Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains the leading cause of death in both the United States and the world at large. This is primarily due to the extreme difficulty associated with preemptive diagnosis of CAD. Currently, only about 20% of all patients are diagnosed with CAD prior to the occurrence of a heart attack. This is the result of limitations in current techniques, which are either noninvasive, extremely expensive, or have very poor correlation with the actual disease state of the patient. Phonoangiography is an alternative approach to the diagnosis of CAD that relies upon detection of the sound generated by turbulent flow downstream from occlusions. Although the technique is commonly used for the carotid arteries, in the case of the coronary arteries the technique is hampered by signal-to-noise problems as well as uncertainty regarding the spectral characteristics associated with CAD. To date, these signal processing difficulties have prevented the use of the technique clinically. This research introduces an alternative approach to the processing of phonoangiographic data based upon knowledge of the acoustic transfer within the chest. The validity of the proposed approach was examined using transfer functions which were calculated for 14 physiologically relevant locations within the chest using a 2-D Finite Element Model (FEM) generated from physiologic data. These transfer functions were then used to demonstrate the technique using test cases generated with the FEM. Finally, the vulnerability of the technique to noise was quantified through calculation of matrix condition numbers for the chest acoustic transfer at each frequency. These results show that while in general the technique is susceptible to noise; noise tolerance is greatly improved within the frequency range most likely to correspond to an occlusion. Taken together, these results suggest that the proposed technique has the potential to make phonoangiography viable as a screening technique for CAD. Such a technique would greatly reduce the cost of CAD, measured in terms of both financial cost as well as lives. / Master of Science

Depression is highly prevalent in coronary artery disease (CAD) and confers an increased risk of morbidity and mortality, yet mechanisms are unknown. Platelet activating factor (PAF) lipids are associated not only with CAD but also with inflammation, oxidative/nitrosative stress, vascular endothelial dysfunction and platelet reactivity which are proposed etiopathological mechanisms for depression. This study investigated the relationship between PAF species and depressive symptoms in 20 CAD patients. Plasma analyses were performed using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (precursor ion scan). Primary analysis revealed no association between the potent pro-inflammatory PAF PC(O-16:0/2:0) and depressive symptoms measured by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale [HAM-D] (F=0.405, p=0.533) or Beck Depression Inventory [BDI]-II (F=0.120, p=0.733) in a linear regression. Exploratory analyses revealed potential associations between greater PC(O-18:1/0:0) and greater HAM-D score and greater PC(O-22:6/2:0) concentrations with a greater BDI-II score. This study suggests that specific PAFs might be biomarkers for depressive symptoms in CAD patients.

Depression is highly prevalent in coronary artery disease (CAD) and confers an increased risk of morbidity and mortality, yet mechanisms are unknown. Platelet activating factor (PAF) lipids are associated not only with CAD but also with inflammation, oxidative/nitrosative stress, vascular endothelial dysfunction and platelet reactivity which are proposed etiopathological mechanisms for depression. This study investigated the relationship between PAF species and depressive symptoms in 20 CAD patients. Plasma analyses were performed using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (precursor ion scan). Primary analysis revealed no association between the potent pro-inflammatory PAF PC(O-16:0/2:0) and depressive symptoms measured by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale [HAM-D] (F=0.405, p=0.533) or Beck Depression Inventory [BDI]-II (F=0.120, p=0.733) in a linear regression. Exploratory analyses revealed potential associations between greater PC(O-18:1/0:0) and greater HAM-D score and greater PC(O-22:6/2:0) concentrations with a greater BDI-II score. This study suggests that specific PAFs might be biomarkers for depressive symptoms in CAD patients.

