The new European Central Bank’s strategy review, unveiled in July 2021, has placed climate change at the core of its new monetary policy strategy. As climate change affects price stability through physical and transition risks, climate change considerations belong to the Eurosystem’s primary mandate. Since climate risks are not integrated into prices by the financial markets, neither by the rating agencies in their credit ratings, the Eurosystem must integrate its own climate criteria in its monetary policy instruments. This paper focuses on the corporate sector asset purchases instrument, namely the Corporate Sector Purchase Programme (CSPP) and the private sector part of the Pandemic- Emergency Purchase Programme (PEPP). It combines monetary policy and climate data to develop Climate Change scores for each eligible issuer. The score aims to identify the best and worst issuers in terms of climate change considerations to operate a tilting of purchases towards the best and away from the worst. The paper first sets forth the construction of the Climate change score, built on backward-looking, forward-looking and disclosure metrics, to make it robust against critics, robust over time but also scalable to ensure feasibility. It then analyses the empirical results and its operational implications on the tilting. It concludes that the tilting is heavily influenced by the skewness characteristic of the eligible universe. It also elucidates the need for more granularity, both for the sector’s taxonomy, the scores and the envelopes. Finally, it shows how the final design depends on policy objectives, whether it is to finance the green transition or a purely balance-sheet protection, or a combination of both. / I Europeiska centralbankens nya strategiöversyn, som presenterades i juli 2021, har klimatförändringen placerats i centrum för den nya penningpolitiska strategin. Eftersom klimatförändringarna påverkar prisstabiliteten genom fysiska risker och övergångsrisker hör klimatförändringshänsyn till Eurosystemets primära mandat. Eftersom klimatrisker inte integreras i priserna av finansmarknaderna och inte heller av kreditvärderingsinstituten i deras kreditbetyg, måste Eurosystemet integrera sina egna klimatkriterier i sina penningpolitiska instrument. Denna artikel fokuserar på instrumentet för köp av tillgångar i företagssektorn, nämligen Corporate Sector Purchase Programme (CSPP) och den privata sektorns del av Pandemic-Emergency Purchase Programme (PEPP). Den kombinerar penningpolitiska och klimatrelaterade data för att ta fram ett klimatrelaterade betyg för varje kvalificerad emittent. Poängen syftar till att identifiera de bästa och sämsta emittenterna för att kunna styra inköpen mot de bästa och bort från de sämsta. I artikeln beskrivs först hur poängsystemet konstrueras. Det bygger på data som är såväl bakåtblickande som framåtblickande samt på hur väl emittenten kommunicerar sitt klimatarbete. Syftet är att utveckla ett poängsystem som är robust mot kritik, robust över tid men också skalbart för att säkerställa genomförbarheten. Därefter analyseras de empiriska resultaten och dess operativa implikationer. Slutsatsen är att viktningen är starkt påverkad av den skevhet som kännetecknar det stödberättigade universumet. Den belyser också behovet av mer detaljerad information, både när det gäller sektorns taxonomi, poängsättningen och kluster. Avslutningsvis visar den hur den slutliga utformningen beror på val av politiska mål, huruvida målet är att finansiera den gröna omställningen eller ett rent balansräkningsskydd, eller en kombination av båda.

The thesis is focused on cooperation between academic and corporate sector, especially on participation of companies in classes and courses at universities through involvement of their employees in teaching. The aim of this thesis is to analyze current ways of corporate sector involvement in practical parts of courses and to design proposals for possible improvements to the current practices used at The Faculty of Informatics and Statistics of The University of Economics, Prague. Analysis was conducted by application of Theory of systems (General System Theory), Soft System Methodology and business process modeling (using BPMN). Based on the conclusions of the analysis three alternatives for possible improvement in the field are specified, two of them are recommended for implementation. Alternatives recommended for implementation are described in greater detail including process design and description and specification of requirements for technical, financial and human resources.

The government of Ghana borrows from both domestic and foreign sources to finance the budget deficit. By the year 2013, the domestic debt was 55% of the public debt. Government domestic borrowing is competitive and can potentially crowd out the private corporate sector. Therefore, the specific research problem addressed in this study was whether the Ghanaian government's domestic debt (DEBT) caused financial crowding out (FCO) in Ghana. FCO theory is not conclusive and not proven specifically for Ghana, so the purpose of this research was to investigate its presence in Ghana. The neoclassical theory of FCO underpinned the research. The 2 research questions investigated FCO along the quantity and cost channels. The research examined the relationship between DEBT as the independent variable, the quantity of private sector credit (PSCREDIT), and the net interest margin (NIM) of banks as dependent variables. Covariates were macroeconomic and banking industry variables. The research population was the banking sector of the financial services industry. The research was correlational, and it used time series data from the Bank of Ghana and the World Bank. Data analysis used the autoregressive distributed lag method. The analysis returned a negative relationship between DEBT and PSCREDIT, and a positve relationship between NIM and DEBT. These results indicated the presence of FCO along both the quantity and cost channels. The research provides policymakers a means of quantifying the extent and effects of fiscal policies. The study may contribute to positive social change by promoting the revision of fiscal policies to favor the private corporate sector to invest, create jobs, and grow the Ghanaian economy.

