Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) support the reconfigurable computing paradigm by providing an integrated circuit hardware platform that facilitates software like reconfigurability. The addition of an embedded microprocessor and peripherals to traditional FPGA Combinational Logic Blocks (CLBs) interleaved with interconnections has effectively resulted in a programmable system on-chip. FPGAs are used to support flexible implementations of Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) functions. Because FPGAs are reconfigurable, they often are used in place of ASICs during the cicuit design process. FPGAs are also used when only a small number of ICs are required: ASICs necessitate large manufacturing runs to be economically viable; for smaller runs the use of FPGAs is an economic alternative. Application domains of interest, such as intelligent guidance systems, medical devices, and sensors, often require low power, inexpensive calculation of trance- dental functions. COordinate Rotation DIgital Computer (CORDIC) is an iterative algorithm used to emmulate hardware expensive multipliers, such as Multiply/ACculmulate (MAC) units, with only shift and add operations. However, because CORDIC is a sequential algorithm, characterized as having the latency of a serial multiplier, techniques that speed up computational performance have many applications.To this end, three implementations of standard CORDIC, (i) unrolled hardwired, (ii) unrolled programmable, and (iii) rolled programmable, were implemented on four Xilinx FPGA families: Virtex-4, -5, and -6, and Spartan-6. Although hardwired unrolled was found to have the greatest speed at the expense of no runtime flexibility, and rolled programmable was found to have the greatest flexibility and lowest silicon area consumption at the expense of the longest propagation delay, improvements to CORDIC implementations were still sought. Three parallelized CORDIC techniques, P-CORDIC, Flat-CORDIC, and Para-CORDIC, were implemented on the same four FPGA families. P-CORDIC and Flat-CORDIC, were shown to have the lowest latency under various conditions; Para-CORDIC was found to perform well in deeply pipelined, high throughput circuits. Design rules for when to use standard versus precomputation CORDIC techniques are presented. To address the low power requirements of many applications of interest, the Unfolded Multiplexor-LRB (UMUX-LRB), patent held by Sima, et al, was analyzed in weak inversion across four transistor technology nodes (180nm, 130nm, 90nm, and 65nm). Previous was also expanded from strong inversion across 180nm, 130nm, and 90nm technology nodes to also include 65nm. The UMUX-LRB interconnection network is based upon the Xilinx commercial interconnection network. Therefore, this network (MUX-LRB), and another static circuit technique, CMOS-Transmission Gates (CMOS-TG), were profiled across all four technology nodes to provide a baseline of comparision. This analysis found the UMUX-LRB to have the smallest and most balanced rising and falling edge propagation delay, in addition to having the greatest reliability for temperature and process variation. / Graduate