The relationship between cardiovascular disease and hearing loss has already been proven. However literature does not provide information on the prevalence of hearing loss in adults with cardiovascular disease. Previous studies provide contradictory information regarding the audiological characteristics in this population. Data relating to the South African context is minimal. The objectives of this descriptive survey research study were to describe the prevalence of hearing loss in adults with this cardiovascular disease and determine the variables which may influence hearing thresholds in this population. Ninety two individuals diagnosed with coronary artery disease or cardiomyopathy were recruited using a non-probability, purposive sampling strategy. This sample, with an average age of 48 years and five months, consisted of more males than females and more participants with coronary artery disease than cardiomyopathy. Participants underwent a comprehensive audiological evaluation including an otoscopic examination, immittance audiometry, pure-tone audiometry, speech audiometry, as well as distortion product otoacoustic emissions. Content analysis, descriptive statistics, t-tests and an analysis of covariance revealed a hearing loss prevalence of 5%. These participants presented with a low frequency sensorineural hearing loss with the right ear being more affected. It was found that duration of cardiovascular disease influenced hearing thresholds. Implications of this study include the importance of prevention and early identification of hearing loss. This highlights the need to establish the role of audiologists within a multi-disciplinary team and the management of individuals with this disease.

Introduction : Linflammation intervient à tous les stades dans la pathogénie de l'athérosclérose. Initialement, la maladie est caractérisée par une dysfonction endothéliale favorisée par les facteurs de risque cardiovasculaires classiques, des forces hémodynamiques anormales, et des substances vasoactives. A la faveur de cette dysfonction, des processus inflammatoires participent à la formation de la plaque dathérosclérose (1).Les lipoprotéines de basse densité pénètrent dans l'intima artérielle et subissent des modifications chimiques oxydatives responsables de réactions inflammatoires secondaires via la transcription nucléaire du facteur B. Des monocytes circulants activés adhèrent ensuite à la surface endothéliale, la traversent et se différencient en macrophages (activation via l'expression de molécules d'adhésion à la surface endothéliale : VCAM-1 et ICAM-1, qui lient des ligands de la famille des intégrines présents sur la membrane des leucocytes ; sélectines E et P). Cette migration subendothéliale est favorisée par la présence de chémoattractants. Les macrophages se transforment en cellules spumeuses en phagocytant les LDL oxydées via des récepteurs "scavengers". Les lipides d'abord intracellulaires vont devenir extracellulaires et se regrouper pour former un amas appelé le cur lipidique. Des lymphocytes T activés sont aussi présents et interagissent avec les macrophages, entretenant une réaction inflammatoire chronique qui favorise la croissance de la plaque. La plaque adulte est composée d'une chape fibro-musculaire (cellules musculaires lisses, protéines de matrice extracellulaire) séparant le coeur lipidique de la lumière artérielle. Au début, la croissance de la plaque nimplique pas obligatoirement une réduction de la lumière, laugmentation du volume de la plaque dans la paroi étant compensée par une majoration de la taille du vaisseau (remodelage positif). Des cytokines pro-inflammatoires (TNF-, interleukines 1, ...) induisent l'expression de métalloprotéinases par les cellules de la plaque ce qui conduit à sa fragilisation. Dautres cytokines ont des propriétés anti-inflammatoires et l'activité des métalloprotéinases peut être neutralisée par des inhibiteurs spécifiques naturels (TIMP-1, TIMP-2). La stabilité de la plaque résulte donc déquilibres complexes encore imparfaitement compris. La rupture de la plaque est