Submitted by Noeme Timbo (noeme.timbo@metodista.br) on 2016-08-26T18:16:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Denis Konrado Fehlauer.pdf: 1390822 bytes, checksum: 077080630b0dc07c76b60af48073c20d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-26T18:16:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Denis Konrado Fehlauer.pdf: 1390822 bytes, checksum: 077080630b0dc07c76b60af48073c20d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The objective of this investigation was to verify whether before autonomy and vocation that people have, as well as the possibility to receive government support and incentives, Universities within the great ABC area in São Paulo State, Brazil; meet the recommendations of the current PNPG (National Post Graduation - Graduate School - Plan). Therefore, fifty-eight dissertations and one thesis on applied social sciences published between 2011 and 2014 under the following educational institutions were analyzed - Universidade Metodista de São Paulo - UMESP (São Paulo Methodist University); Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul - USCS (São Caetano do Sul University); Universidade Federal do ABC - UFABC (ABC Federal University, and Faculdade de Engenharia Industrial - FEI (Industrial Engineering College). The analysis was performed in the realm of four axis; two in the organizing PNPG 2011-2014 axis: the third axis was - the perfection of evaluation and its expansion into other system CT&I segments (Academic background for graduate school students directed toward extra academic activities and the business/corporate segment); and the fourth axis - the multiple and interdisciplinary factors between the main graduate school characteristics and important topics of research (such as promoting, by means of programs, concentration areas and research lines, the convergence of themes and problem sharing, opposing to its mere association or overlapping). The present study - qualitative, bibliographic, documental, exploratory, descriptive, state of knowledge type - was developed through a documental research method and categorial thematic content analysis. Data collecting was performed through digital repository of thesis and dissertations kept on internet base platforms by the Universities which scientific production was investigated. After data analysis, it was clearly demonstrated that approximately 68,96% of the scientific production in the applied social sciences, published by the Greater ABC Universities, between 2011 and 2014, correspond to the current PNPG expectations on regards to the constant recommendations of the third axis. In regards to the recommendations written in the fourth axis, we can see that around 31,03% of the selected research work meet the expectations of the Plan, presenting in its structure, according to the theoretical foundation used in this study, interdisciplinary characteristics / O objetivo desta investigação foi verificar se, diante da autonomia e vocação que possuem, bem como da possibilidade de receber amparo e incentivos governamentais, as universidades pertencentes à região do Grande ABC atenderam as recomendações feitas pelo PNPG vigente. Para tanto, foram analisadas cinquenta e sete dissertações e duas teses da área de ciências sociais aplicadas, publicadas no período entre 2011 e 2014, pelas seguintes instituições: Universidade Metodista de São Paulo (UMESP); Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul (USCS); Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC) e Faculdade de Engenharia Industrial (FEI). Essa averiguação se deu ao redor de dois eixos organizadores do PNPG 2011-2014: o terceiro eixo – o aperfeiçoamento da avaliação e sua expansão para outros segmentos do sistema de CT&I (formação de pós-graduados voltados para atividades extra-acadêmicas/setor empresarial) e o quarto eixo – a multi e a interdisciplinaridade entre as principais características da pós-graduação e importantes temas da pesquisa (promover, por meio de programas, áreas de concentração e linhas de pesquisa, a convergência de temas e compartilhamento de problemas em oposição à sua mera associação ou sobreposição). Este estudo – qualitativo, bibliográfico, documental, exploratório, descritivo, tipo estado do conhecimento – se desenvolveu por meio de pesquisa documental e de análise de conteúdo temático categorial. A coleta de dados foi feita por meio dos repositórios digitais de teses e dissertações mantidos na internet pelas Universidades, cuja produção científica foi investigada. Após a análise dos dados ficou demonstrado que aproximadamente 68,96% da produção científica da área de ciências sociais aplicadas, publicada pelas universidades do Grande ABC, no período entre 2011 e 2014, corresponde às expectativas do PNPG atual no que diz respeito às recomendações constantes no terceiro eixo. Em relação às recomendações feitas no texto do quarto eixo, vemos que aproximadamente 31,03% dos trabalhos selecionados atendem às expectativas do Plano, apresentando em sua estrutura, segundo a fundamentação teórica utilizada neste trabalho, características de interdisciplinaridade.

SYNOPSIS The diploma thesis is focused on the topic of private environmental cross-sectoral cooperation from the macro-societal perspective. The theoretical chapter summarizes the driving factors which contribute to evolution of business-environmental NGO relationships, it identifies the main specific features of Czech society context and introduces the three-partnership- generations theory. In the empirical part the main findings from the empirical survey among Czech environmental NGOs are summarized and discussed. It explores the current state and main characteristics, contributions, problems and barriers of private cross-sectoral partnership. Furthermore the relations between the environmental organizations' characteristics and specific aspects of cooperation are examined. In the end the results of the survey are set into the context of three-partnership-generations theory and the basic explanation of private environmental cross-sectoral partnership's current state is discussed in the context of specific features of Czech society.

