A obtenção da transformação envolve, primeiramente, o pré-processamento dos pares de forma a executar um registro grosseiro entre as imagens de cada par. Em seguida, são obtidos pontos homólogos, nas imagens óticas e de MEV. Para tal, foram utilizados dois métodos, o primeiro desenvolvido com base no algoritmo SIFT e o segundo definido a partir da varredura pelo máximo valor do coeficiente de correlação. Na etapa seguinte é calculada a transformação. Foram empregadas duas abordagens distintas: a média ponderada local (LWM) e os mínimos quadrados ponderados com polinômios ortogonais (MQPPO). O LWM recebe como entradas os chamados pseudo-homólogos, pontos que são forçadamente distribuídos de forma regular na imagem de referência, e que revelam, na imagem a ser registrada, os deslocamentos locais relativos entre as imagens. Tais pseudo-homólogos podem ser obtidos tanto pelo SIFT como pelo método do coeficiente de correlação. Por outro lado, o MQPPO recebe um conjunto de pontos com a distribuição natural. A análise dos registro de imagens obtidos empregou como métrica o valor da correlação entre as imagens obtidas. Observou-se que com o uso das variantes propostas SIFT-LWM e SIFT-Correlação foram obtidos resultados ligeiramente superiores aos do método com a malha padrão e LWM. Assim, a proposta, além de reduzir drasticamente a intervenção do operador, ainda possibilitou resultados mais precisos. Por outro lado, o método baseado na transformação fornecida pelos mínimos quadrados ponderados com polinômios ortogonais mostrou resultados inferiores aos produzidos pelo método que faz uso da malha padrão. / The discrimination of phases that are practically undistinguishable to the optical microscope of reflected light or to the scanning electron microscope (SEM) is one of the classical problems in ore microscopy. With the aim of solving this problem it has been recently used the technique of co-located microscopy that consists in the junction of two microscopy modalities, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscope. The aim of the technique is to provide an image of the multimodal microscopy, becoming possible the identification, in mineral samples, of phases that wouldnt be distinguished by the use of one modality only, overcoming the individual limitations of the two systems. The method of register available so far in literature to the fusion of optical microscopy and scanning electron microscope images is a hard-working procedure and extremely dependent on the operator interaction, once it involves the system calibration with a standard mesh in each routine of images acquisition. Due to this reason the current technique is not practical. This piece of work proposes a methodology in order to automate the process of images register in optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy in a way to improve and simplify the co-located microscopy technique. The proposed method may be divided in two procedures: acquisition of transformation and register of the images with the use of this transformation. The acquisition of transformation involves, first, the pre-processing of pairs in a way of performing a crude register among the images of each pair. Then, homologous points are achieved in the optical and in SEM images. In order to this, it has been used two methods, the first one was developed based in algorithm SIFT and the second was defined from the sweeping of the highest of coefficient correlation. In the following step it is calculated the transformation. Two different approaches were used: the local weighted mean (LWM) and the weighted least squares with orthogonal polynomials (MQPPO). The LWM receives as entrance what we call pseudo-counterparts, points that are distributed in a regular way in the reference image, and that reveal, in the image to be registered, the relative local dislocation among the images. Those pseudo-counterparts may be obtained by SIFT or by the method of correlation coefficient. On the other side, the MQPPO receives a group of points with natural distribution. The analysis of the images registration obtained employed as a metric the value of correlation among the obtained images. It was noticed that with the use of the proposed variants SIFT-LWM and SIF-Correlation were obtained slightly higher results than the ones from the method with standard mesh and LWM. Thus, the proposal, besides reducing drastically the operator intervention, still enabled more exact results. On the other side, the method based in the transformation provided by the minimum square pondered with orthogonal polynomial showed lower results than to the ones produced by the method that used standard mesh