Este trabalho consiste no projeto e implementação em CMOS de um circuito integrado digital para geração de sinais, denominado Oscilador Controlado Numericamente. O circuito será aplicado em um sistema de Espectroscopia por Bioimpedância Elétrica, utilizado como método para detecção precoce de câncer do colo do útero. Durante o trabalho, realizou-se o estudo dos requisitos do sistema de espectroscopia e as especificações dos tipos de sinais a serem gerados. Levantou-se, na bibliografia, algumas técnicas de codificação em linguagem de hardware para otimização do projeto nos quesitos área, potência dissipada e frequência máxima de funcionamento. Para implementar o circuito, também se pesquisou o fluxo de projeto de circuitos digitais, focando as etapas de codificação em linguagem de descrição de hardware Verilog e os resultados de síntese lógica e de layout. Foram avaliadas duas arquiteturas, empregando-se algumas das técnicas de codificação levantadas durante o estudo bibliográfico. Estas arquiteturas foram implementadas, verificadas em plataforma programável, sintetizadas e mapeadas em portas lógicas no processo TSMC 180 nm, onde foram comparados os resultados de área e dissipação de potência. Observou-se, nos resultados de síntese lógica, redução de área de 78% e redução de 83% na dissipação de potência total no circuito em que se aplicou uma das técnicas de otimização em comparação com o circuito implementado sem otimização, utilizando uma arquitetura CORDIC do tipo unrolled. A arquitetura com menor área utilizada - 0,017 mm2 - foi escolhida para fabricação em processo mapeado. Após fabricação e encapsulamento do circuito, o chip foi montado em uma placa de testes desenvolvida para avaliar os resultados qualitativos. Os resultados dos testes foram analisados e comparados aos obtidos em simulação, comprovando-se o funcionamento do circuito. Observou-se uma variação máxima de 0,00623% entre o valor da frequência do sinal de saída obtido nas simulações e o do circuito fabricado. / The aim of this work is the design of a digital integrated circuit for signal generation called Numerically Controlled Oscillator, designed in 180 nm CMOS technology. The application target is for Electrical Bioimpedance Spectroscopy system, and can be used as a method for early detection of cervical cancer. Throughout the work, the spectroscopy system requirements and specifications of the types of signals to be generated were studied. Furthermore, the research of some coding techniques in hardware language for design optimization in terms of area, power consumption and frequency operation was conducted looking into the bibliography. The digital design flow was studied focusing on the Verilog hardware description language and the results of logic synthesis and layout, in order to implement the circuit. Reviews of two architectures have been made, using some of the encoding techniques that have been raised during the bibliographical study. These architectures have been implemented, verified on programmable platform, synthesized and mapped to standard cells in TSMC 180 nm process, which compared the area and total power consumption of results. Based on the results of logic synthesis, a 78% area reduction and 83% power consumption reduction were obtained on the implemented circuit with encoding techniques for optimization in comparison with the another circuit using a CORDIC unrolled architecture. The architecture with smaller area - 0.017 mm2 - was chosen for implementation in the mapped process. After the circuit fabrication and packaging, the chip was mounted on an evaluation board designed to evaluate the functionality. The test results were analyzed and compared with the simulation results, showing that the circuit works as expected. The output signals were compared between theoretical and experimental results, showing a maximum deviation of 0.00623%.

Este trabalho consiste no projeto e implementação em CMOS de um circuito integrado digital para geração de sinais, denominado Oscilador Controlado Numericamente. O circuito será aplicado em um sistema de Espectroscopia por Bioimpedância Elétrica, utilizado como método para detecção precoce de câncer do colo do útero. Durante o trabalho, realizou-se o estudo dos requisitos do sistema de espectroscopia e as especificações dos tipos de sinais a serem gerados. Levantou-se, na bibliografia, algumas técnicas de codificação em linguagem de hardware para otimização do projeto nos quesitos área, potência dissipada e frequência máxima de funcionamento. Para implementar o circuito, também se pesquisou o fluxo de projeto de circuitos digitais, focando as etapas de codificação em linguagem de descrição de hardware Verilog e os resultados de síntese lógica e de layout. Foram avaliadas duas arquiteturas, empregando-se algumas das técnicas de codificação levantadas durante o estudo bibliográfico. Estas arquiteturas foram implementadas, verificadas em plataforma programável, sintetizadas e mapeadas em portas lógicas no processo TSMC 180 nm, onde foram comparados os resultados de área e dissipação de potência. Observou-se, nos resultados de síntese lógica, redução de área de 78% e redução de 83% na dissipação de potência total no circuito em que se aplicou uma das técnicas de otimização em comparação com o circuito implementado sem otimização, utilizando uma arquitetura CORDIC do tipo unrolled. A arquitetura com menor área utilizada - 0,017 mm2 - foi escolhida para fabricação em processo mapeado. Após fabricação e encapsulamento do circuito, o chip foi montado em uma placa de testes desenvolvida para avaliar os resultados qualitativos. Os resultados dos testes foram analisados e comparados aos obtidos em simulação, comprovando-se o funcionamento do circuito. Observou-se uma variação máxima de 0,00623% entre o valor da frequência do sinal de saída obtido nas simulações e o do circuito fabricado. / The aim of this work is the design of a digital integrated circuit for signal generation called Numerically Controlled Oscillator, designed in 180 nm CMOS technology. The application target is for Electrical Bioimpedance Spectroscopy system, and can be used as a method for early detection of cervical cancer. Throughout the work, the spectroscopy system requirements and specifications of the types of signals to be generated were studied. Furthermore, the research of some coding techniques in hardware language for design optimization in terms of area, power consumption and frequency operation was conducted looking into the bibliography. The digital design flow was studied focusing on the Verilog hardware description language and the results of logic synthesis and layout, in order to implement the circuit. Reviews of two architectures have been made, using some of the encoding techniques that have been raised during the bibliographical study. These architectures have been implemented, verified on programmable platform, synthesized and mapped to standard cells in TSMC 180 nm process, which compared the area and total power consumption of results. Based on the results of logic synthesis, a 78% area reduction and 83% power consumption reduction were obtained on the implemented circuit with encoding techniques for optimization in comparison with the another circuit using a CORDIC unrolled architecture. The architecture with smaller area - 0.017 mm2 - was chosen for implementation in the mapped process. After the circuit fabrication and packaging, the chip was mounted on an evaluation board designed to evaluate the functionality. The test results were analyzed and compared with the simulation results, showing that the circuit works as expected. The output signals were compared between theoretical and experimental results, showing a maximum deviation of 0.00623%.

