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Submitted by MAITHÊ CRISTINA ULIANA null (maithepsico@gmail.com) on 2016-03-20T23:59:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertaçao_VersaoFinal_Pos_ Defesa_20_03_16.pdf: 2660100 bytes, checksum: 79b7303fb0104191b7f00a1b6692be01 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-03-22T14:35:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 uliana_mc_me_bauru.pdf: 2660100 bytes, checksum: 79b7303fb0104191b7f00a1b6692be01 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T14:35:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 uliana_mc_me_bauru.pdf: 2660100 bytes, checksum: 79b7303fb0104191b7f00a1b6692be01 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / A crescente associação entre depressão e doenças cardiovasculares aponta para a influência de fatores psicoemocionais no aparecimento de doenças cardíacas, como é o caso da Doença Arterial Coronariana (DAC). Estudos apontam para a alta prevalência de sintomas de depressão em pacientes com DAC, antes e após a cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (CRM). Destacam-se os aspectos emocionais vivenciados pelos pacientes frente à experiência da cirurgia cardíaca, desde sua descoberta até o processo de recuperação. A vivência como Psicóloga na Unidade de Cardiologia de um Hospital Geral mobilizou o interesse em investigar o fenômeno depressivo e os aspectos psicológicos relacionados à experiência da cirurgia cardíaca dos pacientes submetidos à CRM, tendo em vista a importância do tratamento, prevenção e minimização dos riscos relacionados ao quadro orgânico. Neste estudo, de natureza quanti-qualitativa, os sintomas depressivos de 20 pacientes submetidos à CRM foram avaliados nos momentos pré e pós-operatórios, durante a internação hospitalar. As experiências pessoais em relação à doença e à cirurgia cardíaca de 5 destes pacientes, relatadas em entrevistas clinicas no pós-operatório tardio, foram descritas e analisadas, bem como a avaliação dos sintomas de depressão neste momento. Os 20 participantes admitidos na Unidade de Cardiologia do Hospital de Base de Bauru – SP FAMESP, pertenciam a ambos os sexos, situavam-se na faixa etária de 53 a 77 anos, haviam sido diagnosticados com DAC e recebido indicação de CRM. A etapa da internação hospitalar englobou a avaliação dos sintomas de depressão por meio do Inventário de Depressão de Beck-II (BDI-II), e o registro de dados demográficos, clínico-médicos e psicológicos pela Ficha de Registro de Dados de Prontuário, e teve os dados analisados quantitativamente. A análise estatística consistiu da descrição da prevalência e intensidade dos sintomas depressivos e dos dados clínico-médicos e psicológicos em frequências absolutas (N) e relativas (%). Para a comparação das frequências foram utilizados os testes não paramétricos de McNemar e Wilcoxon, adotando-se o nível de significância estatística de α = 0,05. A maioria da amostra foi composta por pacientes acima dos 60 anos de idade (75%) e do sexo masculino (60%). Os resultados obtidos apontam para a alta prevalência de sintomas de depressão em pacientes com DAC, antes e após a CRM, não se constatando mudanças significativas em relação à presença de sintomatologia depressiva entre o pré e o pós-operatório da cirurgia. A intensidade dos sintomas depressivos melhorou entre o pré e pós-operatório, possivelmente devido à sensação de alívio após o procedimento cirúrgico, e à expectativa de melhora da condição física e da qualidade de vida no período de recuperação da cirurgia A análise qualitativa das entrevistas dos cinco casos clínicos, por meio da técnica de análise de conteúdo de Bardin (1977), revelou o caráter positivo da experiência da cirurgia cardíaca, na qual a fé e a religiosidade, o suporte familiar e o suporte oferecido pela equipe multidisciplinar, em especial do psicólogo, foram apontados como importantes recursos para enfrentar o impacto do diagnóstico da enfermidade cardíaca, a indicação da cirurgia e as dificuldades relacionadas ao processo de hospitalização. / The increasing association between depression and cardiovascular disease points to the influence of psycho-emotional factors in the onset of heart disease, as is the case with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). Studies point to the high prevalence of depression symptoms in CAD patients before and after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) the emotional aspects are. It highlights the emotional aspects experienced by patients across the experience of heart surgery, since its discovery until the recovery process. The experience as a Psychologist in the Cardiology Unit of a general hospital mobilized the interest in investigating the depressive phenomenon and the psychological aspects related to the experience of heart surgery patients undergoing CABG, considering the importance of treatment, prevention and minimization of related risks the organic framework. In this study, a quantitative and qualitative nature, the depressive symptoms of 20 patients undergoing CABG were evaluated in the pre and postoperative, during hospitalization. Personal experiences about the disease and cardiac surgery in 5 of these patients reported in clinical interviews in the late postoperative period, were described and analyzed, as well as evaluating the symptoms of depression at the moment. The 20 participants admitted to the Cardiology Unit of the Base Hospital of Bauru - SP FAMESP belonged to both sexes, were in the age group 53-77 years had been diagnosed with CAD and CRM received indication. The stage of hospitalization included the assessment of depression symptoms via the Beck Inventory-II Depression Inventory (BDI-II), and the record of demographic data, clinical and medical and psychological the Handbook of Data Recording Sheet, and had the data analyzed quantitatively. Statistical analysis is the description of the prevalence and intensity of depressive symptoms and clinical and medical and psychological data in absolute frequencies (N) and relative (%). To compare the frequency nonparametric McNemar test and Wilcoxon were used, adopting the statistical significance level of α = 0.05. The majority of the sample consisted of patients over 60 years of age (75%) and male (60%). The results point to the high prevalence of symptoms of depression in patients with CHD before and after CABG and contains no significant changes regarding the presence of depressive symptoms between pre and postoperative surgery. The intensity of depressive symptoms improved between the pre- and post-operative, possibly due to the sense of relief after surgery, and the expectation of improving their physical condition and quality of life in the surgery recovery period. The qualitative analysis of five clinical cases through the Bardin content analysis technique (1977), revealed the positive nature of the experience of heart surgery, in which faith and religiosity, family support, and the support offered by the multidisciplinary team, especially the psychologist, were identified as important resources used to address the impact of the diagnosis of heart disease, the indication of surgery and difficulties related to the hospitalization process.