le point de départ de l'évolution thrombotique dont l'importance est variable mais il est vraisemblable que certaines érosions ou ruptures n'entraînent pas de thrombose, favorisant par contre la croissance de la plaque. Activation inflammatoire induite par l'angioplastie dans les syndromes coronariens stables et instables, influence des dommages myocardiques : La CRP ultrasensible (CRPus) possède un pouvoir prédictif de complications chez les patients atteints d'infarctus aigu du myocarde, d'angor stable ou instable. L'origine de cette inflammation est incertaine : réaction inflammatoire au sein même de la plaque ? embolisation a partir d'une plaque friable avec nécrose infra-clinique ? Nous avons donc étudié l'influence pronostique des marqueurs inflammatoires mesurés avant et après l'angioplastie (ACP) et leur relation avec les marqueurs spécifiques de dommage myocardique (troponines). 200 patients (39 à 85 ans) traités par ACP avec ou sans stent entre 01/97 et 05/99 furent étudiés et suivis afin de dépister la survenue de complications. 20% des patients présentaient avant lACP une CRP us > à 6 mg/l. Après ACP, les taux de CRP us > à 6 mg/l et à 12 mg/l étaient respectivement de 40,8 % et 26,4%. Avant lACP, tous les patients présentaient une valeur de troponine I normale alors qu'après lACP, 10,6 % avaient une troponine I > à 5µg/l. Durant le suivi moyen de 38 mois, nous avons recensé 52 événements cardiovasculaires majeurs : 9 décès, 12 infarctus, 5 pontages aorto-coronaire, 26 resténoses, 13 ACP sur une autre lésion que celle traitée initialement. En analyse multivariée, étaient prédictifs de complication : la troponine I après ACP, la CRP us après ACP, les antécédents d'hypertension artérielle et dACP préalable (p<0.05). Nous avons évalué une association entre entre la CRP us après ACP et l'élévation de troponine. Le test t de Student montrait une différence moyenne entre les taux de CRP us pré- et post-ACP de 3,75 mg/l chez les patients avec troponine < à 5µg/l après ACP et de 6,85 mg/l chez ceux avec troponine >5µg/l (p < 0,02). Dans cette étude, l'inflammation et lembolisation après ACP sont prédictives d'événements cardiovasculaires à moyen terme le. L'association entre la CRP us et la troponine après ACP suggère un lien entre ces 2 marqueurs, les patients présentant une inflammation accrue courant un risque supérieur dembolisations péri-procédurales, ce qui pourrait expliquer leur pronostic moins favorable (2). Impact pronostique à long terme de l'activation inflammatoire dans les syndromes coronariens stables Limportance pronostique de la CRP us dans l'angor stable n'est pas établie; la plupart des études préalables évaluaient le court terme or les événements plus tardifs reflètent plus la progression de l'athérosclérose qu'une complication de l'angioplastie à proprement parler. Nous avons donc analysé l'impact pronostique à long terme de la CRP us avant et après ACP et l'influence de l'amplitude de lélévation de ce marqueur sur le devenir à long terme des patients dilatés pour un angor stable. Entre 08/98 et 05/99, 89 patients traités pour un angor stable furent inclus prospectivement et suivis pendant 6 ans. La CRP us moyenne était de 3,35 mg/l avant ACP et de 8,69 mg/l après. La plupart des patients présentait une élévation de ce paramètre ( CRP moyen = 5,34 mg/l ; ≥ à 3 mg/l chez 43 patients). Nous n'avons pas retrouvé de corrélation entre une élévation de CRP > à 3 mg/l et une élévation de troponine T >0,01µg/l. Durant le suivi, 38 patients ont présenté une complication cardiovasculaire (3 décès, 6 infarctus, 6 pontages, 12 ACP sur une autre lésion que celle traitée initialement, 11 resténoses). On notait un taux supérieur d'événements chez les patients présentant une  CRP > à 3 mg/l à la fois à un an de suivi (18 vs 2,2 %; p < 0,001) et à 6,6 ans (39,3 vs 3,4 %; p < 0,001).En analyse multivariée, les paramètres prédictifs indépendants étaient un antécédent d'infarctus du myocarde préalable, une  troponine T > à 0,01µg/l et une  CRP > à 3 mg/l (p = 0, 004, p = 0,013 et p = 0,004 respectivement).L'élévation de CRP