O câncer de colo de útero (CCU) é um dos mais danosos que afetam as mulheres, especialmente em países em desenvolvimento, onde os programas de prevenção (baseados no exame de Papanicolaou) não se mostram efetivos. Vacinas contra o HPV foram disponibilizadas em 2007 como prevenção primária do CCU. Apresentam boa eficácia e segurança, porém um elevado custo para sua incorporação. O objetivo desta dissertação é avaliar a incidência de câncer de colo de útero no estado de Roraima, seu impacto econômico, e o perfil sócio-econômico das portadoras de CCU tratada no SUS, além de realizar análises de custo-efetividade e custo-utilidade da inclusão da vacinação para o HPV aos programas preventivos vigentes. A dissertação é composta por 2 ensaios cujo tema unificador é a análise econômica de estratégias de combate ao CCU. No primeiro ensaio, todos os exames histopatológicos e citológicos emitidos em Roraima em 2009 foram revisados, juntamente com os prontuários médicos de todas as pacientes portadoras de CCU. Todos os procedimentos terapêuticos e diagnósticos realizados em 2009 em portadoras de CCU foram registrados. Prospectivamente foram entrevistadas as pacientes portadoras de CCU abordando tópicos sócio-econômicos. Foram registrados 90 casos de CCU em Roraima em 2009. A incidência correspondeu a 46,2 casos novos por 100.000 mulheres, a maior do Brasil. As portadoras do CCU demonstram perfil econômico desfavorável, exclusão social, e baixo conhecimento e adesão precária aos programas preventivos de saúde feminina. O impacto anual do CCU para gestão em saúde de Roraima é superior a R$8 mil por caso. Este ensaio ressalta a inequidade de acesso aos programas preventivos em Roraima, excluindo da cobertura de rastreio o subgrupo que mais se beneficiaria, e gerando custos elevados. O segundo ensaio realiza avaliações econômicas da incorporação da vacina para o HPV para o estado de Roraima. Foi desenvolvido um modelo de coorte de Markov como instrumento analítico de simulação da história natural do HPV até a progressão para CCU, levando em consideração os programas preventivos. As probabilidades de transição foram baseadas preferencialmente em dados empíricos locais e nacionais. Após calibração satisfatória e considerando valores de caso-base, a adição a vacinação para HPV reduziria em 35% a incidência de CCU, em cenário de realização de 3 testes de Papanicolaou ao longo da vida. A razão incremental de custo-efetividade foi de R$ 2.556 para cada ano de vida ajustado pela qualidade (AVAQ) poupado. As análises de sensibilidade confirmam a robustez deste resultado. A vacinação possui perfil favorável do ponto de vista de custo-utilidade, e sua inclusão no calendário vacinal resultaria em redução substancial da incidência e mortalidade por CCU em Roraima. / Invasive cervical cancer (ICC) is one of the most damaging that affect women, especially in developing countries, where preventive programs (based on the Pap smear) haven’t achieved effectiveness. HPV vaccines have recently been proposed as primary prevention of ICC. They show good efficacy and safety, but a high cost for its acquisition. Objectives: The objective of this dissertation is to evaluate the incidence of ICC in Roraima, its economic impact, and the socioeconomic profile of ICC carriers assisted in the public health system, and to perform a costeffectiveness and cost-utility analysis of adding HPV vaccination to current preventive programs. In the first essay, all histopathologic and cytologic reports issued in Roraima in 2009 were reviewed, along with the medical records of all patients diagnosed with ICC. All therapeutic and diagnostic procedures performed in 2009 in women with ICC cervix carcinoma were recorded. These patients were argued prospectively, addressing socio-economic topics. We registered 90 cases of cervical cancer in Roraima in 2009. The incidence corresponded to 46.2 new cases per 100,000 women. Carriers of the ICC showed unfavorable economic profile, social exclusion, deficient knowledge on ICC prevention and low adherence to the screening preventive programs. The annual impact of the ICC in Roraima is over R$ 8,000 per case. This essay highlights the inequity of access to preventive programs in Roraima, that excludes the subgroup of the population who would mostly benefit from screening, resulting in elevated costs. The second essay conducted economic evaluations of the incorporation of HPV vaccine to preventive programs in Roraima. A Markov cohort model was developed as an analytic tool to simulate the natural history of HPV and its progress to ICC, considering the current preventive programs. Transition probabilities were based mainly on empirical data of local and national studies. After satisfactory calibration values and considering the base case, the addition of HPV vaccination would reduce by 35% the incidence of ICC, in a scenario of three Pap tests throughout life. The incremental ratio of cost-effectiveness was R$ 2,556 for each year of quality-adjusted life (QALY) saved. The sensitivity analysis confirms the robustness of this result. Vaccination has a favorable profile in terms of cost-utility, and its inclusion in the immunization schedule would result in substantial reduction in incidence and mortality of ICC in Roraima.

