Através de técnicas eletroquímicas (espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica, resistência à polarização linear e curvas de polarização potenciodinâmica), gravimétrica e analítica, compostos orgânicos foram estudados para avaliar suas possibilidades de emprego como inibidores de corrosão. Poliglicerol hiper-ramificado puro, modificado com dicloro-fosfato, funcionalizado com grupo tiol, funcionalizado com grupo sulfeto e com grupo sulfonato de potássio - foram os compostos sintetizados e testados. Além desses, compostos comerciais, um contendo a função fosfinato e outro a função imidazolina quaternária foram testados com o mesmo intuito. Isotermas de adsorção foram ajustadas aos dados obtidos para imidazolina quaternária. Para simular condições próximas às encontradas na produção de petróleo, água do mar sintética acidificada com ácido clorídrico até pH 3 foi o meio utilizado, tendo o aço carbono 1020 empregado como substrato metálico. O Poliglicerol hiper-ramificado gerou resultados eletroquímicos e gravimétricos que mostraram que em concentrações de até 600 ppm desse composto o processo corrosivo é incentivado ao invés de ser desacelerado, indicando que tal composto não deve ser usado como inibidor de corrosão. O Poliglicerol hiper-ramificado modificado com dicloro-fosfato apresentou resultados insatisfatórios para as condições testadas tanto nos ensaios eletroquímicos como nos gravimétricos. Nas concentrações de 200, 400 e 600 ppm desse composto, a concentração intermediária é a única que diminui ligeiramente a taxa de corrosão, e para as demais concentrações a corrosão é incentivada. Os ensaios eletroquímicos das outras três moléculas obtidas por funcionalização do poliglicerol hiper-ramificado com grupos tiol, sulfonato e sulfeto indicaram aumento da deterioração do substrato. Os resultados de impedância eletroquímica indicaram que o composto à base de fosfinato e na concentração de 2000 ppm e maiores tempos de imersão resultaram em melhores resultados protetores. O ajuste dos dados às isotermas de adsorção para a imidazolina quaternária apresentou melhores resultados para o modelo de Flory-Huggins, porém, os elevados valores de coeficiente de determinação R2 das isotermas de Langmuir e Temkin também permitem dizer que tais modelos de adsorção são seguidos. / Organic compounds were studied by lectrochemical (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, linear polarization resistance and potenciodynamic polarization curves), analytical and gravimetric techniques, to analyze the possibilities of their use as corrosion inhibitors. Hyper branched polyglycerol only and modified with dichloro-phosphate, functionalized with thiol group, functionalized with sulfide and also with sulphonate group were synthesized and tested as corrosion inhibitors. Furthermore, commercial compounds, one based on phosphinate and a quaternary imidazoline were tested with the same objective. Adsorption isotherms were adjusted to the data obtained for quaternary imidazoline. To simulate the conditions close to those found in petroleum production, synthetic sea water acidified with hydrochloric acid up to pH 3 was the medium used, with 1020 carbon steel used as a metal substrate. The hyper branched polyglycerol generated electrochemical and gravimetric results which showed that, in concentrations up to 600 ppm of this compound, the corrosive process is favored rather than decelerated, indicating that this compound should not be used as a corrosion inhibitor. The hyper branched polyglycerol modified with dichloro-phosphate presented unsatisfactory results for the tested conditions for both electrochemical and gravimetric measurements. At concentrations of 200, 400 and 600 ppm of this compound, the intermediate concentration is the only one that slightly decreases the corrosion rate, and for the other concentrations corrosion is favored. The electrochemical measurements for the other three molecules obtained by functionalization of the hyper branched polyglycerol with thiol, sulphonate and sulfide groups indicated an increase on the substrate deterioration. The electrochemical impedance results showed that the compound based on phosphinate at 2000 ppm concentration and for higher immersion times resulted in better protective results. The adjustment of the data of the adsorption isotherms for quaternary imidazoline presented better results for the Flory-Huggins model. However, the high values of correlation factor R2 of Langmuir and Temkin isotherms show that these adsorption models are also followed.