Dissertation--FB 3--Siegen--Universität, 2003. Titre de soutenance : Die Rede von der Korrektheit : Überlegungen zur Erfolsgeschichteund Attraktivität eines importierten Deutungsmusters. / Bibliogr. p. 384-408.

5 pp. / As long term investments, trees are expected to provide benefits for extended periods of time, usually decades. Trees planted in locations where they cannot survive or where they create problems rarely stay in place for any length of time. Trees experiencing shortened lives waste money, create hazards, and fail to perform their intended horticultural function. The bulletin highlights the importance of selecting a tree right for the location in which it will be planted. Key suggestions for making sound horticultural decisions along with ten examples of trees planted in locations where problems can far outweigh the benefits are presented.

Diss.--Passau--Univ., 1998. / Bibliogr. p. 275-290. Index.

In this dissertation, the problem of partitioning a set of treatments with respect to a control treatment is considered. Starting in 1950's a number of researchers have worked on this problem and have proposed alternative solutions. In Tong (1979), the authors proposed a formulation to solve this problem and hundreds of researchers and practitioners have used that formulation for the partition problem. However, Tong's formulation is somewhat rigid and misleading for the practitioners, if the distance between the ``good'' and the ``bad'' populations is large. In this case, the indifference zone gets quite large and the undesirable feature of the Tong's formulation to partition the populations in the indifference zone, without any penalty, can potentially lead Tong's formulation to produce misleading partitions. In this dissertation, a generalization of the Tong's formulation is proposed, under which, the treatments in the indifference zone are not partitioned as ``good'' or ``bad'', but are partitioned as a identifiable set. For this generalized partition, a fully sequential and a two-stage procedure is proposed and its theoretical properties are derived. The proposed procedures are also studied via Monte Carlo Simulation studies. The thesis concludes with some non-parametric partition procedures and the study of robustness of the various available procedures in the statistical literature.

Writing assessments have taken two primary forms in the past two decades: direct and indirect. Irrespective of type, either form needs to be anchored to making decisions in the classroom and predicting performance on high-stakes tests, particularly in a high-stakes environment with serious consequences. In this study, 11th-grade students were given a classroom assessment in which they had 1 minute to think and 3 minutes to write. Student work was scored for correct word sequence (CWS), total words written (TWW), and correct minus incorrect word sequence (CIWS). Students were also given a high-stakes state test to determine eligibility for graduation. This study focuses on the relation between performance on the classroom assessment and the state tests, with comparisons made between the performance of students receiving special education services (SPED) and students in general education. In an age of accountability, test validity has become an increasingly complicated topic. The social consequences of assessments impact students and their educational experience.

Notre recherche trouve sa raison d’être au cours de l’été 2007 lorsque le marché américain des prêts immobiliers hypothécaires - les désormais célèbres prêts subprimes, octroyés aux ménages en situation de difficulté financière et dont la capacité de remboursement était très faible, voire nulle - s’effondre en engendrant une crise très violente qui, en l’espace de quelques mois, s’étend au monde entier et frappe les secteurs les plus divers de la finance jusqu’à atteindre, comme il était prévisible, l’économie réelle. Confrontés à ces faits et inondés par une avalanche de mots identiques, de discours dangereusement uniformes, de solutions uniques étrangement partagées par tout le monde, nous avons été envahis par un sentiment de mécompréhension, de perplexité et de méfiance qui nous a incité à lire entre les lignes, à analyser, filtrer et interpréter l’information qui nous parvenait. Cette activité nous a permis de porter notre réflexion sur l’hypothèse que la presse diffuse un type de discours homogène, unique et standardisé se caractérisant par le recours à certaines techniques discursives permettant de soutenir le modèle économique néolibéral et d’orienter le lecteur vers une perception de la réalité économique façonnée à l’image de celui-ci. Nous appellerons ce discours, discours économiquement correct. Cette hypothèse sera vérifiée suite à l’analyse d’un ensemble d’articles issus des pages économiques de trois quotidiens français et de trois quotidiens italiens d’information générale et d’importance majeure : Le Monde, Libération, Le Figaro, La Stampa, La Repubblica et Il Corriere della Sera. Compte tenu de ces considérations, notre objectif sera celui d’analyser la manière dont la presse traite le problème de la crise et notre domaine de recherche sera celui des pages économiques de la presse générale ; nous serons donc confrontés à l’analyse d’un langage – ou plus exactement, d’un discours – de vulgarisation économique. Dans la première partie de notre travail – conçue comme un état des lieux de la problématique posée – nous introduirons les concepts clés de notre recherche. Nous approcherons donc ici les questions définitionnelles en proposant, dans un premier temps, une description historique retraçant les étapes principales du développement de l’euphémisme du Moyen Âge au XXIe siècle et, dans un deuxième temps, une réflexion autour du concept même d’euphémisme. Nous prêterons également attention à l’évolution du journalisme économique. La deuxième partie de notre travail fera donc l’objet d’une étude dont la problématique s’inscrit dans la volonté de préciser la nature du discours économiquement correct. La troisième partie de notre thèse se présentera comme une réflexion autour du caractère manipulatoire du discours économiquement correct.Dans la quatrième partie, nous élaborerons un outil lexicographique bilingue, répertoriant les substituts potentiellement euphémiques identifiés au cours de notre recherche. / The aim of this work is to study the way in which the euphemization of economic speech, vulgarized by general press, supports the elaboration of a homogeneous and standardized speech characterized by the use of some speech techniques supporting neoliberalism. This speech will be called economically correct. This work is based upon a corpus consisting of a set of articles from the economic pages of the national French and Italian dailies Le Monde, Libération, Le Figaro, La Stampa, La Repubblica et Il Corriere della Sera.