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / A discriminação de fases que são praticamente indistinguíveis ao microscópio ótico de luz refletida ou ao microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV) é um dos problemas clássicos da microscopia de minérios. Com o objetivo de resolver este problema vem sendo recentemente empregada a técnica de microscopia colocalizada, que consiste na junção de duas modalidades de microscopia, microscopia ótica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. O objetivo da técnica é fornecer uma imagem de microscopia multimodal, tornando possível a identificação, em amostras de minerais, de fases que não seriam distinguíveis com o uso de uma única modalidade, superando assim as limitações individuais dos dois sistemas. O método de registro até então disponível na literatura para a fusão das imagens de microscopia ótica e de microscopia eletrônica de varredura é um procedimento trabalhoso e extremamente dependente da interação do operador, uma vez que envolve a calibração do sistema com uma malha padrão a cada rotina de aquisição de imagens. Por esse motivo a técnica existente não é prática. Este trabalho propõe uma metodologia para automatizar o processo de registro de imagens de microscopia ótica e de microscopia eletrônica de varredura de maneira a aperfeiçoar e simplificar o uso da técnica de microscopia colocalizada. O método proposto pode ser subdividido em dois procedimentos: obtenção da transformação e registro das imagens com uso desta transformação. A obtenção da transformação envolve, primeiramente, o pré-processamento dos pares de forma a executar um registro grosseiro entre as imagens de cada par. Em seguida, são obtidos pontos homólogos, nas imagens óticas e de MEV. Para tal, foram utilizados dois métodos, o primeiro desenvolvido com base no algoritmo SIFT e o segundo definido a partir da varredura pelo máximo valor do coeficiente de correlação. Na etapa seguinte é calculada a transformação. Foram empregadas duas abordagens distintas: a média ponderada local (LWM) e os mínimos quadrados ponderados com polinômios ortogonais (MQPPO). O LWM recebe como entradas os chamados pseudo-homólogos, pontos que são forçadamente distribuídos de forma regular na imagem de referência, e que revelam, na imagem a ser registrada, os deslocamentos locais relativos entre as imagens. Tais pseudo-homólogos podem ser obtidos tanto pelo SIFT como pelo método do coeficiente de correlação. Por outro lado, o MQPPO recebe um conjunto de pontos com a distribuição natural. A análise dos registro de imagens obtidos empregou como métrica o valor da correlação entre as imagens obtidas. Observou-se que com o uso das variantes propostas SIFT-LWM e SIFT-Correlação foram obtidos resultados ligeiramente superiores aos do método com a malha padrão e LWM. Assim, a proposta, além de reduzir drasticamente a intervenção do operador, ainda possibilitou resultados mais precisos. Por outro lado, o método baseado na transformação fornecida pelos mínimos quadrados ponderados com polinômios ortogonais mostrou resultados inferiores aos produzidos pelo método que faz uso da malha padrão. / The discrimination of phases that are practically undistinguishable to the optical microscope of reflected light or to the scanning electron microscope (SEM) is one of the classical problems in ore microscopy. With the aim of solving this problem it has been recently used the technique of co-located microscopy that consists in the junction of two microscopy modalities, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscope. The aim of the technique is to provide an image of the multimodal microscopy, becoming possible the identification, in mineral samples, of phases that wouldnt be distinguished by the use of one modality only, overcoming the individual limitations of the two systems. The method of register available so far in literature to the fusion of optical microscopy and scanning electron microscope images is a hard-working procedure and extremely dependent on the operator interaction, once it involves the system calibration with a standard mesh in each routine of images acquisition. Due to this reason the current technique is not practical. This piece of work proposes a methodology in order to automate the process of images register in optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy in a way to improve and simplify the co-located microscopy technique. The proposed method may be divided in two procedures: acquisition of transformation and register of the images with the use of this transformation. The acquisition of transformation