O câncer de colo de útero (CCU) é um dos mais danosos que afetam as mulheres, especialmente em países em desenvolvimento, onde os programas de prevenção (baseados no exame de Papanicolaou) não se mostram efetivos. Vacinas contra o HPV foram disponibilizadas em 2007 como prevenção primária do CCU. Apresentam boa eficácia e segurança, porém um elevado custo para sua incorporação. O objetivo desta dissertação é avaliar a incidência de câncer de colo de útero no estado de Roraima, seu impacto econômico, e o perfil sócio-econômico das portadoras de CCU tratada no SUS, além de realizar análises de custo-efetividade e custo-utilidade da inclusão da vacinação para o HPV aos programas preventivos vigentes. A dissertação é composta por 2 ensaios cujo tema unificador é a análise econômica de estratégias de combate ao CCU. No primeiro ensaio, todos os exames histopatológicos e citológicos emitidos em Roraima em 2009 foram revisados, juntamente com os prontuários médicos de todas as pacientes portadoras de CCU. Todos os procedimentos terapêuticos e diagnósticos realizados em 2009 em portadoras de CCU foram registrados. Prospectivamente foram entrevistadas as pacientes portadoras de CCU abordando tópicos sócio-econômicos. Foram registrados 90 casos de CCU em Roraima em 2009. A incidência correspondeu a 46,2 casos novos por 100.000 mulheres, a maior do Brasil. As portadoras do CCU demonstram perfil econômico desfavorável, exclusão social, e baixo conhecimento e adesão precária aos programas preventivos de saúde feminina. O impacto anual do CCU para gestão em saúde de Roraima é superior a R$8 mil por caso. Este ensaio ressalta a inequidade de acesso aos programas preventivos em Roraima, excluindo da cobertura de rastreio o subgrupo que mais se beneficiaria, e gerando custos elevados. O segundo ensaio realiza avaliações econômicas da incorporação da vacina para o HPV para o estado de Roraima. Foi desenvolvido um modelo de coorte de Markov como instrumento analítico de simulação da história natural do HPV até a progressão para CCU, levando em consideração os programas preventivos. As probabilidades de transição foram baseadas preferencialmente em dados empíricos locais e nacionais. Após calibração satisfatória e considerando valores de caso-base, a adição a vacinação para HPV reduziria em 35% a incidência de CCU, em cenário de realização de 3 testes de Papanicolaou ao longo da vida. A razão incremental de custo-efetividade foi de R$ 2.556 para cada ano de vida ajustado pela qualidade (AVAQ) poupado. As análises de sensibilidade confirmam a robustez deste resultado. A vacinação possui perfil favorável do ponto de vista de custo-utilidade, e sua inclusão no calendário vacinal resultaria em redução substancial da incidência e mortalidade por CCU em Roraima. / Invasive cervical cancer (ICC) is one of the most damaging that affect women, especially in developing countries, where preventive programs (based on the Pap smear) haven’t achieved effectiveness. HPV vaccines have recently been proposed as primary prevention of ICC. They show good efficacy and safety, but a high cost for its acquisition. Objectives: The objective of this dissertation is to evaluate the incidence of ICC in Roraima, its economic impact, and the socioeconomic profile of ICC carriers assisted in the public health system, and to perform a costeffectiveness and cost-utility analysis of adding HPV vaccination to current preventive programs. In the first essay, all histopathologic and cytologic reports issued in Roraima in 2009 were reviewed, along with the medical records of all patients diagnosed with ICC. All therapeutic and diagnostic procedures performed in 2009 in women with ICC cervix carcinoma were recorded. These patients were argued prospectively, addressing socio-economic topics. We registered 90 cases of cervical cancer in Roraima in 2009. The incidence corresponded to 46.2 new cases per 100,000 women. Carriers of the ICC showed unfavorable economic profile, social exclusion, deficient knowledge on ICC prevention and low adherence to the screening preventive programs. The annual impact of the ICC in Roraima is over R$ 8,000 per case. This essay highlights the inequity of access to preventive programs in Roraima, that excludes the subgroup of the population who would mostly benefit from screening, resulting in elevated costs. The second essay conducted economic evaluations of the incorporation of HPV vaccine to preventive programs in Roraima. A Markov cohort model was developed as an analytic tool to simulate the natural history of HPV and its progress to ICC, considering the current preventive programs. Transition probabilities were based mainly on empirical data of local and national studies. After satisfactory calibration values and considering the base case, the addition of HPV vaccination would reduce by 35% the incidence of ICC, in a scenario of three Pap tests throughout life. The incremental ratio of cost-effectiveness was R$ 2,556 for each year of quality-adjusted life (QALY) saved. The sensitivity analysis confirms the robustness of this result. Vaccination has a favorable profile in terms of cost-utility, and its inclusion in the immunization schedule would result in substantial reduction in incidence and mortality of ICC in Roraima.