us > 3 mg/l après ACP présentait une valeur prédictive d'événements cardiovasculaires supérieure à celle de la CRP us, considérée isolément avant ou après ACP. Donc, bien que le niveau inflammatoire basal soit important, lindice prédictif de complication le plus puissant est l'augmentation de ce marqueur induit par langioplastie. Une élévation importante de CRP ultrasensible après ACP chez certains patients pourrait refléter l'hyperréactivité de leur système inflammatoire aux agressions vasculaires. Une telle hyperréactivité pourrait être un marqueur de progression de l'athérosclérose et/ou d'instabilité clinique future (3). Activation neutrophilique dans les syndromes coronariens instables Nous avons évalué l'existence dune activation des polynucléaires secondaires à une angioplastie avec pose simultanée dune endoprothèse (stenting direct) au niveau d'une lésion responsable d'un syndrome coronarien instable. Nous avons aussi mesuré, la libération de cytokines associée. L'activation des polynucléaires a été évaluée par la mesure des taux de myéloperoxydase (MPO), de lactoferrine (LCF) et d'élastase.Vingt patients en angor instable furent étudiés (19 hommes; âge moyen : 53,9 ± 12,1 ans). Ils furent séparés en 2 groupes : groupe A : 15 patients traités par stenting direct de la lésion responsable ; groupe B : 5 patients n'ayant pas subi de revascularisation. Des prélèvements biologiques étaient réalisés chez les patients après l'insertion de l'introducteur fémoral (T0), 30après lACP ou après la procédure diagnostique (T1), puis 30 minutes, 3, 6, 12 et 24 heures après (T2 à T6). Les deux groupes étaient comparables du point de vue clinique et angiographique. Dans le groupe contrôle, aucune variation ne fut observée pour les dosages de MPO et de LCF. Dans le groupe A, une augmentation plasmatique du niveau de MPO fut observée immédiatement après l'angioplastie (p = 0,0009 à T1 vs T0; p < 0,0001 à T2 vs T0; p = 0,008 pour T3 vs T0). Pour la LCF, l'élévation était similaire (p = 0,004 pour T1 vs T0 et pour T2 vs T0). Des différences significatives furent observées à T1, T2 et T3 entre les groupes A et B pour la MPO (p = 0,015; p = 0,005; p = 0,042 respectivement) et pour la LCF (p = 0,0001; p = 0,0005; p = 0,003 respectivement). Le test ANOVA démontrait une valeur de p < à 0,0001 pour la MPO et la LCF dans le groupe A. Pour l'élastase et le TNF-, nous n'avons pas observé de différence significative au sein des groupes et entre les groupes. Nous avons observé une élévation plasmatique de l'IL-6 dans les 2 groupes (test ANOVA : p= 0,0065 pour le groupe B et p< 0,0001 pour le groupe A). Pour la première fois, nous rapportons une élévation rapide et intense d'enzymes neutrophiliques spécifiques (MPO et LCF) après pose dun stent coronarien (4). Cette libération pourrait en partie être responsable de la libération secondaire de cytokines (IL-6, IL-12, IL-8, CRP us). Il reste à déterminer si ces phénomènes peuvent influencer le pronostic clinique ou représenter une cible thérapeutique. Activation neutrophilique dans les syndromes coronariens stables; comparaison avec les tableaux cliniques instables L'activation des polynucléaires neutrophiles est donc impliquée dans la physiopathologie des syndromes coronariens instables et est aussi observée après ACP. Les leucocytes activés relâchent de la MPO, un agent oxydant puissant dont l'activité entraîne la production de dérivés d'oxygène réactif. Cette enzyme est augmentée chez les patients présentant un syndrome coronarien aigu, plus particulièrement chez ceux qui vont présenter une évolution clinique défavorable. Actuellement, on ignore si la MPO intervient dans la rupture de plaque ou contribue directement aux lésions tissulaires. Elle favorise l'athérogenèse via la production de molécules pro-athérogènes (dérivés oxydés de l'oxyde nitrique par exemple) et en utilisant comme substrat l'oxyde nitrique qui lui est athéroprotecteur. Nous avons comparé l'expression des cytokines inflammatoires et l'activation leucocytaire induites par un direct stenting chez des patients en angor stable par rapport