京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第22245号 / 理博第4559号 / 新制||理||1655(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)教授 田中 貴浩, 教授 川合 光, 教授 向山 信治 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

This thesis deals with the process of molecular ions formation in interstellar space, which played an important role in the early Universe. A large part of the work focuses on the theoretical study of quantum dynamics of the process of radiative association pre- dominantly induced by dipole transitions. The effect of quadrupole transitions on the radiative association have also been taken into account, which has been studied for the first time. Furthermore, spectroscopic characteristics of rovibronic transitions of selected di- atomic ions for the study of cosmological variability of fundamental constants were determined. The main outcomes of the thesis include the characterization of depopulation of metastable levels He (23S) and He (21S) due to radiative collisions with hydrogen, helium and lithium ions, i. e. He + A+ → HeA+ + hν. Within the study quantum dynamics calculations were carried out using a fully quan- tal approach. Studied spontaneous and stimulated processes on a specific spin manifold were characterized by energy-dependent cross sections and temperature-dependent rate coefficients. Compared to previous published works by other authors highly excited electronic states are considered. The results showed that a) the spontaneous radiative association contributes significantly to the...

Long-standing health and social inequalities associated with minorities have increased their risk for infection, hospitalization, and death related to COVID-19. This disparity is further exacerbated with incarcerated individuals, yet little attention, both prepandemic and presently, has been devoted to collecting up-to-date data. This study uses the 2004 Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities (SISCF), the most recent data, to explore the general offender population and self-reported chronic and medical health conditions to highlight how COVID-19 will impact marginalized populations. Results from the four binary regression models found that minority males are more likely to have chronic illnesses which increase in probability with longer sentences, number of incarcerations, and advancement in age. Our findings advocate for the development of recent data sets on inmate health, particularly minority individuals, as well as the construction of more precise health measures to address these health disparities, including COVID-19.

Job satisfaction among jail correctional officers is important because it ensures the continuity of officers who can promote and maintain a safe environment inside the jail for all staff and inmates. Most job satisfaction studies on correctional officers, however, are focused on prison officers and not county jail officers. The purpose of this correlational study was to test and extend Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene theory by exploring job satisfaction and motivation among jail correctional officers in Miami-Dade Florida. Survey data were collected from 149 correctional officers using Specter's (1994) Job Satisfaction Survey. Data were analyzed through correlational and multiple regression analyses. Findings of the correlation results indicated positive relationships at the .05 level between the motivators and hygiene predictors with job satisfaction. Regression results indicated a statistically significant relationship between the motivators and hygiene predictors with job satisfaction (p = 0.00). The implications for social change include recommendations to jail administrators to provide channels through which their employees can inform them of prevalent issues to aid in increasing job satisfaction. Implementation of this recommendation may improve job satisfaction among jail correctional officers, thereby improving perceptions that the jail correctional officers are appreciated and trusted, increase their sense of self-sufficiency, improve morale problems, and help jail administrators invest in the well-being of current and future jail correctional officers that are needed to maintain the safety and security of correctional facilities.

Juvenile Correctional officers are important to the function of secure facilities because they maintain constant contact with offenders. This quantitative study sought to determine why turnover rates continue to rise and offered insight into retaining officers. This study utilized Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs theory as the foundation for explaining relationships between the variables: quality supervision and intent to stay and job satisfaction, job search, and job embeddedness of juvenile correctional officers across the United States. Survey data were collected from 247 juvenile correctional officers using a web-based survey containing 5 scales including Quality of Supervision and Intent to Stay, and Job Embeddedness, Job Satisfaction, and Job Search. The relationship between quality of supervision and intent to stay and job embeddedness, job satisfaction, and job search, were analyzed through correlational and multiple regression analyses. An ordinal regression analysis determined that of the variables examined, job satisfaction was a significant factor in the quality of supervision for juvenile correctional officers supervising female youth in secure facilities. A multiple linear regression analysis determined that of the variables analyzed only job satisfaction and job search had a significant effect on juvenile correctional officers supervising female youth intent to stay employed at secure female facilities. This research enhances the body of knowledge examining the cause of individuals' intent to stay and quality of supervision. Reduction of employee turnover increase of job satisfaction, and quality of supervision can positively benefit juvenile justice organizations by enabling correctional staff to meet the overall mission of keeping youth and communities safe.

