Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Univ., 2003. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Univ., 2002. / Härtill 5 uppsatser. År 2005 tilldelat nummer i serien Linköping studies in arts and science.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2005. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2006. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Bipolar disorder (BD) is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide and has a detrimental impact on health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and personal and social functioning. Despite this, there is insufficient knowledge of the costs, HRQoL implications relevant to BD, and the cost-effectiveness of current treatments for BD in the UK. This thesis aims to inform decisions about local and national service provision by applying a variety of health economic tools to build an economic case for BD. First, economic evaluations of BD management strategies are systematically reviewed. A cost-of-illness study is then conducted to estimate the societal burden of BD in the UK and explore the factors that drive variations in these costs. The appropriateness of applying the EQ-5D-3L outcome measure in BD is assessed, and the feasibility of mapping disease-specific measures to the EQ-5D-3L is explored. Finally, a cost-utility analysis (CUA) is conducted to bring together evidence on the costs and outcomes associated with alternative psychological interventions in BD management. This thesis makes critical contributions to multiple research domains, informing the allocation of scarce healthcare resources in this context. There is a sheer dearth of evidence on cost-effectiveness strategies for the long-term management of BD in the UK, especially the evidence for psychological therapies is limited. The annual societal costs associated with BD in the UK are estimated to be £5.14 billion, demonstrating the significant economic burden associated with this disease. The EQ-5D-3L instrument is found to be useful in measuring HRQoL in BD patients who predominantly experience depressive symptoms but is not sensitive enough to detect changes in individuals with mania. More psychometric evidence is therefore required before this instrument can be widely applied in economic evaluations of BD-related interventions. Finally, the CUA indicates that a novel structured psychoeducation intervention in individuals on remote mood monitoring in the UK is not cost-effective.

A asma é considerada um problema de saúde pública mundial. É necessário expandir o conhecimento sobre seus custos associados em diferentes regiões. O principal objetivo foi estimar os custos do tratamento da asma em uma população de asmáticos com diferentes níveis de gravidade, sob tratamento ambulatorial especializado. Os objetivos secundários foram analisar as características clínicas e sócio-econômicas da população e o custo incremental da associação com a rinite e infecções respiratórias (IR). Asmáticos &#8805; 6 anos de idade com asma persistente foram incluídos consecutivamente de março de 2011 a setembro de 2012. Todos realizaram visitas clínicas de rotina com intervalos de 3-4 meses e 2 entrevistas com intervalos de 6 meses para coleta dados. Variáveis clínicas e dados primários sobre os custos da asma, rinite e infecções respiratórias (IR) foram coletados diretamente dos pacientes ou responsáveis (< 18 anos), sob uma perspectiva da sociedade. Os custos em reais foram convertidos em dólares usando a paridade do poder de compra em 2012 (US$ 1,00 = R$ 1,71). Cento e oito pacientes completaram o estudo, sendo 73,8% mulheres. A maioria (75,0%) reside no município do RJ, sendo que 60,1% destes moram longe da unidade de saúde. Rinite crônica estava presente em 83,3%, e mais da metade tinha sobrepeso ou obesidade, nos quais a prevalência de asma grave foi maior (p = 0,001). Metade ou mais dos trabalhadores e estudantes faltaram as suas atividades em decorrência da asma. A renda familiar mensal (RFM) média foi de US$ 915,90 (DP=879,12). O custo médio estimado da asma/rinite/IR foi de US$ 1.276,72 por paciente-ano (DP=764,14) e o custo médio específico da asma foi de US$ 1.140,94 (DP=760,87). Asmáticos obesos, graves ou não controlados tiveram maiores custos em comparação aos não obesos, moderados/leves e controlados (p <0,05 em todas as comparações). A população estudada tem nível sócio-econômico médio/baixo, alta prevalência de rinite crônica e de sobrepeso/obesidade. Maior peso e menor RFM foram mais frequentes entre os graves e não controlados, respectivamente. Asmáticos obesos, graves ou não controlados tiveram maiores custos. O custo incremental da rinite e IR foi de 12%. O custo médio da asma foi equivalente à metade do relatado na União Européia e nos Estados Unidos da América, e foi maior do que a média na região Ásia-Pacífico. Num cenário ideal, onde todos os asmáticos brasileiros recebessem tratamento no Sistema Único de Saúde de acordo com a Iniciativa Global para Asma, o custo total da asma seria equivalente a 3,4-4,5% e 0,4-0,6% do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) da saúde e do PIB brasileiro, respectivamente. Estratégias de saúde pública com programas estruturados que facilitem o melhor controle da asma e estimulem a redução de peso poderão contribuir para reduzir os custos da doença, o que poderia tornar a oferta de tratamento medicamentoso gratuito para todos os asmáticos persistentes no SUS uma meta alcançável. Recomendamos estender este estudo de custo da asma para diferentes regiões do país. / Asthma is considered a health problem worldwide. It is necessary to expand our knowledge in different regions of the world, including its associated costs. The major aim was to estimate economic costs of asthma treatment in a cohort of persistent asthmatics with different severity levels under specialized ambulatory care. Secondary aims were to analyze the clinical and socioeconomic characteristics of this population and to estimate the incremental cost associated to rhinitis and respiratory infections. Patients &#8805; 6 years old with persistent asthma were consecutively included from March 2011 to September 2012. They made routine clinical visits with 3 to 4-month intervals and 2 interviews with 6-month intervals. Clinical variables and asthma, rhinitis and respiratory infections (RI) primary data on costs were collected directly from patients or their parents (patients under 18 years old), regarding the two 6-month prior periods in a societal perspective. Brazilian costs were converted into USD using the purchasing power parity in 2012 (US$ 1.00=R$ 1.71). One hundred and eight out of 117 subjects completed the study. 73.8% were women, 60.1% lived far from the health care unit. Chronic rhinitis was present in 83.3% and more than 50.0% were overweight or obese, in whom the prevalence of severe asthma was greater (p=0.001). 75% of the students and half of the workers had missed activity days because asthma. Mean monthly family income (MFI) was US$ 915.90 (SD=879.12). The estimated mean total cost of asthma, rhinitis and RI was US$ 1,276.72 per patient-year (SD=764.14) and the mean specific annual asthma cost was US$ 1,140.94 (SD=760.87) per patient. Obese, severe or uncontrolled asthmatics had greater costs compared to non-obese, mild/moderate and controlled ones, respectively (p<0.05 in all comparisons). The population had medium to low socio-economic status, a high prevalence of associated chronic rhinitis and overweight or obesity. High body weight and lower MFI were more frequent among patients with greater severity and worse control, respectively. Obese, severe or uncontrolled asthmatics had greater costs. Asthma had a great impact on absenteeism. The mean cost of asthma was equivalent to the half of that in European Union and United States of America and was greater than the mean of Asia-Pacific region. In an ideal scenario, where all asthmatics would be receiving GINA guided treatment in the Unified Health System (UHF), like ours, the total cost of asthma would be equivalent to 3.4 to 4.5% and 0.4 to 0.6% of Brazilian health gross domestic product (HGDP) and Brazilian GDP, respectively. Public health strategies with programs aiming get better control and stimulating weight reduction could contribute to lower cost of asthma, possibly making the offer of free asthma medication to all persistent asthmatics in UHF a more achievable task. We recommend to expand this study to other different regions.

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