The multiple-choice test question is a popular item format used for tests ranging from classroom assessments to professional licensure exams. The popularity of this format stems from its administration and scoring efficiencies. The most common multiple-choice format consists of a stem that presents a problem to be solved accompanied by a single correct answer and two, three, or four incorrect answers. A well-constructed item using this format can result in a high quality assessment of an examinee's knowledge, skills and abilities. However, for some complex, higher-order knowledge, skills and abilities, a single correct answer is often insufficient. Test developers tend to avoid using multiple correct answers out of a concern about the increased difficulty and lower discrimination of such items. However, by avoiding the use of multiple correct answers, test constructors may inadvertently create validity concerns resulting from incomplete content coverage and construct irrelevant variance. This study explored an alternative way of implementing multiple-choice questions with two or more correct answers by specifying in each question the number of answers examinees should select instead of using the traditional guideline to select all that apply. This study investigated the performance of three operational exams that use a standard multiple-choice format where the examinees are told how many answers they are to select. The collective statistical performance of multiple-choice items that included more than one answer that is keyed as correct was compared with the performance of traditional single-answer, multiple-choice (SA) items within each exam. The results indicate that the multiple-answer, multiple-choice (MA) items evaluated from these three exams performed at least as well as to the single-answer questions within the same exams.

In the last few years, due to the process of students¡¦ political socialization and the promotion of campus democracy and feminism awareness, the management of the correct clothing manners discipline stipulation has become an important issue for the teachers of various schools to counsel and discipline their students. The goal of this research is to inquire into the reasons, the cognition and the motivation of students violating the correct clothing manners discipline stipulation. Also, according to the findings, I aim to propose specific suggestions to assist schools to establish suitable correct clothing manners discipline standards in order to provide teachers references to counsel and discipline their students¡¦ correct clothing manners. Moreover, I aim to promote the teachers¡¦ abilities to counsel and discipline their students and reduce the conflicts between students and teachers while dealing with correct clothing manners discipline management. The technique of this research is to carry out an in-depth interview, which adopts a Tainan senior vocational high school as the main subject and the students of special behavior opposing the correct clothing manners discipline as the interiewee objects. In this research, I discover that students who have different cognition and motivations towards the correct clothing manners discipline stipulation are obviously different in their correct clothing manners discipline behavior. The cognition towards the correct clothing manners discipline stipulation, the motivation towards the correct clothing manners discipline stipulation and the correct clothing manners discipline behavior are all closely related. As for the motivation towards the correct clothing manners discipline stipulation, there is a tangible intermediary effect between the cognition and the correct clothing manners discipline behavior.

No description available.

The ordering of concept classes under PAC reducibility is nonlinear, even when restricted to particular concrete examples. We construct two effective concept classes of incomparable PAC degrees to show that there exist incomparable PAC degrees, analogous to incomparable Turing degrees. The non-learnability of concept classes in the PAC learning model is explained by the existence of PAC incomparable degrees. It was necessary to deal with the size of an effective concept class thus we propose a method to compute the size of the effective concept class using Kolmogorov complexity. To define the jump operator for PACi degrees the join of effective concept classes is constructed and explores the possibility of embedding known degrees to PACi or PAC degrees. If an embedding exists it will enable proving properties of known degrees for PACi and PAC degrees without explicitly proving them.