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:41:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ElaineCMMpdf.pdf: 3261994 bytes, checksum: 9c0e8d61039debb7cf79068f1b67554e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-27 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / In this work thiosemicarbazones [4-N-cinnamoyl-thiosemicarbazone (CTSC), 4-N-(2'-methoxycinnamoyl)-thiosemicarbazone (MCTSC), and 4-N-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxybenzoyl)-thiosemicarbazone (HMBTSC)] were solubilized in an microemulsion system (ME_OCS) which is rich in aqueous phase (O/W system). The system ME_OCS was obtained with saponified coconut oil (OCS) as (surfactant), butanol (cosurfactant), and kerosene as oil phase (Fo), using 40% of C/T (cosurfactant/surfactant), 5% of Fo and 55% of aqueous phase. The microemulsions systems CTSC_ME_OCS, MCTSC_ME_OCS and HMBTSC_ME_OCS effectiveness on a AISI 1020 carbon steel corrosion inhibition process were evaluated in a saline solution (NaCl 0.5%), using a galavostatic method. The tested thiosemicarbazones (TSC) showed highest inhibitors effects (85.7% for CTSC_ME_OCS, 84.0% for MCTSC_ME_OCS, and 83.3% HMBTSC_ME_OCS) at lower concentrations [0.19% of CTSC, 0.07% (MCTSC), and 0.26% (HMBTSC)]. Comparatively, the surfactant OCS (solubilized in H2O) as well as the system ME_OCS showed lower efficacy [71% for OCS (at 0.20 - 0.25% of concentration) and 74% for ME_OCS (at 0.5% of concentration)]. Since the microemulsion systems ME_OCS showed satisfactory interfacial adsorption, the greatest inhibitory effect of those TSC_ME_OCS systems could be correlated to both chemical composition of each tested TSC (which is rich in heteroatoms and aromatic ring) and also the presence of the surfactant OCS / Neste trabalho tiossemicarbazonas [4-N-cinamoil-tiossemicarbazona (CTSC), 4-N-(2 -metoxicinamoil)-tiossemicarbazona (MCTSC) e 4-N-(4 -hidroxi-3 -metoxibenzoil)-tiossemicarbazona (HMBTSC)] foram solubilizadas em um sistema microemulsionado do tipo O/A (rico em ?gua). Este sistema (ME_OCS) foi obtido com ?leo de coco saponificado (OCS), butanol (cotensoativo), querosene (fase ?leo) e ?gua, nas seguintes propor??es: 40% de raz?o C/T (cotensoativo/tensoativo), 5% de fase ?leo e 55% de fase aquosa. Os sistemas microemulsionados contendo as tiossemicarbazonas (CTSC_ME_OCS, MCTSC_ME_OCS e HMBTSC_ME_OCS) foram avaliados como inibidores de corros?o em a?o carbono AISI 1020, em meio salino (NaCl 0,5%), utilizando-se um m?todo galvanost?tico. Estes sistemas apresentaram inibi??es elevadas (85,7% para CTSC_ME_OCS, 84,0% para MCTSC_ME_OCS, e 83,3% para HMBTSC_ME_OCS) em baixas concentra??es (0,19% de CTSC, 0,07% de MCTSC, e 0,26% de HMBTSC). Comparativamente, o tensoativo OCS (solubilizado em H2O) e o sistema ME_OCS apresentaram menores taxas de inibi??o (71% para OCS, com concentra??o variando entre 0,20 e 0,25% e 74% para ME_OCS, com 0,5% de concentra??o). A maior efic?cia de inibi??o dos sistemas ME_OCS contendo as tiossemicarbazonas (TSC) poderia estar correlacionada com as estruturas qu?micas (ricas em heteroatomos e anel arom?tico) das TSC avaliadas, bem como com o sistema microemulsionado ME_OCS que apresenta adsor??o interfacial eficaz