Private probation companies were formed to provide supervision to low-risk offenders who committed misdemeanor charges by allowing offenders to reside in the community instead of being incarcerated. However, research has revealed that private probation agencies have become problematic because state and local governments have benefited financially by collecting court costs and probation supervision fees from indigent probationers who are unable to pay. Other researchers have revealed that gender, race, and attorney representation r impact whether a warrant would be issued for failure to pay court costs and supervisions fees. This study examined the predictive relationships between race, gender, attorney representation, and warrants being issued. The theoretical framework for this study was the prison-industrial complex that emphasizes how government and private companies' financial interests are linked to the expansion of the penal system. This study addressed the question of whether gender, race, and attorney representation predicted the likelihood of private probation warrants being issued. A quantitative, correlational, cross-sectional design based upon secondary data analysis was used to address the research question. Results from a logistic regression showed that only race predicted the likelihood of private probation warrants being issued. Results also showed that Black males were more likely to have a warrant issued for their arrest. The findings can be used to advocate fair treatment of Black males who are disproportionately affected by unconstitutional practices of private probation companies. Findings can be used to promote social change by advocating that indigent offenders by offered alternative sentences other than jail when they cannot pay court costs and probation fees.

Juvenile direct-care officers working in juvenile correctional facilities historically responded to critical and potentially aggressive incidents using nontherapeutic strategies. The purpose of this study was to examine and to understand the lived experiences of direct-care officers' use of de-escalation skills for managing violent and disruptive behaviors in juvenile correctional facilities. The findings from this study may add to the existing literature by describing juvenile correctional officers' experiences as well as to better understand their perceptions and attitude using de-escalation strategies in correctional environments. The social learning and self-efficacy theories provided the conceptual framework to examine and understand their experiences. The phenomenological design was used to examine the lived experiences of 9 juvenile direct-care officers use of de-escalation strategies to respond to disruptive and aggressive incidents within the juvenile correctional facility. The 9 direct-care officers participated in audio-recorded interviews that were transcribed and analyzed using Moustakas's phenomenological steps that identified 3 themes using de-escalation strategies: to avoid use of force and reduce liability of injuries; to resolve conflicts using their words to de-escalate the youth or the situation; and to use according to their training, perceived level of confidence, and effectiveness of de-escalation strategies. Understanding direct-care officers' perceptions of use of de-escalation may result in positive social change for fostering caring and safe living correctional environments and strengthen current training curriculums for working with aggressive and disruptive behaviors.

Jerome Skolnick’s (2011) "symbolic assailant" is a result of police attributing particular demeanor, gestures, language, and a style of dress to people they believed were most likely to commit violent crimes. The challenge became when police applied these characteristics to specific groups such as juveniles. Literature published before and after Skolnick (2011) indicated police were more likely to stop, arrest, interrogate, or surveille juveniles based on their demeanor, gestures, style of dress, lack of respect, deference to authority, the severity, and remorse for their offenses in addition to race. However, current research indicated race, gender, and Socioeconomic Status (SES) determined if police perceived juveniles as the symbolic assailant regardless of offense type. The current research also suggested the symbolic assailant is the foundation for related theories such as racial profiling and the “juvenile offender type-script.” Thus, this dissertation sought to determine if juveniles’ demeanor, gestures, race, gender, and offense type predicted if police perceived them as having characteristics analogous to the symbolic assailant. The researcher conducted a nonexperimental predictive correlational research design analyzing secondary data from Connecticut’s Effective Police Interactions with Youth’s Pretest Survey. The results showed weak to moderate relationships between the predictor and criterion variables such as police believed juveniles’ fidgeting, pacing, and mouthing off as signs of guilt indicated a weak relationship. The strongest predictor was a combination of race and offense type as the patrol officers responded all races and ethnicities were most likely to carry weapons equally in the past 30 days, which differed from the current symbolic assailant and related literature.

Orthography Standardization in Arabic Dialects Abstract Christian Cayralat1 1 Charles University Spontaneous orthography in Arabic dialects poses one of the biggest ob- stacles in the way of Dialectal Arabic NLP applications. As the Arab world enjoys a wide array of these widely spoken and recently written, non-standard, low-resource varieties, this thesis presents a detailed account of this relatively overlooked phenomenon. It sets out to show that continuously creating addi- tional noise-free, manually standardized corpora of Dialectal Arabic does not free us from the shackles of non-standard (spontaneous) orthography. Because real-world data will most often come in a noisy format, it also investigates ways to ease the amount of noise in textual data. As a proof of concept, we restrict ourselves to one of the dialectal varieties, namely, Lebanese Arabic. It also strives to gain a better understanding of the nature of the noise and its distri- bution. All of this is done by leveraging various spelling correction and morpho- logical tagging neural architectures in a multi-task setting, and by annotating a Lebanese Arabic corpus for spontaneous orthography standardization, and morphological segmentation and tagging, among other features. Additionally, a detailed taxonomy of spelling inconsistencies for...

This study investigates the use of oral interpretation in social contexts. The context chosen was a community corrections program which provides education and employment assistance to adults on probation in Denton County, Texas. A solo interpretation script was incorporated into a public awareness presentation about the Denton County Probationer Education and Employment Program. The presentation was presented to a pilot audience to test the effectiveness of combining oral interpretation with public speaking to inform audiences about and elicit support for community corrections. It was determined that integrating an interpretative performance into an informational presentation is an effective method of employing oral interpretation outside the classroom and expanding its rhetorical dimensions.