O objetivo principal deste estudo foi compreender os significados culturais de apoio social e descrever a experiência da enfermidade na perspectiva de um grupo de pessoas submetidas à revascularização do miocárdio (CRVM). O método etnográfico foi utilizado na condução deste estudo bem como os modelos explanatórios, propostos por Arthur Kleinman, foram utilizados para compreender o processo de saúde e doença. Participaram do estudo 11 pacientes moradores de Ribeirão Preto que foram submetidos à CRVM em um hospital terciário e universitário da mesma cidade. Para a coleta de dados, foram utilizados questionário com registro de dados sociodemográficos, entrevista semiestruturada e observações diretas, realizadas na residência dos sujeitos e durante o retorno às consultas médicas. A maioria dos participantes era do sexo feminino (seis), casada, com idade variando entre 49 e 73 anos e ensino fundamental incompleto. A partir da análise e interpretação dos dados, dois temas principais foram identificados: 1) A experiência da revascularização do miocárdio e 2) Significado de apoio social: instrumental e emocional. A notícia da necessidade da CRVM aconteceu de forma inesperada para os pacientes que não relacionavam os sinais e sintomas que apresentavam a qualquer problema de saúde cardiovascular. A necessidade da cirurgia fez com que os pacientes elaborassem diferentes explicações para o problema, como: causas comportamentais (maus hábitos alimentares e tabagismo), físicas (casos na família e consequência de outras doenças crônicas - diabetes e hipertensão arterial), religiosas (desígnio de Deus - provação), sociais (separações, frustrações) e emocionais (muito estresse, nervoso, muitas preocupações, muita ansiedade). Para os pacientes, esse período foi muito difícil, pois não queriam operar, tinham medo de morrer. O apoio dos familiares e de DEUS foi fundamental para tomarem a decisão pela CRVM. Após a CRVM, a principal fonte de apoio para esses pacientes foram os familiares que ofereceram apoio emocional e apoio instrumental. Observamos que o apoio dos profissionais da saúde foi restrito ao ambiente hospitalar e de maneira pontual antes da cirurgia. Para os pacientes, o apoio significou ajuda nas atividades domésticas e de autocuidado, principalmente prestada pelos familiares (cônjuge e filhos). Para os pacientes é muito difícil estar dependente dos familiares, uma vez que antes da doença a situação era inversa. / The main goal of this study was to understand the cultural meanings of social support and to describe the disease experience from the perspective of a group of people submitted to coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). Ethnographic method was used to conduct this study, and the explanatory models proposed by Arthur Kleinman were used to understand the health and disease process. Study participants were 11 patients who lived in Ribeirão Preto and were submitted to CABG at a tertiary teaching hospital in the same city. For data collection, a questionnaire was used to register socio-demographic data, as well as a semi-structured interview and direct observations at the subjects\' homes and during medical return appointments. Most participants were female (six), married, with ages ranging from 49 to 73 years and unfinished primary education. Based on data analysis and interpretation, two main themes were identified: 1) The coronary artery by-pass graft experience and2) Meaning of social support: instrumental and emotional. Most patients unexpectedly received the News about the need for the CABG, who did not relate the signs and symptoms they displayed with any cardiovascular health problem. The need for the surgery made patients elaborate different explanations for the problem, such as: behavioral (bad eating habits and smoking), physical (cases in the family and consequences of other chronic illnesses - diabetes and arterial hypertension), religious (designed by God - probation), social (separations, frustrations) and emotional causes (great stress, nervous, many concerns, great anxiety). For patients, this period was very difficult, as they did not want to operate on, they were afraid of dying. The relatives and God\'s support was fundamental to decide on undergoing the CABG. After the CABG, the main support source for these patients were relatives, who offered emotional and instrumental support. We observed that health professionals\' support was restricted to the hospital environment and happenedpromptly before the surgery. For the patients, support meant help with housework and self-care activities and mainly come from relatives (partner and children). It is very difficult for the patients do depend on their family members, as the situation used to be the opposite before the disease.