Através de técnicas eletroquímicas (espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica, resistência à polarização linear e curvas de polarização potenciodinâmica), gravimétrica e analítica, compostos orgânicos foram estudados para avaliar suas possibilidades de emprego como inibidores de corrosão. Poliglicerol hiper-ramificado puro, modificado com dicloro-fosfato, funcionalizado com grupo tiol, funcionalizado com grupo sulfeto e com grupo sulfonato de potássio - foram os compostos sintetizados e testados. Além desses, compostos comerciais, um contendo a função fosfinato e outro a função imidazolina quaternária foram testados com o mesmo intuito. Isotermas de adsorção foram ajustadas aos dados obtidos para imidazolina quaternária. Para simular condições próximas às encontradas na produção de petróleo, água do mar sintética acidificada com ácido clorídrico até pH 3 foi o meio utilizado, tendo o aço carbono 1020 empregado como substrato metálico. O Poliglicerol hiper-ramificado gerou resultados eletroquímicos e gravimétricos que mostraram que em concentrações de até 600 ppm desse composto o processo corrosivo é incentivado ao invés de ser desacelerado, indicando que tal composto não deve ser usado como inibidor de corrosão. O Poliglicerol hiper-ramificado modificado com dicloro-fosfato apresentou resultados insatisfatórios para as condições testadas tanto nos ensaios eletroquímicos como nos gravimétricos. Nas concentrações de 200, 400 e 600 ppm desse composto, a concentração intermediária é a única que diminui ligeiramente a taxa de corrosão, e para as demais concentrações a corrosão é incentivada. Os ensaios eletroquímicos das outras três moléculas obtidas por funcionalização do poliglicerol hiper-ramificado com grupos tiol, sulfonato e sulfeto indicaram aumento da deterioração do substrato. Os resultados de impedância eletroquímica indicaram que o composto à base de fosfinato e na concentração de 2000 ppm e maiores tempos de imersão resultaram em melhores resultados protetores. O ajuste dos dados às isotermas de adsorção para a imidazolina quaternária apresentou melhores resultados para o modelo de Flory-Huggins, porém, os elevados valores de coeficiente de determinação R2 das isotermas de Langmuir e Temkin também permitem dizer que tais modelos de adsorção são seguidos. / Organic compounds were studied by lectrochemical (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, linear polarization resistance and potenciodynamic polarization curves), analytical and gravimetric techniques, to analyze the possibilities of their use as corrosion inhibitors. Hyper branched polyglycerol only and modified with dichloro-phosphate, functionalized with thiol group, functionalized with sulfide and also with sulphonate group were synthesized and tested as corrosion inhibitors. Furthermore, commercial compounds, one based on phosphinate and a quaternary imidazoline were tested with the same objective. Adsorption isotherms were adjusted to the data obtained for quaternary imidazoline. To simulate the conditions close to those found in petroleum production, synthetic sea water acidified with hydrochloric acid up to pH 3 was the medium used, with 1020 carbon steel used as a metal substrate. The hyper branched polyglycerol generated electrochemical and gravimetric results which showed that, in concentrations up to 600 ppm of this compound, the corrosive process is favored rather than decelerated, indicating that this compound should not be used as a corrosion inhibitor. The hyper branched polyglycerol modified with dichloro-phosphate presented unsatisfactory results for the tested conditions for both electrochemical and gravimetric measurements. At concentrations of 200, 400 and 600 ppm of this compound, the intermediate concentration is the only one that slightly decreases the corrosion rate, and for the other concentrations corrosion is favored. The electrochemical measurements for the other three molecules obtained by functionalization of the hyper branched polyglycerol with thiol, sulphonate and sulfide groups indicated an increase on the substrate deterioration. The electrochemical impedance results showed that the compound based on phosphinate at 2000 ppm concentration and for higher immersion times resulted in better protective results. The adjustment of the data of the adsorption isotherms for quaternary imidazoline presented better results for the Flory-Huggins model. However, the high values of correlation factor R2 of Langmuir and Temkin isotherms show that these adsorption models are also followed.