Huvudtitel: Bankernas digitala utveckling av kreditgivningsprocessen Undertitel: En kvalitativ studie om svenska bankers likheter och skillnader vid kreditgivningsprocessen till företagskunder samt privatkunder i förhållande till digitaliseringen Ämne: Självständigt uppsatsarbete inom företagsekonomi – FÖ8015, 15 hp. Författare: Ali Mourad och Samer Salman Nyckelord: Kreditgivningsprocess, digitalisering, privatsidan, företagssidan, risker, kundnöjdhet, kreditbedömning, relations- och transaktionsbaserad kreditgivning. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva samt analysera vilka likheter och skillnader som förekommer vid svenska bankers kreditgivning till företagskunder och privatkunder i takt med den ökade digitaliseringen. Studien syftar även till att framföra teoretiska implikationer för att utveckla redan befintliga teorier och modeller. Metod: Studien genomförs med hjälp av en kvalitativ metod och en abduktiv ansats, samt genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med privat- och företagshandläggare från fyra olika svenska banker. Teori: Den teoretiska referensramen är uppbyggd på källor som behandlar ämnet digitalisering och kreditgivningsprocess från olika perspektiv. Dessa har använts som bas vid upprättandet av arbetets operationaliseringsschema som intervjufrågorna utgått från. Kapitlet avslutas med en analysmodell som lyfter fram de olika teorierna samt visualiserar från vilka perspektiv som studiens analys kommer att förhålla sig till. Empiri: Studien består av intervjuer med åtta handläggare från fyra olika svenska banker. Varje bank representeras av en privatrådgivare samt en företagsrådgivare vars uppgift är att förmedla hur respektive banksektor arbetar med den digitaliserade kreditgivningsprocessen. Urvalet av banker baserar sig på att kreditgivningsprocessen ska ha bedrivits innan samt under digitaliseringen hos respektive bank, för att ett bredare perspektiv ska kunna framföras av hur ändringen har tagit form. Slutsats: I takt med att digitaliseringen införts i banksektorn, strävar bankerna efter att digitalisera kreditgivningsprocessen både för lån till privatkunder och lån till företagskunder. Detta ska kunna bidra med en ökad effektivitet i arbetssättet för bankerna, men även en bekvämare upplevelse, av den annars långa processen för kunderna. Trots denna strävan är det viktigt att inte glömma vilken betydelse de fysiska mötena har i processen. Genom dessa kan bankerna genomföra både relations- och transaktionsbaserad kreditgivning samt säkerställa att rätt information om varje specifik kund samlas in för att undvika olika typer av principal- och agentproblem. Digitaliseringen kommer att bidra med mycket förbättringar av kreditgivningsprocessen för båda parter, däremot är det viktigt att beakta att en fysisk handläggares roll och det mänskliga tankesättet inte kan tillämpas i ett programmerat system. / Main title: Banks' digital development in the lending process Subtitle: A qualitative study on Swedish banks' similarities and differences in the lending process to business customers and private customers in relation to digitization Subject: Självständigt uppsatsarbete inom företagsekonomi – FÖ8015, 15 hp. Authors: Ali Mourad och Samer Salman Keywords: Lending process, digitization, private sector, corporate sector, risks, customer satisfaction, credit assessment, relationship-based and transaction-based lending. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe and analyse the similarities and differences that occur in Swedish banks to corporate customers and private customers as a result of the increased digitization. The study also aims to present theoretical implications for developing existing theories and models. Method: The study is conducted using a qualitative method and an abductive approach, as well as through semi-structured interviews with private and corporate advisors from four different Swedish banks. Theoretical framework: The theoretical framework is built upon sources that address the subject of digitization and the credit granting process from various perspectives. The sesources have been used as a basis in the construction of the operationalization scheme for the study, from which the interview questions were based. The chapter concludes with an analysis model that highlights the different theories and visualizes the perspectives from which the study's analysis will be approached. Empirical: The study consists of interviews with eight advisors from four different Swedish banks. Each bank is represented by a private advisor and a corporate advisor whose task is to convey how their respective banking sector works with the digitized credit granting process. The selection of banks is based on the criteria that the credit granting process has been conducted both before and during the digitization period at each bank, in order to present a broader perspective on how the change has taken shape. Conclusion: As digitalization has been introduced in the banking sector, banks are striving to digitize the credit granting process for both loans to personal customers and loans to business customers. This is expected to bring increased efficiency to the banks' workflow and provide customers with a more convenient experience, considering the otherwise lengthy process. Despite banks' desire, it is important not to forget the significance of physical meetings in the process. Through these meetings, banks can conduct both relationship-based and transaction-based credit approvals and ensure that the correct information about each specific customer is gathered to avoid various types of principal-agent problems. Digitalization will contribute with many improvements to the credit granting process for both parties; however, it is important to consider that a physical advisor’s role and human mindset cannot be applied to a programmed system.