A fibrilação atrial (FA) é a arritmia mais comum no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca. Apesar de estar relacionada a alterações estruturais, alguns pacientes, mesmo que sem tais condições, ainda assim, cursam com fibrilação atrial no pós-operatório (FAPO) causando aumento no tempo de internação e custos. Estudos recentes vem ampliando o conhecimento sobre pequenos fragmentos de RNA, chamados de microRNAs (miRNAs) que podem interferir diretamente no aparecimento de algumas doenças na área cardiovascular. O objetivo do presente estudo é: 1) comparar a expressão dos miRNAs 1, 23 e 26 entre pacientes com e sem FAPO; 2) comparar nos grupos a expressão destes miRNAs entre os período pré e pós-cirúrgico; 3)comparar a expressão dos genes GJA1, KCNJ2, CACNB1, CACNA1C e KCNN3 entre os tempos pré e pós-cirúrgico no grupo FAPO; 4) comparar estes últimos genes no tecido atrial; 5) comparar os genes relacionados à produção de interleucinas (IL)-1, 6 e fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF?) entre os grupos e entre os tempos pré e pós-cirúrgico; 6)avaliar as características clínicas e evolutivas da população estudada. Pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica foram submetidos à coleta de 20ml de sangue pré e pós-cirurgia bem como fragmento de tecido atrial. Um total de 143 pacientes compuseram os grupos: FAPO (24 pacientes), controle genético (24 pacientes) e controle total (97 pacientes + 24 grupo controle genético). Do ponto de vista clínico observou-se maior idade, tempo de anóxia, tempo de internação em terapia intensiva e hospitalar no grupo FAPO. A análise genética revelou menor expressão do miRNA-23 no grupo FAPO (p=0,02). A comparação entre os períodos pré e pós-cirúrgico revelou redução dos três miRNAs no tempo pós-cirúrgico (p<0,05) e dos genes relacionados às proteínas de canal (p<0,05). A comparação no tecido não evidenciou alterações entre os grupos. Os genes relacionados ás citocinas revelaram redução no período pós-cirúrgico (p<0,05) em ambos os grupos. Concluiu-se que o miRNA-23 pode ter implicação no surgimento da FAPO e outros miRNAs não estudados devem estar envolvidos neste processo uma vez que houve redução de outros genes de canais relacionados ao aparecimento de FAPO. / Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia after cardiac surgery. AF is related to cardiac structural changes although a group of patients still remains developing post-operative atrial fibrillation (FAPO) even without those changes, leading to more days in the hospital and costs. Recent studies showed that short fragments of RNA, called microRNA (miRNA) can contribute to the development of several diseases in the cardiovascular area. The aim of this study is to 1) compare the expression of miRNA-1, 23 and 26 between the group with and without FAPO; 2) compare, in the FAPO group, the expression of these miRNAs in the pre and post-surgery periods; 3) compare the expression of GJA1, KCNJ2, CACNB1, CACNA1C e KCNN3 genes between the pre and post-surgery periods; 4) compare this genes in atrial tissue; 5) compare the genes related to inflammation cytokines as interleukin(IL)-1, 6 and alpha tumoral necrosis factor between the groups in the pre and post-surgery periods; 6) evaluate clinical and evaluative patterns of the study population. Twenty milliliters of blood samples in the pre and post-operative periods and an atrial fragment were extracted from patients submitted to coronary artery bypass graft surgery. A total of 143 patients were divided in the FAPO group (24 patients), genetic control group (24 patients) and a total control (97 + 24 genetic control patients). The clinical analysis showed bigger age and clamp-time, more days in the intensive care unit and hospital in the FAPO group. The genetic analysis revealed less expression of miRNA-23 in the FAPO group (p=0.02). The comparison between the pre and post-surgery periods showed reduction in the three studied miRNAs (p<0.05) and reduction in the genes related to the production of the membrane protein channel sites. The comparisons in the atrial tissue didn´t show any difference in the study groups. The cytokines showed post-surgery reduction (p<0.05) in both groups. The conclusion is that miRNA-23 can be implicated in FAPO as others miRNAs not studied can also be, once there was a significative reduction in the genes related to FAPO development.

O objetivo principal deste estudo foi compreender os significados culturais de apoio social e descrever a experiência da enfermidade na perspectiva de um grupo de pessoas submetidas à revascularização do miocárdio (CRVM). O método etnográfico foi utilizado na condução deste estudo bem como os modelos explanatórios, propostos por Arthur Kleinman, foram utilizados para compreender o processo de saúde e doença. Participaram do estudo 11 pacientes moradores de Ribeirão Preto que foram submetidos à CRVM em um hospital terciário e universitário da mesma cidade. Para a coleta de dados, foram utilizados questionário com registro de dados sociodemográficos, entrevista semiestruturada e observações diretas, realizadas na residência dos sujeitos e durante o retorno às consultas médicas. A maioria dos participantes era do sexo feminino (seis), casada, com idade variando entre 49 e 73 anos e ensino fundamental incompleto. A partir da análise e interpretação dos dados, dois temas principais foram identificados: 1) A experiência da revascularização do miocárdio e 2) Significado de apoio social: instrumental e emocional. A notícia da necessidade da CRVM aconteceu de forma inesperada para os pacientes que não relacionavam os sinais e sintomas que apresentavam a qualquer problema de saúde cardiovascular. A necessidade da cirurgia fez com que os pacientes elaborassem diferentes explicações para o problema, como: causas comportamentais (maus hábitos alimentares e tabagismo), físicas (casos na família e consequência de outras doenças crônicas - diabetes e hipertensão arterial), religiosas (desígnio de Deus - provação), sociais (separações, frustrações) e emocionais (muito estresse, nervoso, muitas preocupações, muita ansiedade). Para os pacientes, esse período foi muito difícil, pois não queriam operar, tinham medo de morrer. O apoio dos familiares e de DEUS foi fundamental para tomarem a decisão pela CRVM. Após a CRVM, a principal fonte de apoio para esses pacientes foram os familiares que ofereceram apoio emocional e apoio instrumental. Observamos que o apoio dos profissionais da saúde foi restrito ao ambiente hospitalar e de maneira pontual antes da cirurgia. Para os pacientes, o apoio significou ajuda nas atividades domésticas e de autocuidado, principalmente prestada pelos familiares (cônjuge e filhos). Para os pacientes é muito difícil estar dependente dos familiares, uma vez que antes da doença a situação era inversa. / The main goal of this study was to understand the cultural meanings of social support and to describe the disease experience from the perspective of a group of people submitted to coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). Ethnographic method was used to conduct this study, and the explanatory models proposed by Arthur Kleinman were used to understand the health and disease process. Study participants were 11 patients who lived in Ribeirão Preto and were submitted to CABG at a tertiary teaching hospital in the same city. For data collection, a questionnaire was used to register socio-demographic data, as well as a semi-structured interview and direct observations at the subjects\' homes and during medical return appointments. Most participants were female (six), married, with ages ranging from 49 to 73 years and unfinished primary education. Based on data analysis and interpretation, two main themes were identified: 1) The coronary artery by-pass graft experience and2) Meaning of social support: instrumental and emotional. Most patients unexpectedly received the News about the need for the CABG, who did not relate the signs and symptoms they displayed with any cardiovascular health problem. The need for the surgery made patients elaborate different explanations for the problem, such as: behavioral (bad eating habits and smoking), physical (cases in the family and consequences of other chronic illnesses - diabetes and arterial hypertension), religious (designed by God - probation), social (separations, frustrations) and emotional causes (great stress, nervous, many concerns, great anxiety). For patients, this period was very difficult, as they did not want to operate on, they were afraid of dying. The relatives and God\'s support was fundamental to decide on undergoing the CABG. After the CABG, the main support source for these patients were relatives, who offered emotional and instrumental support. We observed that health professionals\' support was restricted to the hospital environment and happenedpromptly before the surgery. For the patients, support meant help with housework and self-care activities and mainly come from relatives (partner and children). It is very difficult for the patients do depend on their family members, as the situation used to be the opposite before the disease.