Υπάρχει ένα συνεχές επιστημονικό ενδιαφέρον για τη σύνθεση και το χαρακτηρισμό συμπλόκων των στοιχείων μετάπτωσης (μεταβατικών μετάλλων) του Περιοδικού Πίνακα. Έχουν λάβει χώρα ενδιαφέρουσες μελέτες πάνω στη χημεία ένταξης διαφόρων μετάλλων με υποκαταστάτες βενζοτριαζόλια. Το ενδιαφέρον αυτό οφείλεται κυρίως στην αντιδιαβρωτική δραστικότητα του βενζοτριαζολίου (btaH) έναντι ορισμένων μετάλλων, κυρίως του Cu και των κραμάτων του. Οι μοριακοί μηχανισμοί της παρεμπόδισης της διάβρωσης των μετάλλων από τα βενζοτριαζόλια δεν έχουν διερευνηθεί πλήρως. Στην παρούσα Διπλωματική Εργασία αναπτύσσεται ένα μοντέλο παρεμπόδισης της διάβρωσης του Fe από το btaH, και σχηματισμού συμπλόκων του σιδήρου με ουδέτερα βενζοτριαζόλια (btaH), καθώς και με αποπρωτονιωμένα βενζοτριαζόλια (bta-) με τη χρησιμοποίηση ιδεών της Χημείας Ένταξης. Παρασκευάσθηκε το σύμπλοκο [FeBr3(btaH)2] (1) καθώς και το σύμπλοκο [Fe14O8(OH)(OMe)9Br9(bta)7(MeOH)2(H2O)2] (2), τα οποία χαρακτηρίσθηκαν με μικροαναλύσεις και φασματοσκοπία IR. Οι μοριακές και κρυσταλλικές δομές των ενώσεων προσδιορίστηκαν με κρυσταλλογραφία ακτίνων-Χ επί μονοκρυστάλλων. Το σύμπλοκο 1 είναι μονοπυρηνικό με πέντε μονοδοντικούς υποκαταστάτες [τρεις αλόγονο (βρώμο) και δύο Ν-δότες]. Το ιόν του FeIII βρίσκεται σε ένα τριγωνικό διπυραμιδικό περιβάλλον ένταξης με τους τρεις βρώμο υποκαταστάτες να ορίζουν το ισημερινό επίπεδο. Το πολυπυρηνικό μόριο της ένωσης 2.2MeOH έχει δεκατέσσερα τρισθενή ιόντα σιδήρου τα οποία συγκρατούνται μέσω πέντε μ3-όξο (O2-), τριών μ4-όξο (O2-), ενός μ3-υδρόξο (ΟΗ-), εννέα μ2-μεθόξο (OMe-), πέντε η1:η1:η1:μ3 βενζοτριαζολάτο (bta-) και δύο η1:η1:μ2 βενζοτριαζολάτο (bta-) υποκαταστατών. Τα εννέα ιόντα Br-, τα δύο μόρια Η2Ο καθώς και οι δύο MeOH συμπεριφέρονται ως τερματικοί υποκαταστάτες. Τα κέντρα FeIII υιοθετούν τρεις διαφορετικές γεωμετρίες ένταξης (οκταεδρική, τριγωνική διπυραμιδική και τετραεδρική). Τέλος, τα δεκατέσσερα κέντρα του FeIII ορίζουν μία εξαεπιστεγασμένη εξαγωνική διπυραμίδα. Το σύμπλοκο 2 μπορεί να θεωρηθεί ως μοντέλο παρεμπόδισης της διάβρωσης του Fe σε ουδέτερα pH. / There is a continuing scientific interest in the synthesis and characterization of metal complexes of the d block elements of the Periodic Table. Interesting studies have taken place to investigate the ability of various metals to create complexes with benzotriazole as a ligand. This is primarily due to the anticorrosion activity of benzotriazole (btaH) towards certain metals, particularly Cu and its alloys. The molecular mechanisms of the corrosion inhibition of metals by benzotriazoles have not been completely elucidated. An inorganic chemistry model approach to the corrosion inhibition of the Fe by btaH and to the formation of iron complexes with neutral benzotriazole (btaH) and with deprotonated benzotriazole (bta-), using the Coordination Chemistry approach, has been developed in the present Diploma Thesis. We have prepared complexes [FeBr3(btaH)2] (1) and [Fe14O8(OH)(OMe)9Br9(bta)7(MeOH)2(H2O)2] (2), which have been characterized using microanalyses and IR spectroscopy. The molecular and crystal structures of the compounds were determined by X-ray crystallography. Complex 1 is mononuclear with five monodentate ligands [three halogenido (bromido) and two N-donors]. The FeIII ion is in a trigonal bipyramidal coordination environment with the three halogenido ligands defining the equatorial plane. The cluster molecule of 2.2MeOH has fourteen FeIII ions which are held together by five μ3-O2-, three μ3- O2-, one μ3-OH-, nine μ2-OMe-, five η1:η1:η1:μ3 bta- and two η1:η1:μ2 bta- ligands. Nine Br- ions, two molecules of H2O and two molecules of MeOH are terminal ligands. The FeIII centres adopt three different coordination geometries (octahedral, trigonal bipyramidal and tetrahedral). Finally, the fourteen FeIII centres define a hexacapped hexagonal bipyramid. Cluster 2 may be considered as model for the corrosion inhibition of Fe by benzotriazoles at neutral pHs.