This term paper is the second part of the dissertation FM RDS signal processing using FPGAs. In the first half of the work is processed the information needed before the actual design and implementation. These can be divided into three themes. The first theme is the received signal VHF / FM + RDS, the second one handles the problem of software radio and last topic concerns FPGAs. The second half deals with the solution implementation and receiver radio VHF / FM and bitrate optional RDS to digital form and its implementation on FPGA. This section also includes the measurement of results.

The object of the thesis research is to realize a complex-valued QR decomposition (QRD) algorithm on FPGAs for MIMO communication systems. The challenge is to implement a QRD processor that efficiently utilizes hardware resources to meet throughput requirements in MIMO systems. By studying the basic QRD algorithm using Givens rotations and the CORDIC algorithm, the thesis develops a master-slave structure to more efficiently implement CORDIC-based Givens rotations compared to traditional methods. Based on the master-slave structure, an processing-element array architecture is proposed to further improve result precision and to achieve near-theoretical latency with parallelized normalization and rotations. The proposed architecture also demonstrates flexible scalability through implementations for different sizes of QRDs. The QRD implementations can process 7.41, 1.90 and 0.209 million matrices per second for two by two, four by four and eight by eight QRDs respectively. This study has built the foundation to develop QRD processors that can fulfill high throughput requirements for MIMO systems.

Zugl.: Dortmund, Techn. Univ., Diss., 2008

Cette thèse porte sur la mise en œuvre des architectures reconfigurables pour répondre aux besoins des systèmes de communication : des débits élevés et une grande flexibilité supportant les évolutivités des futurs systèmes. Nous nous intéressons particulièrement aux systèmes MIMO. Les architectures proposées utilisent l'opérateur CORDIC (COordinate Rotation DIgital Computing) comme opérateur commun, ainsi que les techniques de reconfiguration statique et partielle de FPGA en vue d'une optimisation et d'une adaptation dynamique des ressources matérielles aux caractéristiques de la communication. Le nombre d'opérateurs CORDIC peut donc être modifié par la reconfiguration statique pour s'adapter aux différents récepteurs MIMO et aux différents débits demandés. Les interconnexions entre les opérateurs CORDIC peuvent être modifiées par la reconfiguration partielle et dynamique de FPGA afin d'optimiser les ressources matérielles. L'impact du nombre d'étage de l'opérateur CORDIC sur le TEB et EQM du décodeur a été étudié. Trois exemples de récepteurs MIMO ont été réalisés à l'aide cette architecture reconfigurable: V-BLAST Square Root, MMSE et CMA. L'utilisation de cette architecture permet de diminuer les ressources matérielles sans dégrader les performances du décodeur MIMO en terme de TEB et EQM.

Master‘s thesis reviews the characteristics of the AVR32 architecture, AVR32UC microarchitecture, and especially AT32UC3A0512 microcontroller. This microcontroller is mounted on the board EVK1100, which is used for debugging applications. The entire analysis is focused on the ability to process audio signals on this board. For the board is created AD/DA interface and its control library. Follows necessary description of used DSP-lib library. The last part is a description of the theory and implementation of two sound effects and implementation of operating system FreeRTOS.