A fibrilação atrial (FA) é a arritmia mais comum no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca. Apesar de estar relacionada a alterações estruturais, alguns pacientes, mesmo que sem tais condições, ainda assim, cursam com fibrilação atrial no pós-operatório (FAPO) causando aumento no tempo de internação e custos. Estudos recentes vem ampliando o conhecimento sobre pequenos fragmentos de RNA, chamados de microRNAs (miRNAs) que podem interferir diretamente no aparecimento de algumas doenças na área cardiovascular. O objetivo do presente estudo é: 1) comparar a expressão dos miRNAs 1, 23 e 26 entre pacientes com e sem FAPO; 2) comparar nos grupos a expressão destes miRNAs entre os período pré e pós-cirúrgico; 3)comparar a expressão dos genes GJA1, KCNJ2, CACNB1, CACNA1C e KCNN3 entre os tempos pré e pós-cirúrgico no grupo FAPO; 4) comparar estes últimos genes no tecido atrial; 5) comparar os genes relacionados à produção de interleucinas (IL)-1, 6 e fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF?) entre os grupos e entre os tempos pré e pós-cirúrgico; 6)avaliar as características clínicas e evolutivas da população estudada. Pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica foram submetidos à coleta de 20ml de sangue pré e pós-cirurgia bem como fragmento de tecido atrial. Um total de 143 pacientes compuseram os grupos: FAPO (24 pacientes), controle genético (24 pacientes) e controle total (97 pacientes + 24 grupo controle genético). Do ponto de vista clínico observou-se maior idade, tempo de anóxia, tempo de internação em terapia intensiva e hospitalar no grupo FAPO. A análise genética revelou menor expressão do miRNA-23 no grupo FAPO (p=0,02). A comparação entre os períodos pré e pós-cirúrgico revelou redução dos três miRNAs no tempo pós-cirúrgico (p<0,05) e dos genes relacionados às proteínas de canal (p<0,05). A comparação no tecido não evidenciou alterações entre os grupos. Os genes relacionados ás citocinas revelaram redução no período pós-cirúrgico (p<0,05) em ambos os grupos. Concluiu-se que o miRNA-23 pode ter implicação no surgimento da FAPO e outros miRNAs não estudados devem estar envolvidos neste processo uma vez que houve redução de outros genes de canais relacionados ao aparecimento de FAPO. / Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia after cardiac surgery. AF is related to cardiac structural changes although a group of patients still remains developing post-operative atrial fibrillation (FAPO) even without those changes, leading to more days in the hospital and costs. Recent studies showed that short fragments of RNA, called microRNA (miRNA) can contribute to the development of several diseases in the cardiovascular area. The aim of this study is to 1) compare the expression of miRNA-1, 23 and 26 between the group with and without FAPO; 2) compare, in the FAPO group, the expression of these miRNAs in the pre and post-surgery periods; 3) compare the expression of GJA1, KCNJ2, CACNB1, CACNA1C e KCNN3 genes between the pre and post-surgery periods; 4) compare this genes in atrial tissue; 5) compare the genes related to inflammation cytokines as interleukin(IL)-1, 6 and alpha tumoral necrosis factor between the groups in the pre and post-surgery periods; 6) evaluate clinical and evaluative patterns of the study population. Twenty milliliters of blood samples in the pre and post-operative periods and an atrial fragment were extracted from patients submitted to coronary artery bypass graft surgery. A total of 143 patients were divided in the FAPO group (24 patients), genetic control group (24 patients) and a total control (97 + 24 genetic control patients). The clinical analysis showed bigger age and clamp-time, more days in the intensive care unit and hospital in the FAPO group. The genetic analysis revealed less expression of miRNA-23 in the FAPO group (p=0.02). The comparison between the pre and post-surgery periods showed reduction in the three studied miRNAs (p<0.05) and reduction in the genes related to the production of the membrane protein channel sites. The comparisons in the atrial tissue didn´t show any difference in the study groups. The cytokines showed post-surgery reduction (p<0.05) in both groups. The conclusion is that miRNA-23 can be implicated in FAPO as others miRNAs not studied can also be, once there was a significative reduction in the genes related to FAPO development.