aux instables. Quinze patients (groupe A) en angor instable furent comparés à 11 patients (groupe B) en angor stable. Tous présentaient une seule lésion sévère cible, traitable par langioplastie et pose simultanée dun stent. Les échantillons sanguins furent prélevés comme décrit dans létude précédente. A l'exception d'un âge moyen supérieur dans le groupe B, tous les paramètres cliniques et biologiques étaient similaires dans les deux groupes. Dans le groupe A, une augmentation du niveau plasmatique de MPO fut observée immédiatement après la pose du stent avec une élévation parallèle de la LCF. Dans le groupe B, nous avons également observé une élévation de MPO et de LCF après l'intervention qui était néanmoins inférieure que dans le groupe A (ANOVA test : p < 0,001 à la fois pour la MPO et la LCF dans les deux groupes). Pour l'élastase, aucune différence significative ne fut observée entre les groupes. Les niveaux plasmatiques d'IL-8 et dIL-12 ne furent pas significativement affectés dans chacun des groupes mais leurs valeurs moyennes étaient supérieures chez les patients stables, bien que restant dans les limites de la normale (< 30pg/ml chez les patients normaux; n = 34). Nous avons également observé une élévation significative de lIL-6, 12 heures après l'intervention dans les 2 groupes. Le pic sérique de ces cytokines survenait néanmoins plus tard par rapport à la libération aiguë de MPO et de LCF. Cette observation souligne l'importante activation des neutrophiles après pose de stent, démontrant que la rupture mécanique d'une plaque d'athérosclérose par un stent, est rapidement suivie d'une libération denzymes spécifiques. Lactivation des polynucléaires neutrophiles est plus intense dans les syndromes coronariens aigus que dans les situations cliniques stables. Donc, parallèlement aux modifications des taux de MPO trans-cardiaque observées dans l'angor instable (reflétant l'inflammation généralisée de l'arbre coronaire), nous rapportons pour la première fois que le stenting coronarien a un effet direct sur lélévation de la MPO.(5) Conclusions : Nos travaux montre que : 1) Langioplastie coronaire est associée à une élévation des paramètres inflammatoires systémiques, limportance de ces manifestations inflammatoires possédant une signification pronostique. 2) Le niveau basal et lincrément secondaire des paramètres inflammatoires sont hautement prédictifs des évènements cardio-vasculaires futurs suggérant que la réactivité individuelle est déterminante. 3) Les neutrophiles par leurs enzymes spécifiques interviennent précocement dans la cascade inflammatoire induite. 4) Lintensité de la réponse est différente en fonction de la présentation clinique (Hyper-réactivité diffuse? Composition de la plaque?). Une meilleure compréhension de la pathogénie de linsuffisance coronarienne devrait permettre une meilleure stratification du risque impliquant une prise en charge thérapeutique maximalisée et le développement de stratégies thérapeutiques alternatives plus efficaces tant en prévention primaire que secondaire. Références : 1. Gach O, Piérard L, Legrand V. Inflammation and atherosclerosis. State of the Art in 2004-2005. Rev Med Liège 2005; 60: 235-241. 2. Gach O, Louis O, Martinez C, Legrand V. Impact of markers of myocardial damage and inflammation after PCI on late outcome. Heart 2002; 87. 3. Gach O, Legrand V, Biessaux Y, Chapelle JP, Vanbelle S, Pierard L. Long term prognostic significance of High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein before and after coronary angioplasty in patients with stable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol, 2007, 99:31-35. 4. Gach O, Biemar C, Nys M , Deby-Dupont G, Chapelle JP, Deby C, Lamy M, Pierard LA, Legrand V. Early release of neutrophil markers of activation after direct stenting in patients with unstable angina. Coron Artery Dis 2005; 16: 59-65. 5. Gach O, Nys M, Deby-Dupont G, Chapelle JP, Lamy M, Piérard LA, Legrand V. Acute neutrophil activation in direct stenting: comparison of stable and unstable angina patients. Int J Cardiol. 2006; 112(1): 59-65.