involves, first, the pre-processing of pairs in a way of performing a crude register among the images of each pair. Then, homologous points are achieved in the optical and in SEM images. In order to this, it has been used two methods, the first one was developed based in algorithm SIFT and the second was defined from the sweeping of the highest of coefficient correlation. In the following step it is calculated the transformation. Two different approaches were used: the local weighted mean (LWM) and the weighted least squares with orthogonal polynomials (MQPPO). The LWM receives as entrance what we call pseudo-counterparts, points that are distributed in a regular way in the reference image, and that reveal, in the image to be registered, the relative local dislocation among the images. Those pseudo-counterparts may be obtained by SIFT or by the method of correlation coefficient. On the other side, the MQPPO receives a group of points with natural distribution. The analysis of the images registration obtained employed as a metric the value of correlation among the obtained images. It was noticed that with the use of the proposed variants SIFT-LWM and SIF-Correlation were obtained slightly higher results than the ones from the method with standard mesh and LWM. Thus, the proposal, besides reducing drastically the operator intervention, still enabled more exact results. On the other side, the method based in the transformation provided by the minimum square pondered with orthogonal polynomial showed lower results than to the ones produced by the method that used standard mesh

Über Jahrhunderte ist das Erzgebirge durch Montanindustrie geprägt worden. Zahlreiche Publikationen beschreiben lagerstättenkundliche und bergbaugeschichtliche Verhältnisse. Besondere Beachtung fanden dabei die Erze des Silbers und Zinns. Eine umfassende Übersicht zu Vorkommen und Abbau von Kupfer liegt jedoch noch nicht vor. Anliegen der vorliegenden Untersuchung war es deshalb, eine Zusammenschau der erzgebirgischen Kupfervorkommen zu erarbeiten. Dabei stand im Blickpunkt, in welchen Lagerstättentypen Kupfer mineralisierte und in welchen Revieren Kupfer nachweisbar ist. Dieser Überblick konnte durch Vergleichen von lagerstättenkundlicher Literatur und Kartenmaterial erreicht werden. Des Weiteren sollten Abbaureviere und Abbaumengen von Kupfer im Zeitraum von 1470 bis 1750 unter Zuhilfenahme von Material aus dem Bergarchiv Freiberg und einzelner Hinweise in weiterer, den erzgebirgischen Bergbau betreffender Literatur ausgemacht werden. Die Recherchen haben gezeigt, dass Kupferminerale, fast ausschließlich sulfidisch mineralisiert, in allen Lagerstättentypen anzutreffen sind. Bezüglich der räumlichen Verteilung sind verschiedene Schwerpunkte erkennbar. Für den Bergbau spielte Kupfer trotz des engen verhüttungstechnischen Zusammenhangs mit Silbererzen in vielen Bergbaurevieren eine nur untergeordnete Rolle. Größere Mengen des Buntmetalls wurden in Schneeberg-Oberschlema, in Breitenbrunn, bei Annaberg, bei Marienberg, bei Freiberg und in Sadisdorf gefördert. Über Vorkommen und historischen Abbau von Kupfererzen gibt die Arbeit einen Überblick, der den sächsischen und böhmischen Teil des Erzgebirges umfasst. Damit ist eine Grundlage für weiterführende Untersuchungen zur Bedeutung von Kupfer in der sächsischen Montangeschichte geschaffen.:Abkürzungsverzeichnis..........3 Abbildungsverzeichnis..........3 Tabellenverzeichnis..........4 1. Einleitung..........6 2. Untersuchungsgebiet..........9 2.1 Räumliche Abgrenzung..........9 2.2 Geologischer Bau und Entwicklungsgeschichte..........13 2.3 Physisch-geographischer Überblick..........17 2.3.1 Boden..........17 2.3.2 Relief..........18 2.3.3 Klima und Vegetation..........19 3. Material und Methodik..........20 3.1 Teilgebiete innerhalb des Untersuchungsraumes..........20 3.2 Untersuchungen zu den Kupferlagerstätten im Erzgebirge..........22 3.3 Untersuchungen zum Kupfererzabbau 1470 bis 1750..........25 3.4 Begriffe, Einheiten und Namen..........26 4. Lagerstätten im Erzgebirge..........27 4.1 Überblick..........27 4.2 Prävariszische Erzlagerstätten..........29 4.2.1 Einordnung..........29 4.2.2 Konkordante Erzlager..........30 4.2.3 Prävariszische Skarne..........31 4.2.4 Felsitmineralisation..........31 4.3 Variszische Erzlagerstätten..........32 4.3.1 Einordnung..........32 4.3.2 Greisen und Zwitter..........32 4.3.3 Variszische Skarne..........33 4.4 Postvariszische Erzlagerstätten..........33 5. Vorkommen von Kupferlagerstätten im Erzgebirge..........35 5.1 Teilgebiet Schneeberg-Schwarzenberg..........35 5.1.1 Störungssysteme und hydrothermale Gänge..........35 5.1.2 