Mild cognitive deficits that negatively impact self-management education-related outcomes may be present in a proportion of cardiac rehabilitation patients and the degree of impairment may vary by the type of coronary revascularization procedure. The purpose of this study was to compare cognitive function, as measured by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), between coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) patients, and to determine independent variables of MoCA score. In a cross-sectional study, 78 cardiac rehabilitation patients (CABG n = 38, PCI n = 40) completed the MoCA. Demographics were collected and disease burden was calculated using the age-adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index (ACCI). Mild cognitive deficits (MoCA ≤26) were present in 55.3% CABG and 30.0% PCI patients. An independent Student’s t test showed that MoCA scores were significantly lower among CABG patients (mean = 24.5, SD = 3.3) compared to PCI patients (M = 26.7, SD = 2.7), t (76) = 3.15, p < 0.01. Descriptive analyses of cognitive domain scores indicated that deficits in short-term memory and language were present among CABG patients. Using a backward regression, coronary revascularization procedure (CABG vs. PCI) (p = 0.006) and disease burden (ACCI) (p = 0.015) remained significant, while heart failure diagnosis became non-significant and was removed from the model (F (2, 75) = 8.382, p < 0.001). The final model explained 16.1% of the total variance in MoCA score (adjusted R2 = 0.161). Results indicate that cognitive deficits were present in cardiac rehabilitation participants and associated with the type of coronary revascularization procedure, suggesting the need for formal cognitive screening and adaptation of education interventions in cardiac rehabilitation. A future prospective cohort study is required to establish temporality, and to measure education-related outcomes, such as health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and self-management. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is a multifaceted program consisting of exercise and education that is essential to the care of post-coronary revascularization patients. While exercise has shown to improve health outcomes, education has demonstrated inconsistent effects. Since education has imposed cognitive demands, this discrepancy in outcomes may, in part, be due to cognitive deficits present in a proportion of program attendees: the degree of impairment may vary by type of coronary revascularization procedure prior to CR. This study compared cognitive function between two groups of coronary revascularization patients, post-coronary bypass surgery and post-coronary angioplasty, and determined independent variables for cognitive function. Results showed that coronary bypass surgery patients had significantly lower cognitive function than coronary angioplasty patients at program intake. Coronary bypass surgery and accumulated disease burden were weakly associated with decreased cognitive function. Cognitive screening and adapted education for patients with cognitive deficits should be considered to improve CR outcomes.

La fibrillation auriculaire (FA) est une arythmie touchant les oreillettes. En FA, la contraction auriculaire est rapide et irrégulière. Le remplissage des ventricules devient incomplet, ce qui réduit le débit cardiaque. La FA peut entraîner des palpitations, des évanouissements, des douleurs thoraciques ou l’insuffisance cardiaque. Elle augmente aussi le risque d'accident vasculaire. Le pontage coronarien est une intervention chirurgicale réalisée pour restaurer le flux sanguin dans les cas de maladie coronarienne sévère. 10% à 65% des patients qui n'ont jamais subi de FA, en sont victime le plus souvent lors du deuxième ou troisième jour postopératoire. La FA est particulièrement fréquente après une chirurgie de la valve mitrale, survenant alors dans environ 64% des patients. L'apparition de la FA postopératoire est associée à une augmentation de la morbidité, de la durée et des coûts d'hospitalisation. Les mécanismes responsables de la FA postopératoire ne sont pas bien compris. L'identification des patients à haut risque de FA après un pontage coronarien serait utile pour sa prévention. Le présent projet est basé sur l'analyse d’électrogrammes cardiaques enregistrées chez les patients après pontage un aorte-coronaire. Le premier objectif de la recherche est d'étudier si les enregistrements affichent des changements typiques avant l'apparition de la FA. Le deuxième objectif est d'identifier des facteurs prédictifs permettant d’identifier les patients qui vont développer une FA. Les enregistrements ont été réalisés par l'équipe du Dr Pierre Pagé sur 137 patients traités par pontage coronarien. Trois électrodes unipolaires ont été suturées sur l'épicarde des oreillettes pour enregistrer en continu pendant les 4 premiers jours postopératoires. La première tâche était de développer un algorithme pour détecter et distinguer les activations auriculaires et ventriculaires sur chaque canal, et pour combiner les activations des trois canaux appartenant à un même événement cardiaque. L'algorithme a été développé et optimisé sur un premier ensemble de marqueurs, et sa performance évaluée sur un second ensemble. Un logiciel de validation a été développé pour préparer ces deux ensembles et pour corriger les détections sur tous les enregistrements qui ont été utilisés plus tard dans les analyses. Il a été complété par des outils pour former, étiqueter et valider les battements sinusaux normaux, les activations auriculaires et ventriculaires prématurées (PAA, PVA), ainsi que les épisodes d'arythmie. Les données cliniques préopératoires ont ensuite été analysées pour établir le risque préopératoire de FA. L’âge, le niveau de créatinine sérique et un diagnostic d'infarctus du myocarde se sont révélés être les plus importants facteurs de prédiction. Bien que le niveau du risque préopératoire puisse dans une certaine mesure prédire qui développera la FA, il n'était pas corrélé avec le temps de l'apparition de la FA postopératoire. Pour l'ensemble des patients ayant eu au moins un épisode de FA d’une durée de 10 minutes ou plus, les deux heures précédant la première FA prolongée ont été analysées. Cette première FA prolongée était toujours déclenchée par un PAA dont l’origine était le plus souvent sur l'oreillette gauche. Cependant, au cours des deux heures pré-FA, la distribution des PAA et de la fraction de ceux-ci provenant de l'oreillette gauche était large et inhomogène parmi les patients. Le nombre de PAA, la durée des arythmies transitoires, le rythme cardiaque sinusal, la portion basse fréquence de la variabilité du rythme cardiaque (LF portion) montraient des changements significatifs dans la dernière heure avant le début de la FA. La dernière étape consistait à comparer les patients avec et sans FA prolongée pour trouver des facteurs permettant de discriminer les deux groupes. Cinq types de modèles de régression logistique