Le travail de cette thèse vise le développement de systèmes intelligents d'inhibiteurs de corrosion à base d'un composé lamellaire de type orthophosphate de zirconium α-ZrP. Le principe repose sur le fait que le α-ZrP joue le rôle de microréservoir de sorte à stocker des entités d’inhibiteurs de la corrosion métallique. Les espèces inhibitrices à base de cations Ca2+, Mg2+ et Zn2+ ont pu être incorporées avec succès au sein des espaces interfeuillets de α-ZrP via des réactions d’échanges cationiques avec les protons labiles H+. De même, des entités de l’anion heptanoate ont pu être insérées via l’intercalation préalable du biopolymère cationique chitosane. Par ailleurs, l’intercalation des entités organiques telles que le 2-aminobenzimidazole et la dodécylamine a pu être achevée par des réactions acido-basiques avec les protons H+. Les caractérisations des matériaux avant et après fonctionnalisation par différentes techniques analytiques ont montré que l’ensemble de ces modifications a donné lieu au développement de matériaux hybrides inorgano-inorganiques ou organo-inorganiques. L’évaluation de leurs performances inhibitrices de la corrosion a été accomplie en utilisant des techniques électrochimiques stationnaires et dynamiques. Elles ont révélé que ces pigments, une fois utilisés soit à l’état libre dans le milieu corrosif soit dispersés dans des peintures, améliorent les performances d'inhibition de la corrosion du zinc et de l'acier doux par rapport aux composés commerciaux en relargant les entités intercalées et retenant les entités corrosives. Ceci permet d’assurer la longévité de l’action inhibitrice de la corrosion des substrats métalliques en milieu aqueux / This thesis generally aims at the development of corrosion inhibitors based on a lamellar compound, namely zirconium orthophosphate (α-ZrP). The principle consists in that α-ZrP acts as micro-tanks in such a way to store species of several compounds known for their metallic corrosion inhibition properties. On the other hand, inhibitive species based on Ca2+, Mg2+, and Zn2+ were be able to be successfully incorporated within α-ZrP interlayer spaces via cationic exchange with labile H+ protons. Similarly, entities of the heptanoate anion were inserted via the prior intercalation of the cationic biopolymer chitosan. Nevertheless, the intercalation of organic species such as 2-aminobenzimidazole, dodecylamine was accomplished via acid-basic reaction between –NH2 groups and H+ protons. The characterizations of the materials before and after functionalization by different analytical techniques denote that all these modifications give rise to inorgano-inorganic or organo-inorganic hybrid materials. The evaluation of their performances, in term of metallic corrosion inhibition, was performed by using stationary or dynamic electrochemical techniques. It has been shown that the use of these pigments in corrosive medium, either alone or dispersed in paints, improves corrosion inhibition of zinc and mild steel thanks to the progressive release of intercalated species compensated by the retention of corrosive entities better than those induced by commercial products. This in final allows lengthening the inhibition action of metallic substrates against aqueous corrosion

Submitted by Luciana Sebin (lusebin@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-19T12:04:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissEGAL.pdf: 1800823 bytes, checksum: 4f41eff6959b3c2f54964803282c02bb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-20T18:12:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissEGAL.pdf: 1800823 bytes, checksum: 4f41eff6959b3c2f54964803282c02bb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-20T18:12:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissEGAL.pdf: 1800823 bytes, checksum: 4f41eff6959b3c2f54964803282c02bb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-20T18:12:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissEGAL.pdf: 1800823 bytes, checksum: 4f41eff6959b3c2f54964803282c02bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-24 / Não recebi financiamento / This project aims the evaluation of some amines as corrosion inhibitors in carbon steel alloys amid hydrochloric acid (pickling bath). For that, analytical aspects of corrosion process has been considered and the results were interpreted considering the molecular interaction with the metal surface. / Este projeto visa avaliação de algumas aminas como inibidores de corrosão em ligas de aço carbono na presença de ácido clorídrico. Para tal, foram considerados os aspectos reacionais e comportamentais, e os resultados foram interpretados considerando a interação molecular com a superfície metálica.