Atherosclerosis is characterized by a chronic inflammation, involving autoimmune components, in the arterial wall. An increase in proinflammatory activity relative to anti-inflammatory activity is considered to cause a progression of the disease towards plaque instability and risk of atherothrombotic events, such as acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Cortisol, the end product of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, is a powerful endogenous anti-inflammatory mediator. Disturbances in the HPA axis have been reported in chronic inflammatory/autoimmune diseases, like rheumatoid arthritis. The aim of this thesis was to study various markers of systemic inflammation in patients with acute and stable conditions of coronary artery disease (CAD) and relate these findings to the cortisol response. Both patients with ACS and patients with stable CAD had high levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1 receptor antagonist, compared with healthy controls. In addition, patients with stable CAD had significantly more neutrophil-platelet aggregates than controls, as a possible indicator of neutrophil activation. The cortisol response was determined in two different cohorts of CAD patients; one consisting of patients with a first-time myocardial infarction and one consisting of patients with long-term stable CAD. From the acute phase to 3 months, the patients with a myocardial infarction showed a higher 24-h cortisol secretion and a flattened diurnal slope caused by higher cortisol levels in the evening, as compared with healthy controls. The patients with long-term stable CAD showed similarly high levels of cortisol in the evening. The levels of evening cortisol were strongly correlated with CRP and IL-6. When exposed to acute physical or acute psychological stress at 3 months, the ACS patients showed a markedly blunted cortisol response compared with healthy controls. Following the stress tests, a significant increase in CRP was observed in the patients but not in the controls, indicating a failure of the HPA axis to compensate for stress-induced inflammation in CAD. In the ACS patients, the time course of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitor TIMP-1 was determined during the 3 months follow-up. A major finding was that the MMP-9 and TIMP-1 levels remained significantly higher in the patients at all time points compared to the controls. MMP-9 and TIMP-1, but not MMP-2, MMP-3 or MMP-7, were related to inflammatory activity, as assessed by CRP and IL-6. MMP-9 and TIMP-1 showed significant correlation with evening cortisol, even after adjustment for CRP and IL-6, lending further support for a link between ´high´ flat cortisol rhythm and systemic inflammatory activity. The activation status of neutrophils in stable CAD was further examined by measuring the expression, affinity state and signalling capacity of b2-integrins and the innate production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the neutrophils in patients were not more activated in vivo than were cells in healthy controls, neither were they more prone to activation ex vivo. The data rather indicated an impaired function of neutrophils in stable CAD. The neutrophils in CAD patients showed a significantly lower number of total glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) and a lower GRa:GRb ratio compared to healthy controls, indicating a chronic over activation of the HPA axis and, possibly, a state of glucocorticoid resistance. Moreover, the evening cortisol levels in patients were associated with an overexpression of annexin-1, the ´second messenger´ of glucocorticoid action. In contrast to neutrophils in controls, the neutrophils in patients also showed a hyper responsiveness to exogenous annexin-1 resulting in impaired neutrophil function. To conclude, clinically stable CAD was associated with a systemic inflammatory activity, involving a high MMP-9:TIMP-1 ratio and an increased inflammatory response to acute stress but not any activation of neutrophils. This inflammatory activity was associated with a dysregulated cortisol secretion, defined by a flat diurnal rhythm and a blunted cortisol response to stress. Although the clinical relevance remains to be verified, an intriguing hypothesis is that a hyporesponsive HPA axis favours the development towards plaque instability. / On the day of the defence date the title of article III was: "A sustained elevation of serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 is associated with diurnal salivary cortisol in patients with acute myocardial infarction-a 3-month follow-up".

Background: The presence of calcified deposits in the coronary arteries has become established as a marker of coronary atherosclerosis. Design and Setting: Single medical center observational study. Study objective: 1) To determine the sensitivity and specificity of coronary calcium by cinefluoroscopy (CF) and to validate the reliability of CF in the angiographic detection of > 50% coronary artery stenosis. 2) To assess the financial benefit of adding CF-determined coronary calcium into the self-paid executive physical examination items. 