Kupfermineralisationen in den Folgengruppen..........37 5.1.3 Einzelne Kupfervorkommen im Teilgebiet..........38 5.2 Teilgebiet Marienberg-Annaberg..........43 5.2.1 Störungssysteme und hydrothermale Gänge..........43 5.2.2 Kupfermineralisationen in den Folgengruppen..........46 5.2.3 Einzelne Kupfervorkommen im Teilgebiet..........47 5.3 Teilgebiet Freiberg..........50 5.3.1 Störungssysteme und hydrothermale Gänge..........50 5.3.2 Kupfermineralisation in den Folgengruppen..........52 5.3.3 Einzelne Kupfervorkommen im Teilgebiet..........55 5.4 Teilgebiet Altenberg-Glashütte..........56 5.4.1 Ausrichtung und Mineralisation der hydrothermalen Gänge..........56 5.4.2 Einzelne Kupfervorkommen im Teilgebiet..........59 6. Kupfererzabbau von 1470 bis 1750..........61 6.1 Teilgebiet Schneeberg-Schwarzenberg..........61 6.1.1 Kupferförderung im gesamten Teilgebiet..........61 6.1.2 Einzelne Abbaugebiete im Teilgebiet..........61 6.2 Teilgebiet Marienberg-Annaberg..........67 6.2.1 Kupferförderung im gesamten Teilgebiet..........67 6.2.2 Einzelne Abbaugebiete im Teilgebiet..........68 6.3 Teilgebiet Freiberg..........74 6.3.1 Kupferförderung im gesamten Teilgebiet..........74 6.3.2 Einzelne Abbaugebiete im Teilgebiet..........74 6.4 Teilgebiet Altenberg-Glashütte..........77 6.4.1 Kupferförderung im gesamten Teilgebiet..........77 6.4.2 Einzelne Abbaugebiete im Teilgebiet..........77 7. Überblick Teilgebiet Böhmisches Erzgebirge..........80 8. Ergebnisse..........81 9. Ausblick..........86 10. Zusammenfassung..........87 Liste bergmännischer Begriffe und Maße..........91 Liste der Minerale..........92 Literaturverzeichnis..........93 / The mountains Erzgebirge have been characterized by mining industries for centuries. Many publications describe the natural mineral deposits and the historical mining conditions. Special regards are thereby paid to silver and tin ore. However an extensive summary of copper deposits and mining is not available. In which types of mineral deposits copper is mineralised and in which districts copper can be proved? Therefore, the intention of this study was a synopsis about the copper deposits in the mountains Erzgebirge by comparing literature and maps. In addition, mining districts and mining quantity of copper between 1470 and 1750 should be arranged. For this purpose, material from the Bergarchiv Freiberg and other literature about regional mining was used. The research showed that copper minerals, nearly exclusive sulphide-mineralised, can be proved in every type of mineral deposits. In terms of the zonal distribution, there are centres visible. In spite of the closely relation to silver ore in the smelting processes copper was not very important in many mining districts. A larger quantity of copper ore was won in Schneeberg-Oberschlema, in Breitenbrunn, near Annaberg, near Marienberg, near Freiberg and in Sadisdorf. The study shows an overview of deposits and historical mining of copper ore in the Saxon and Bohemian parts of the Erzgebirge. So the work can be a basis for continuative studies about the importance of copper for the Saxon mining history.:Abkürzungsverzeichnis..........3 Abbildungsverzeichnis..........3 Tabellenverzeichnis..........4 1. Einleitung..........6 2. Untersuchungsgebiet..........9 2.1 Räumliche Abgrenzung..........9 2.2 Geologischer Bau und Entwicklungsgeschichte..........13 2.3 Physisch-geographischer Überblick..........17 2.3.1 Boden..........17 2.3.2 Relief..........18 2.3.3 Klima und Vegetation..........19 3. Material und Methodik..........20 3.1 Teilgebiete innerhalb des Untersuchungsraumes..........20 3.2 Untersuchungen zu den Kupferlagerstätten im Erzgebirge..........22 3.3 Untersuchungen zum Kupfererzabbau 1470 bis 1750..........25 3.4 Begriffe, Einheiten und Namen..........26 4. Lagerstätten im Erzgebirge..........27 4.1 Überblick..........27 4.2 Prävariszische Erzlagerstätten..........29 4.2.1 Einordnung..........29 4.2.2 Konkordante Erzlager..........30 4.2.3 Prävariszische Skarne..........31 4.2.4 Felsitmineralisation..........31 4.3 Variszische Erzlagerstätten..........32 4.3.1 Einordnung..........32 4.3.2 Greisen und Zwitter..........32 4.3.3 Variszische Skarne..........33 4.4 Postvariszische Erzlagerstätten..........33 5. Vorkommen von Kupferlagerstätten im Erzgebirge..........35 5.1 Teilgebiet Schneeberg-Schwarzenberg..........35 5.1.1 Störungssysteme und hydrothermale Gänge..........35 5.1.2 Kupfermineralisationen in den Folgengruppen..........37 5.1.3 Einzelne Kupfervorkommen im Teilgebiet..........38 5.2 Teilgebiet Marienberg-Annaberg..........43 5.2.1 Störungssysteme und hydrothermale Gänge..........43 5.2.2 