ont été comparés. Ils avaient une sensibilité, une spécificité et une courbe opérateur-receveur similaires, et tous avaient un niveau de prédiction des patients sans FA très faible. Une méthode de moyenne glissante a été proposée pour améliorer la discrimination, surtout pour les patients sans FA. Deux modèles ont été retenus, sélectionnés sur les critères de robustesse, de précision, et d’applicabilité. Autour 70% patients sans FA et 75% de patients avec FA ont été correctement identifiés dans la dernière heure avant la FA. Le taux de PAA, la fraction des PAA initiés dans l'oreillette gauche, le pNN50, le temps de conduction auriculo-ventriculaire, et la corrélation entre ce dernier et le rythme cardiaque étaient les variables de prédiction communes à ces deux modèles. / Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an abnormal heart rhythm (cardiac arrhythmia). In AF, the atrial contraction is rapid and irregular, and the filling of the ventricles becomes incomplete, leading to reduce cardiac output. Atrial fibrillation may result in symptoms of palpitations, fainting, chest pain, or even heart failure. AF is an also an important risk factor for stroke. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) is a surgical procedure to restore the perfusion of the cardiac tissue in case of severe coronary heart disease. 10% to 65% of patients who never had a history of AF develop AF on the second or third post CABG surgery day. The occurrence of postoperative AF is associated with worse morbidity and longer and more expensive intensive-care hospitalization. The fundamental mechanism responsible of AF, especially for post-surgery patients, is not well understood. Identification of patients at high risk of AF after CABG would be helpful in prevention of postoperative AF. The present project is based on the analysis of cardiac electrograms recorded in patients after CABG surgery. The first aim of the research is to investigate whether the recordings display typical changes prior to the onset of AF. A second aim is to identify predictors that can discriminate the patients that will develop AF. Recordings were made by the team of Dr. Pierre Pagé on 137 patients treated with CABG surgery. Three unipolar electrodes were sutured on the epicardium of the atria to record continuously during the first 4 post-surgery days. As a first stage of the research, an automatic and unsupervised algorithm was developed to detect and distinguish atrial and ventricular activations on each channel, and join together the activation of the different channels belonging to the same cardiac event. The algorithm was developed and optimized on a training set, and its performance assessed on a test set. Validation software was developed to prepare these two sets and to correct the detections over all recordings that were later used in the analyses. It was complemented with tools to detect, label and validate normal sinus beats, atrial and ventricular premature activations (PAA, PVC) as well as episodes of arrhythmia. Pre-CABG clinical data were then analyzed to establish the preoperative risk of AF. Age, serum creatinine and prior myocardial infarct were found to be the most important predictors. While the preoperative risk score could to a certain extent predict who will develop AF, it was not correlated with the post-operative time of AF onset. Then the set of AF patients was analyzed, considering the last two hours before the onset of the first AF lasting for more than 10 minutes. This prolonged AF was found to be usually triggered by a premature atrial PAA most often originating from the left atrium. However, along the two pre-AF hours, the distribution of PAA and of the fraction of these coming from the left atrium was wide and inhomogeneous among the patients. PAA rate, duration of transient atrial arrhythmia, sinus heart rate, and low frequency portion of heart rate variability (LF portion) showed significant changes in last hour before the onset of AF. Comparing all other PAA, the triggering PAA were characterized by their prematurity, the small value of the maximum derivative of the electrogram nearest to the site of origin, as well as the presence of transient arrhythmia and increase LF portion of the sinus heart rate variation prior to the onset of the arrhythmia. The final step was to compare AF and Non-AF patients to find predictors to discriminate the two groups. Five types of logistic regression models were compared, achieving similar sensitivity, specificity, and ROC curve area, but very low prediction accuracy for Non-AF patients. A weighted moving average method was proposed to design to improve the accuracy for Non-AF patient. Two models were favoured, selected on the criteria of robustness, accuracy, and practicability. Around 70% Non-AF patients were correctly classified, and around 75% of AF patients in the last hour before AF. The PAA rate, the fraction of PAA initiated in the left atrium, pNN50, the atrio-ventricular conduction time, and the correlation between the latter and the heart rhythm were common predictors of these two models.

La fibrillation auriculaire (FA) est une arythmie touchant les oreillettes. En FA, la contraction auriculaire est rapide et irrégulière. Le remplissage des ventricules devient incomplet, ce qui réduit le débit cardiaque. La FA peut entraîner des palpitations, des évanouissements, des douleurs thoraciques ou l’insuffisance cardiaque. Elle augmente aussi le risque d'accident vasculaire. Le pontage coronarien est une intervention chirurgicale réalisée pour restaurer le flux sanguin dans les cas de maladie coronarienne sévère. 10% à 65% des patients qui n'ont jamais subi de FA, en sont victime le plus souvent lors du deuxième ou troisième jour postopératoire. La FA est particulièrement fréquente après une chirurgie de la valve mitrale, survenant alors dans environ 64% des patients. L'apparition de la FA postopératoire est associée à une augmentation de la morbidité, de la durée et des coûts d'hospitalisation. Les mécanismes responsables de la FA postopératoire ne sont pas bien compris. L'identification des patients à haut risque de FA après un pontage coronarien serait utile pour sa prévention. Le présent projet est basé sur l'analyse d’électrogrammes cardiaques enregistrées chez les patients après pontage un aorte-coronaire. Le premier objectif de la recherche est d'étudier si les enregistrements affichent des changements typiques avant l'apparition de la FA. Le deuxième objectif est d'identifier des facteurs prédictifs permettant d’identifier les patients qui vont développer une FA. Les enregistrements ont été réalisés par l'équipe du Dr Pierre Pagé sur 137 patients traités par pontage coronarien. Trois électrodes unipolaires ont été suturées sur l'épicarde des oreillettes pour enregistrer en continu pendant les 4 premiers jours postopératoires. La première tâche était de développer un algorithme pour détecter et distinguer les activations auriculaires et ventriculaires sur chaque canal, et pour combiner les