3) To evaluate whether an algorithm using CF to assess coronary calcium has potential as an initial cost-effective testing pathway for diagnosis of > 50% coronary artery stenosis. Methods: Between November 1, 2004 and April 25, 2005, 333 patients who underwent angiography for diagnosis of and determine the extent of coronary artery disease were enrolled in the study. All patients received CF to determine presence or absence of calcium in the coronary artery system prior to selective angiography. Sensitivity and specificity were then obtained to confirm CF as a reliable non-invasive test for diagnosing > 50% coronary artery stenosis. Direct cost, total cost and estimated profit were calculated with and without the cost of cardiac catheterization laboratory at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, which has an average of 475 patients/month who undergo self-paid executive physical examinations. Direct cost, total cost and estimated loss of coronary calcium by electron beam computed tomography (EBCT) were calculated for the acquisition of an EBCT machine by Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. A test model was applied to examine the costs and cost-effectiveness of the following diagnostic modalities: the traditional treadmill exercise (TMET); stress thallium and positron emission tomography (THALLIUM); coronary calcium by EBCT calcium score > 0 and > 168; and, coronary calcium by CF for diagnosis of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) as a function of pretest likelihood (i.e., prevalence) of disease. Results: Two hundred fifty three men and 80 women were enrolled in this study (mean age, 63.9+11.4 years; age range, 35-90 years). Sensitivity and specificity of CF in the detection of patients with angiographically coronary artery stenosis >50% were 96% and 86%, respectively. The profit accrued from implementing the CF test at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, including the cost of the cardiac catheterization laboratory, was NT$329/patient. At 475 patients per month, this test will produce revenue of NT$156,275/month or NT$1,875,300/year. The profit achieved by implementing the CF test at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, excluding the cost of the cardiac catheterization laboratory was NT$838.7/patient, or NT$398,382.5/month and NT$4,780,590/year. Conversely, implementing the EBCT test will cost Chang Gung Memorial Hospital NT$ 1,124,990/month or NT$ 13,499,880/year. With disease prevalence at < 0.7, CF examination was the most cost-efficient initial diagnostic testing pathway. However, for the group with prevalence at 1.0, the highest group, initial angiography with no prior non-invasive testing was the most cost-effective strategy for diagnosis of obstructive coronary artery disease. Conclusion: 1) Calcium detection with CF is a highly sensitive and moderately specific test, and a simple, inexpensive, and safe technique for identifying CAD. 2) Instituting CF as a screening test for self-paid executive physical examinations would result in considerable profit for the hospital. Conversely, establishing an EBCT program will produce a substantial financial loss. 3) For patients evaluated for obstructive CAD, a test pathway utilizing CF to detect coronary artery calcium as an initial non-invasive test minimized direct costs and maximized cost-effectiveness. Cinefluoroscopy has been neglected as a noninvasive technique for diagnosis of coronary stenosis and is sufficiently promising to warrant increased clinical use.

Previous studies show that coronary artery disease (CAD) is a multi-factors and chronic inflammatory disease, and is associated with lipid metabolism. IL-1ra is a naturally occurring anti-inflammatory molecules that block the action of IL-1. However, little is known about the imbalance between IL-1ra and inflammatory mediators in CAD. We attempted to investigate the relationships between inflammatory mediators and serum IL-1ra levels in patients with CAD. In 95 patients with angiographically defined CAD, and 70 healthy controls were studied in a case-control manner. Serum levels of cytokines and the risk factor of CAD were examined. Polymorphisms for IL-1ra gene were detected by PCR, and genotypes and allelic frequencies in both groups were compared. Our major finding include: (1) The risk factors such as elevated BMI, systolic BP, smoking, hypertension, blood glucose, and TG was more frequently found in the CAD group than the control group ( p < 0.001). However, the HDL-C and bilirubin were significantly higher in control group than the CAD group. (2) The relative risk of those in the highest quartile of ratio of LDL-C to HDL-C, TC to HDL-C, and TG to HDL-C were significantly elevated. ( OR = 2.98, p < 0.01; OR = 5.31, p <0.001; OR = 8.43, p < 0.001 respectively) (3) Five different inflammatory markers were significantly elevated including IL-1ra, hs-CRP, IL-6, leukocyte count, and neutrophil percentage between healthy controls and CAD patients. ( p < 0.01) (4) Levels of IL-1ra and other variables such as blood glucose, BMI, TG, IL-6, hs-CRP, and leukocyte count has significantly correlated, and were inversed correlation in bilirubin, and HDL-C in all study subjects. ( p < 0.01) (5) In the multiple logistic regression analysis, adjustment was made for variables. The relative risk of CAD for the highest quartile of IL-1ra, as compared with the lowest quartile, had an Odds ratio 2.57 ( 95% confidence intervals, 1.12 - 5.91, p = 0.026 ) increase in risk for CAD. (6) Similar results were obtained hs-CRP, IL-6 in the highest quartile were increase risk for future CAD. ( OR = 5.86 and 5.79 respectively; p < 0.001) (7) The join effect cytokines of hs-CRP, IL-6, IL-1ra concentrations may play important role in CAD risk. ( OR = 10.19, p < 0.001 ) (8) In addition, IL-1ra allele 2 genotype and allelic frequencies were no significant association with increase in IL-1ra with CAD. In conclusion, we find a significant association of elevated IL-1ra levels in the patients with CAD. Thus, these results support the hypothesis that inflammation, anti-inflammation cytokines and lipoprotein metabolism provide a useful marker for predicting the development of CAD events.