Kupfermineralisationen in den Folgengruppen..........46 5.2.3 Einzelne Kupfervorkommen im Teilgebiet..........47 5.3 Teilgebiet Freiberg..........50 5.3.1 Störungssysteme und hydrothermale Gänge..........50 5.3.2 Kupfermineralisation in den Folgengruppen..........52 5.3.3 Einzelne Kupfervorkommen im Teilgebiet..........55 5.4 Teilgebiet Altenberg-Glashütte..........56 5.4.1 Ausrichtung und Mineralisation der hydrothermalen Gänge..........56 5.4.2 Einzelne Kupfervorkommen im Teilgebiet..........59 6. Kupfererzabbau von 1470 bis 1750..........61 6.1 Teilgebiet Schneeberg-Schwarzenberg..........61 6.1.1 Kupferförderung im gesamten Teilgebiet..........61 6.1.2 Einzelne Abbaugebiete im Teilgebiet..........61 6.2 Teilgebiet Marienberg-Annaberg..........67 6.2.1 Kupferförderung im gesamten Teilgebiet..........67 6.2.2 Einzelne Abbaugebiete im Teilgebiet..........68 6.3 Teilgebiet Freiberg..........74 6.3.1 Kupferförderung im gesamten Teilgebiet..........74 6.3.2 Einzelne Abbaugebiete im Teilgebiet..........74 6.4 Teilgebiet Altenberg-Glashütte..........77 6.4.1 Kupferförderung im gesamten Teilgebiet..........77 6.4.2 Einzelne Abbaugebiete im Teilgebiet..........77 7. Überblick Teilgebiet Böhmisches Erzgebirge..........80 8. Ergebnisse..........81 9. Ausblick..........86 10. Zusammenfassung..........87 Liste bergmännischer Begriffe und Maße..........91 Liste der Minerale..........92 Literaturverzeichnis..........93

Über Jahrhunderte ist das Erzgebirge durch Montanindustrie geprägt worden. Zahlreiche Publikationen beschreiben lagerstättenkundliche und bergbaugeschichtliche Verhältnisse. Besondere Beachtung fanden dabei die Erze des Silbers und Zinns. Eine umfassende Übersicht zu Vorkommen und Abbau von Kupfer liegt jedoch noch nicht vor. Anliegen der vorliegenden Untersuchung war es deshalb, eine Zusammenschau der erzgebirgischen Kupfervorkommen zu erarbeiten. Dabei stand im Blickpunkt, in welchen Lagerstättentypen Kupfer mineralisierte und in welchen Revieren Kupfer nachweisbar ist. Dieser Überblick konnte durch Vergleichen von lagerstättenkundlicher Literatur und Kartenmaterial erreicht werden. Des Weiteren sollten Abbaureviere und Abbaumengen von Kupfer im Zeitraum von 1470 bis 1750 unter Zuhilfenahme von Material aus dem Bergarchiv Freiberg und einzelner Hinweise in weiterer, den erzgebirgischen Bergbau betreffender Literatur ausgemacht werden. Die Recherchen haben gezeigt, dass Kupferminerale, fast ausschließlich sulfidisch mineralisiert, in allen Lagerstättentypen anzutreffen sind. Bezüglich der räumlichen Verteilung sind verschiedene Schwerpunkte erkennbar. Für den Bergbau spielte Kupfer trotz des engen verhüttungstechnischen Zusammenhangs mit Silbererzen in vielen Bergbaurevieren eine nur untergeordnete Rolle. Größere Mengen des Buntmetalls wurden in Schneeberg-Oberschlema, in Breitenbrunn, bei Annaberg, bei Marienberg, bei Freiberg und in Sadisdorf gefördert. Über Vorkommen und historischen Abbau von Kupfererzen gibt die Arbeit einen Überblick, der den sächsischen und böhmischen Teil des Erzgebirges umfasst. Damit ist eine Grundlage für weiterführende Untersuchungen zur Bedeutung von Kupfer in der sächsischen Montangeschichte geschaffen. / The mountains Erzgebirge have been characterized by mining industries for centuries. Many publications describe the natural mineral deposits and the historical mining conditions. Special regards are thereby paid to silver and tin ore. However an extensive summary of copper deposits and mining is not available. In which types of mineral deposits copper is mineralised and in which districts copper can be proved? Therefore, the intention of this study was a synopsis about the copper deposits in the mountains Erzgebirge by comparing literature and maps. In addition, mining districts and mining quantity of copper between 1470 and 1750 should be arranged. For this purpose, material from the Bergarchiv Freiberg and other literature about regional mining was used. The research showed that copper minerals, nearly exclusive sulphide-mineralised, can be proved in every type of mineral deposits. In terms of the zonal distribution, there are centres visible. In spite of the closely relation to silver ore in the smelting processes copper was not very important in many mining districts. A larger quantity of copper ore was won in Schneeberg-Oberschlema, in Breitenbrunn, near Annaberg, near Marienberg, near Freiberg and in Sadisdorf. The study shows an overview of deposits and historical mining of copper ore in the Saxon and Bohemian parts of the Erzgebirge. So the work can be a basis for continuative studies about the importance of copper for the Saxon mining history.