activations des trois canaux appartenant à un même événement cardiaque. L'algorithme a été développé et optimisé sur un premier ensemble de marqueurs, et sa performance évaluée sur un second ensemble. Un logiciel de validation a été développé pour préparer ces deux ensembles et pour corriger les détections sur tous les enregistrements qui ont été utilisés plus tard dans les analyses. Il a été complété par des outils pour former, étiqueter et valider les battements sinusaux normaux, les activations auriculaires et ventriculaires prématurées (PAA, PVA), ainsi que les épisodes d'arythmie. Les données cliniques préopératoires ont ensuite été analysées pour établir le risque préopératoire de FA. L’âge, le niveau de créatinine sérique et un diagnostic d'infarctus du myocarde se sont révélés être les plus importants facteurs de prédiction. Bien que le niveau du risque préopératoire puisse dans une certaine mesure prédire qui développera la FA, il n'était pas corrélé avec le temps de l'apparition de la FA postopératoire. Pour l'ensemble des patients ayant eu au moins un épisode de FA d’une durée de 10 minutes ou plus, les deux heures précédant la première FA prolongée ont été analysées. Cette première FA prolongée était toujours déclenchée par un PAA dont l’origine était le plus souvent sur l'oreillette gauche. Cependant, au cours des deux heures pré-FA, la distribution des PAA et de la fraction de ceux-ci provenant de l'oreillette gauche était large et inhomogène parmi les patients. Le nombre de PAA, la durée des arythmies transitoires, le rythme cardiaque sinusal, la portion basse fréquence de la variabilité du rythme cardiaque (LF portion) montraient des changements significatifs dans la dernière heure avant le début de la FA. La dernière étape consistait à comparer les patients avec et sans FA prolongée pour trouver des facteurs permettant de discriminer les deux groupes. Cinq types de modèles de régression logistique ont été comparés. Ils avaient une sensibilité, une spécificité et une courbe opérateur-receveur similaires, et tous avaient un niveau de prédiction des patients sans FA très faible. Une méthode de moyenne glissante a été proposée pour améliorer la discrimination, surtout pour les patients sans FA. Deux modèles ont été retenus, sélectionnés sur les critères de robustesse, de précision, et d’applicabilité. Autour 70% patients sans FA et 75% de patients avec FA ont été correctement identifiés dans la dernière heure avant la FA. Le taux de PAA, la fraction des PAA initiés dans l'oreillette gauche, le pNN50, le temps de conduction auriculo-ventriculaire, et la corrélation entre ce dernier et le rythme cardiaque étaient les variables de prédiction communes à ces deux modèles. / Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an abnormal heart rhythm (cardiac arrhythmia). In AF, the atrial contraction is rapid and irregular, and the filling of the ventricles becomes incomplete, leading to reduce cardiac output. Atrial fibrillation may result in symptoms of palpitations, fainting, chest pain, or even heart failure. AF is an also an important risk factor for stroke. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) is a surgical procedure to restore the perfusion of the cardiac tissue in case of severe coronary heart disease. 10% to 65% of patients who never had a history of AF develop AF on the second or third post CABG surgery day. The occurrence of postoperative AF is associated with worse morbidity and longer and more expensive intensive-care hospitalization. The fundamental mechanism responsible of AF, especially for post-surgery patients, is not well understood. Identification of patients at high risk of AF after CABG would be helpful in prevention of postoperative AF. The present project is based on the analysis of cardiac electrograms recorded in patients after CABG surgery. The first aim of the research is to investigate whether the recordings display typical changes prior to the onset of AF. A second aim is to identify predictors that can discriminate the patients that will develop AF. Recordings were made by the team of Dr. Pierre Pagé on 137 patients treated with CABG surgery. Three unipolar electrodes were sutured on the epicardium of the atria to record continuously during the first 4 post-surgery days. As a first stage of the research, an automatic and unsupervised algorithm was developed to detect and distinguish atrial and ventricular activations on each channel, and join together the activation of the different channels belonging to the same cardiac event. The algorithm was developed and optimized on a training set, and its performance assessed on a test set. Validation software was developed to prepare these two sets and to correct the detections over all recordings that were later used in the analyses. It was complemented with tools to detect, label and validate normal sinus beats, atrial and ventricular premature activations (PAA, PVC) as well as episodes of arrhythmia. Pre-CABG clinical data were then analyzed to establish the preoperative risk of AF. Age, serum creatinine and prior myocardial infarct were found to be the most important predictors. While the preoperative risk score could to a certain extent predict who will develop AF, it was not correlated with the post-operative time of AF onset. Then the set of AF patients was analyzed, considering the last two hours before the onset of the first AF lasting for more than 10 minutes. This prolonged AF was found to be usually triggered by a premature atrial PAA most often originating from the left atrium. However, along the two pre-AF hours, the distribution of PAA and of the fraction of these coming from the left atrium was wide and inhomogeneous among the patients. PAA rate, duration of transient atrial arrhythmia, sinus heart rate, and low frequency portion of heart rate variability (LF portion) showed significant changes in last hour before the onset of AF. Comparing all other PAA, the triggering PAA were characterized by their prematurity, the small value of the maximum derivative of the electrogram nearest to the site of origin, as well as the presence of transient arrhythmia and increase LF portion of the sinus heart rate variation prior to the onset of the arrhythmia. The final step was to compare AF and Non-AF patients to find predictors to discriminate the two groups. Five types of logistic regression models were compared, achieving similar sensitivity, specificity, and ROC curve area, but very low prediction accuracy for Non-AF patients. A weighted moving average method was proposed to design to improve the accuracy for Non-AF patient. Two models were favoured, selected on the criteria of robustness, accuracy, and practicability. Around 70% Non-AF patients were correctly classified, and around 75% of AF patients in the last hour before AF. The PAA rate, the fraction of PAA initiated in the left atrium, pNN50, the atrio-ventricular conduction time, and the correlation between the latter and the heart rhythm were common predictors of these two models.

Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a perviedade da artéria torácica interna direita (ATID) pediculada, anteroaórtica em anastomose para a região anterior do coração na cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (RM), em relação à artéria torácica interna esquerda (ATIE). Métodos: No período de dezembro de 2008 a dezembro de 2011, 100 pacientes foram selecionados para serem submetidos a cirurgia de RM sem circulação extracorpórea (CEC), de forma prospectiva. Eles foram agrupados em Grupo 1 (G-1) e Grupo 2 (G-2), cada um com 50 pacientes, com randomização por computador e conhecimento da técnica no início da cirurgia. No G-1, os pacientes receberam ATIE para a região anterior do coração e complementação da RM com a ATID livre para ramos da circunflexa (CX) e outros enxertos arteriais ou venosos para a coronária direita (CD) e/ou ramos. Os pacientes do G-2 receberam ATID pediculada para a região anterior do coração e complementação da RM com ATIE, pediculada, para ramos da CX e outros enxertos arteriais ou venosos para a CD e/ou ramos. A perviedade das artérias torácicas internas direita e esquerda foi avaliada através de angiotomografia coronária multislice, 64 canais, no 6º mês de pós-operatório. Resultados: Os dois grupos eram semelhantes quanto aos dados clínicos de pré-operatório, como exemplo: diabetes mellitus, hipertensão arterial sistêmica, obesidade. Os dois grupos apresentaram predominância do sexo masculino com 75,6% e 88% nos grupos 1 e 2, respectivamente. Cinco pacientes migraram do G-1 para o G-2 em virtude de doença ateromatosa na aorta ascendente e um deles foi excluído por ter que utilizar enxerto composto. A média de anastomoses distais no G-1 foi de 3,48 (DP=0,72), e no G-2 foi de 3,20 (DP=0,76). Não ocorreu mediastinite em nenhum paciente. Uma paciente do G-1 apresentou osteomielite, e necessitou de intervenção cirúrgica. Dois pacientes do G-1 foram submetidos a reoperação por sangramento. Os resultados das angiotomografias coronarianas com 96 pacientes re-estudados mostram que todas as ATIs, fosse a direita ou a esquerda, utilizadas pediculadas para a região anterior do coração encontravam-se sem oclusões ou estenoses, configurando 100% de perviedade. No G-1, um enxerto livre da ATID para ramos da CX apresentava oclusão total, em dois pacientes havia estenose leve, em um deles havia estenose moderada na anastomose proximal na aorta ascendente e outro apresentava diminuição de calibre na sua porção distal. Em três pacientes o enxerto de segmento de veia safena para ramos da CD se encontravam ocluídos. No G-2, dois pacientes apresentavam oclusão total na ATIE pediculada para ramos da CX, e outro apresentava estenose moderada na porção distal da ATIE utilizada sequencial para dois ramos marginais. Em dois pacientes o enxerto de segmento de veia safena para ramos da CD se encontravam ocluídos. Não houve óbitos em nenhum dos grupos. Conclusão: A cirurgia de RM com utilização da ATID pediculada, anterógrada para o RIA, apresenta resultado semelhante ao da ATIE utilizada para essa mesma coronária. / Objective: To analyze the patency of the pedicled, anteroaortic, right internal mammary artery (RIMA) anastomosed to the left anterior descending (LAD) and branches in coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG), in comparison with the left internal mammary artery (LIMA). Methods: From December 2008 to December 2011, 100 patients were selected to undergo a prospective off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery and were randomly divided by computer into Group 1 (G-1) and Group 2 (G-2), so that the technique was known at the beginning of the surgery. In each group, with 50 patients, the patency of both right and left internal mammary arteries, which were used pedicled to the LAD, was comparatively studied through coronary computed tomography angiography. G-1 had 50 patients who received the LIMA to the LAD or LAD/diagonal (sequential) and had the CABG complemented with the free RIMA to circumflex branches and other arterial or venous grafts to the right coronary artery (RCA) and/or branches. G-2 had 50 patients who received the pedicled RIMA to the LAD or LAD/diagonal (sequential) and had the CABG complemented with the pedicled LIMA to circumflex branches and other arterial or venous grafts to the RCA and/or branches. Results: Both groups were similar in pre-operative clinical data, such as: diabetes mellitus, systemic arterial hypertension, obesity. Also, there was predominance of males in both groups, with 75,6% and 88% in Groups 1 and 2 respectively. Five patients were switched from G-1 to G-2 owing to atheromatous disease in the ascending aorta, and one of them was dropped for having to use composite graft. The average of distal anastomosis in G-1 was 3,48 (standard deviation (SD=0,72) and in G-2 was 3,20 (SD=0,76). Mediastinitis didn\'t occur in any patient. A patient from G-1 had osteomyelitis that required surgical intervention. Two patients from G-1 underwent reoperation because of bleeding. The 64-slice coronary computed tomography angiography was performed in the 6th postoperative month; 96 patients have been re-studied so far and all pedicled IMAs to the LAD were patent. In G-1 a free RIMA graft to the circumflex branches presented total occlusion, another two had a discreet stenosis and in one moderate at the proximal anastomosis and one more had a string signal at the distal portion. In G-2 two patients had total occlusion of the pedicled LIMA to circumflex artery branches, and another one presented moderate stenosis at its distal portion. In two patients the saphenous vein graft to the RCA branches were occluded. There were no deaths in any of the groups. Conclusion: The CABG surgery using the pedicled, anteroaortic RIMA to the LAD has a similar outcome to that of the LIMA used for this same coronary.