Mental stress ischemia (MSI) is associated with poor prognosis for coronary artery disease (CAD) and is amenable to treatment, yet no easily administered test exists to diagnose it. Given the known increase in systemic vascular tone in response to stress, we studied the ability of peripheral arterial tonometry (PAT), a noninvasive functional measure of arterial tone, to predict those vulnerable to MSI. Seventy-seven patients with chronic stable CAD were subjected to mental stress with concomitant assessment of myocardial perfusion and pulse wave amplitude. Nuclear perfusion imaging was used to document MSI, and PAT was used to measure pulse wave and microarterial tone. A ratio of PAT measurements during stress to those before stress was used to characterize vascular responses. Serum catecholamines and endothelin-1 (ET-1) were simultaneously measured. Subjects who experienced MSI had a lower average PAT ratio than those who did not (0.76 ¡À 0.04 vs. 0.91 ¡À 0.05, P = 0.03). A receiver operating characteristics curve for PAT ratio predicting MSI had an area under the curve of 0.613 (standard error, 0.065, one-sided P = 0.04). Maxima of sensitivity and specificity were observed at a threshold of 0.78 to define an abnormal PAT ratio. Cross-tabulation of groups above and below this threshold with groups of subjects with and without MSI showed a significant predictive relationship between PAT ratio and MSI (P = 0.03). Subjects at or below this threshold (¡Ü0.78) displayed a significant increase in norepinephrine levels during mental stress (235 pg/ml at baseline, 259 pg/ml during mental stress, P = 0.007). Subjects above this threshold (>0.78) displayed a significant decline in their ET-1 levels 24 hours after mental stress (1.15 pg/ml after mental stress, 0.93 pg/ml 24 hours later, P = 0.01), while those at or below threshold had a continued increase. PAT ratio is a complex functional measure of peripheral arterial tone that significantly predicts the occurrence of MSI. It may have clinical value as an easily administered screening test for MSI.

Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) is used as a surrogate marker for endothelial function, a subclinical indicator of coronary artery disease (CAD) and for that reason; FMD is commonly used to compare endothelial function across groups differing in age and number and/or type of CAD risk factors. The traditional calculation of FMD involves arterial diameter prior to cuff inflation and then peak arterial diameter following cuff release. Generally, arterial response during cuff inflation is not taken into consideration. The aims of the present study were to determine 1) if there were differences in brachial artery response, more specifically vasoconstriction, during cuff inflation in a diverse population of subjects, 2) if variability existed, the resulting impact on the calculation of traditional FMD, and 3) if arterial stiffness was a physiological determinant in this process. A total of 84 subjects, varying in age (18-62 years) and CAD risk factor profiles were studied. Low flow-mediated constriction (L-FMC), during cuff inflation, traditional FMD, and modified FMD, which accounts for L-FMC, were calculated to investigate brachial artery response during all three stages of the FMD measurement. Subjects ≥ 50 years old had lower FMD response compared with those ≤ 35 years old but only the modified FMD was statistically significant. The same effect was seen when comparing healthy subjects to those with multiple risk factors for CAD; there was an attenuated FMD response that only reached statistical significance with modified FMD. L-FMC was modestly but significantly associated with FMD. L-FMC was weakly but positively correlated with brachial pulse wave velocity (PWV). Our results indicate that modified FMD, which takes into consideration brachial response to cuff inflation, may be a more sensitive indicator of endothelial dysfunction and that arterial stiffening may be a physiological determinant in this process. / text