In zunehmendem Maße werden Kraftfahrzeuge mit Sensoren zur Erfassung des Fahrzeugniveaus, also der Lage des Fahrzeugs relativ zur Straßenoberfläche in Richtung der Fahrzeughochachse, ausgestattet. Informationen zum Fahrzeugniveau werden beispielsweise für die automatische Leuchtweitenregulierung für Gasentladungsscheinwerfer und Fahrwerkregelsysteme benötigt. Mit dem Ziel der Vermeidung wesentlicher Nachteile üblicher Seriensensoren mit Kugelgelenken wurde von der ZF Lemförder Fahrwerktechnik GmbH & Co. KG in Zusammenarbeit mit der Volkswagen AG und der Technischen Universität Dresden ein Fahrzeugniveausensor prototypisch in ein Gummi-Metall-Lager eines Fahrwerklenkers integriert. In diesem mechatronischen System wird mit anisotropen magnetoresistiven (AMR) Sensoren, welche in den Lagerkern integriert sind, die Richtung des Magnetfeldes eines auf der Innenseite der äußeren Lagerhülse angeordneten Perma¬nentmagnetrings gemessen. Ein spezielles Design von Mechanik und Magnetfeld erlaubt die Messung der Lagertorsion als Maß für den vertikalen Radweg des entsprechenden Rades weitgehend unabhängig von kardanischen und translatorischen Lagerverformungen. Diese Dissertation stellt eine Zusammenfassung wesentlicher Inhalte dieses Projektes dar. Einleitend wird die Eignung von Messgröße und Sensorprinzip für die Messung des Fahrzeugniveaus anhand der Anforderungen an Fahrzeugniveausensoren diskutiert und ein optimierter mechanischer Aufbau des Sensorlagers vorgestellt. Den wissenschaftlichen Schwerpunkt dieser Dissertation bildet das Design des Magnetfeldes des erforderlichen Permanentmagneten. Auf der Basis geeigneter Ansätze erfolgt unter Anwendung der Theorie magnetischer Felder die Herleitung eines Feldverlaufs, der ein Optimum hinsichtlich der Unempfindlichkeit gegenüber der sensorischen Erfassung störender Lagerverformungen, der erreichbaren Feldstärke am Sensor, der Signallinearität und der Herstellbarkeit des Permanentmagnetrings darstellt. Zu den weiteren Themen dieser Arbeit zählen die Erörterung der verwendeten Sensorelektronik einschließlich der wesentlichen Software¬algorithmen sowie die Diskussion der experimentell ermittelten Eigenschaften eines Prototyps des Sensorlagers und dessen Komponenten. / In motor vehicles, information on the position of the vehicle in direction of the vehicle height axis in relation to the road surface is increasingly provided by sensors. This positional information is required for the automatic headlight range control of gaseous discharge headlights and chassis control systems. In cooperation with Volkswagen AG and University of Technology Dresden, ZF Lemförder Fahrwerktechnik GmbH & Co. KG integrated a vehicle height sensor as a prototype in a rubber mount of an axle link with the aim of avoiding the disadvantages of standard sensors using ball joints. In this mechatronic system, the direction of the magnetic field of a permanent magnetic ring placed on the inside of the outer bearing case is measured by anisotropic magnetoresistive (AMR) sensors integrated in the centre of the bearing. The vertical movement of the relevant wheel is measured via the torsion of the rubber mount. The mechanics and the magnetic field were designed in order to get measurements that are not affected by rotational and linear rubber mount distortions. This thesis works summarizes the key points of this project. The reader will be first introduced to advantages and disadvantages of the measuring quantity and the sensor principle used for measuring the positioning of the vehicle concerning the requirements of vehicle height sensors. In addition, an optimized construction of the sensor rubber mount will be described. The main focus of this work is the design of the magnetic field of the required permanent magnet. While considering adequate approaches, the magnetic field of this magnet is formulated from the theory of magnetic fields. The presented magnetic field is an optimisation in terms of the insensitivity of sensoric measurements towards interferic rubber mount distortions, the field force that can be accomplished at the sensor, the linearity of the signal and the producibility of the permanent magnet ring. Further topics that are addressed in this thesis are the discussion of the used sensor electronic including essential software algorithms and the discussion of the experimentally derived characteristics of the prototype of the sensor rubber mount and its components.