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:55:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:05:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:55:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:05:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Neste trabalho foi estudada a viabilidade de substituição do níquel presente em banhos de fosfato de zinco para a fosfatização do aço carbono (SAE 1010) por niobatos, ou oxalato de nióbio e amônio (Ox) e benzotriazol (BTAH). A substituição do passivador das camadas de fosfato obtidas, baseado em cromo hexavalente, por um banho passivador contendo Ox, também foi avaliada. Os resultados do presente trabalho mostraram que os compostos de nióbio podem substituir o níquel em banhos de fosfatização com várias vantagens, pricipalmente ambientais. Camadas com melhores propriedades foram obtidas com os banhos em presença de compostos de nióbio, pois um aumento da massa de fosfato depositada com menor tempo de imersão foi observado para estes banhos. Maior resistência à corrosão e maior eficiência de proteção foram obtidas para os revestimentos de fosfato de zinco em presença de niobatos (PZn+Nb) e de oxalato de nióbio e amônio e de benzotriazol (PZn+Ox+BTAH), quando comparados a camada tradicional em presença de níquel (PZn+Ni). As melhores propriedades de proteção, obtidas para os revestimentos testados foram relacionadas à morfologia dos cristais, espessura das camadas e com a menor porosidade dos revestimentos em presença de compostos de nióbio e de benzotriazol. Os resultados obtidos com os passivadores mostraram que o selante à base de Ox pode substituir o constituído por CrO3, mas somente sob determinadas condições de aplicação, aumentando a proteção contra a corrosão do aço carbono promovida pela camada de PZn+Ni. / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

This diploma thesis is focused on proposition of non-freezing heat transfer fluid for solar systems. Fluid will be based on mixture of new available compound propane-1,3-diol with water and modern corrosion inhibitors. Then will be investigate, if this new compound is competetive to common used liquids like ethylene glycol or propylene glycol.

Around the world there is a great number of reinforced concrete structures, who´s life cycle, for which they were designed, is significantly shortened due to action of various aggressive environments, or due to defects created during the construction process. (i.e. insufficient steel reinforcement cover depth). One of the most common causes of problems in reinforced concrete structures is corrosion of steel reinforcement. It is necessary to repair structures degraded in this fashion and return them to their original state. We made a unique polymercement concrete repair system was developed with value added. Corrosion inhibitors, including the newly developed, are implemented into its polymercement matrix, which significantly limit the corrosive processes in all new materials. The principle of proposed solution is application of repair system on a corrosion damaged structure, and then the active substances in the repair material will penetrate into substrate concrete and protect corroded steel reinforcement. Another value added is the application of recycled raw materials into the proposed materials, which has indisputable environmental effect and simultaneously allows for improvement of some properties of the repair materials. Further was developed a new method for detecting corrosion inhibitors in concrete.