In zunehmendem Maße werden Kraftfahrzeuge mit Sensoren zur Erfassung des Fahrzeugniveaus, also der Lage des Fahrzeugs relativ zur Straßenoberfläche in Richtung der Fahrzeughochachse, ausgestattet. Informationen zum Fahrzeugniveau werden beispielsweise für die automatische Leuchtweitenregulierung für Gasentladungsscheinwerfer und Fahrwerkregelsysteme benötigt. Mit dem Ziel der Vermeidung wesentlicher Nachteile üblicher Seriensensoren mit Kugelgelenken wurde von der ZF Lemförder Fahrwerktechnik GmbH & Co. KG in Zusammenarbeit mit der Volkswagen AG und der Technischen Universität Dresden ein Fahrzeugniveausensor prototypisch in ein Gummi-Metall-Lager eines Fahrwerklenkers integriert. In diesem mechatronischen System wird mit anisotropen magnetoresistiven (AMR) Sensoren, welche in den Lagerkern integriert sind, die Richtung des Magnetfeldes eines auf der Innenseite der äußeren Lagerhülse angeordneten Perma¬nentmagnetrings gemessen. Ein spezielles Design von Mechanik und Magnetfeld erlaubt die Messung der Lagertorsion als Maß für den vertikalen Radweg des entsprechenden Rades weitgehend unabhängig von kardanischen und translatorischen Lagerverformungen. Diese Dissertation stellt eine Zusammenfassung wesentlicher Inhalte dieses Projektes dar. Einleitend wird die Eignung von Messgröße und Sensorprinzip für die Messung des Fahrzeugniveaus anhand der Anforderungen an Fahrzeugniveausensoren diskutiert und ein optimierter mechanischer Aufbau des Sensorlagers vorgestellt. Den wissenschaftlichen Schwerpunkt dieser Dissertation bildet das Design des Magnetfeldes des erforderlichen Permanentmagneten. Auf der Basis geeigneter Ansätze erfolgt unter Anwendung der Theorie magnetischer Felder die Herleitung eines Feldverlaufs, der ein Optimum hinsichtlich der Unempfindlichkeit gegenüber der sensorischen Erfassung störender Lagerverformungen, der erreichbaren Feldstärke am Sensor, der Signallinearität und der Herstellbarkeit des Permanentmagnetrings darstellt. Zu den weiteren Themen dieser Arbeit zählen die Erörterung der verwendeten Sensorelektronik einschließlich der wesentlichen Software¬algorithmen sowie die Diskussion der experimentell ermittelten Eigenschaften eines Prototyps des Sensorlagers und dessen Komponenten. / In motor vehicles, information on the position of the vehicle in direction of the vehicle height axis in relation to the road surface is increasingly provided by sensors. This positional information is required for the automatic headlight range control of gaseous discharge headlights and chassis control systems. In cooperation with Volkswagen AG and University of Technology Dresden, ZF Lemförder Fahrwerktechnik GmbH & Co. KG integrated a vehicle height sensor as a prototype in a rubber mount of an axle link with the aim of avoiding the disadvantages of standard sensors using ball joints. In this mechatronic system, the direction of the magnetic field of a permanent magnetic ring placed on the inside of the outer bearing case is measured by anisotropic magnetoresistive (AMR) sensors integrated in the centre of the bearing. The vertical movement of the relevant wheel is measured via the torsion of the rubber mount. The mechanics and the magnetic field were designed in order to get measurements that are not affected by rotational and linear rubber mount distortions. This thesis works summarizes the key points of this project. The reader will be first introduced to advantages and disadvantages of the measuring quantity and the sensor principle used for measuring the positioning of the vehicle concerning the requirements of vehicle height sensors. In addition, an optimized construction of the sensor rubber mount will be described. The main focus of this work is the design of the magnetic field of the required permanent magnet. While considering adequate approaches, the magnetic field of this magnet is formulated from the theory of magnetic fields. The presented magnetic field is an optimisation in terms of the insensitivity of sensoric measurements towards interferic rubber mount distortions, the field force that can be accomplished at the sensor, the linearity of the signal and the producibility of the permanent magnet ring. Further topics that are addressed in this thesis are the discussion of the used sensor electronic including essential software algorithms and the discussion of the experimentally derived characteristics of the prototype of the sensor rubber mount and its components.