A tese abordou questões relacionadas à economia da saúde, particularmente à visão econômica dos transplantes renais. Foi conduzida uma análise de custo-utilidade para verificar qual tratamento, transplante renal ou hemodiálise, possui menor razão de custo por anos de vida ajustados por qualidade. O resultado obtido corrobora as evidências internacionais, as quais indicam o transplante renal como estratégia mais custo-efetiva. No caso deste estudo, a razão de custo-utilidade para o transplante renal e hemodiálise foi de R$ 18.161,00/AVAQ e R$ 40.872,00/AVAQ, respectivamente. Apesar de o transplante renal ser uma estratégia dominante, a escassez de órgãos impede que essa estratégia seja amplamente utilizada, reduzindo, assim, os ganhos de eficiência na alocação dos recursos escassos. Nesse contexto, também foi alvo desta tese a questão da escassez de órgãos. Pelo levantamento feito, há tendência de aumento do desequilíbrio entre demanda e oferta de órgãos, visto que a primeira cresce rapidamente, enquanto a segunda mostra pequena tendência de crescimento. Assim, alternativas para contornar esse problema foram analisadas, especialmente as relacionadas a mudanças institucionais na lei de doação de órgãos. Entre elas, foi argüido que a lei de consentimento presumido seria a opção mais factível, por não ferir o pressuposto do altruísmo. Objetivando estimar quanto seria o eventual incremento na doação de órgãos por doador cadáver devido à lei de consentimento presumido, fez-se uso do ferramental da econometria da saúde, aplicando, para uma amostra de 34 países ao longo de cinco anos, o método de regressão quantílica para dados de painel. Os resultados obtidos nessa aplicação indicam que há benefício na adoção da lei de consentimento presumido, que tem um efeito positivo sobre a taxa de doação de órgãos, em torno de 21-26%, comparada à lei de consentimento informado. / The thesis broaches questions related to health economics, particularly the economic vision of renal transplants. A cost-utility analysis was conducted to assess which treatment, renal transplant or hemodialysis, has a lower cost rate per quality-adjusted life years. The result obtained corroborates the international evidence, which indicates renal transplant as the most cost effective strategy. In the case of this study, the cost-utility ratio for renal transplant and hemodialysis was US$ 11,157/QALY and US$ 25,110/QALY, respectively. In spite of renal transplant being the dominant strategy, the scarcity of organs hinders this strategy to be widely used, reducing in this way, the efficiency gain in the allocation of scarce resources. Within this context, the organ shortage was also a target issue of this thesis. Through the survey performed, there is a tendency towards the increase of unbalance between the demand and supply of organs, being that the first grows rapidly while the second shows small tendency towards growth. Within this context, the investigation target of this thesis was to look into possible alternatives to by-pass this problem, especially those related to institutional changes in the organ donation law. Among them, it was argued that the law of presumed consent would be the most feasible option, since it does not harm the presupposition of altruism. With the object of estimating what would be the eventual increase in organ donation, per cadaveric donor, due to the law of presumed consent, the health econometric tool of quantile regression method for panel data was used, applied to a sample of 34 countries during a five-year period. The results obtained in this application indicate that there is benefit in adopting the law of presumed consent, which has a positive effect on the organ donation rate, around 21 – 26%, compared to the law of informed consent.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2018-06-12T14:04:08Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-06-14T11:49:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-14T11:49:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-05-04 / Pacientes portadoras de hipertrofia mamária estão mais vulneráveis a apresentar diminuição da autoestima e da vida sexual, depressão e ansiedade. Apesar da verdadeira prevalência de hipertrofia mamária não ter sido avaliada, a redução da mama é um dos procedimentos mais realizados por cirurgiões plásticos em todo o mundo. A avaliação da melhora na qualidade de vida de pacientes submetidos à mamoplastia redutora fez-se necessária desde o desenvolvimento da técnica, como forma de avaliar seu uso nos pacientes portadores de hipertrofia mamária. Para que possamos medir se há alteração do nível de qualidade de vida nos pacientes submetidos à mamoplastia redutora foram desenvolvidas diversas formas de avaliação. A satisfação da paciente e a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde tornaram-se importantes instrumentos para avaliar os resultados e o sucesso da cirurgia da mama, tanto cosmética quanto reconstrutora. O Breast-Q® é um instrumento para avaliação da imagem corporal e de qualidade de vida em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia da mama e seus dados foram utilizados tanto para avaliar qualidade de vida e satisfação das pacientes em vários aspectos assim como para cálculo do custo-utilidade. Gastos com cuidados em saúde têm sofrido grandes aumentos nos últimos dez anos. Este crescente de gastos tem levado os gestores de políticas de saúde a alocar recursos de forma mais eficiente. A cirurgia plástica é muitas vezes criticada por intervenções de alto custo e com pouco impacto sobre a duração da vida. Entretanto, apesar de intervenções de cirurgia plástica poderem prolongar a vida em determinadas circunstâncias, o impacto mais profundo para nossos pacientes é muitas vezes uma melhoria na qualidade de vida. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a qualidade de vida e satisfação das pacientes portadoras de Hipertrofia mamária moderada a gigantomastias, no pré e pós-operatório e avaliar o custo-utilidade da mamoplastia redutora. Realizou-se um estudo prospectivo de coorte, quando 83 pacientes foram submetidas à cirurgia onde os resultados apontam para melhorias estatisticamente significativas na satisfação tanto com as mamas, quanto com o bem-estar psicossocial, físico e sexual. O custo total do tratamento levou em conta os exames, a cirurgia e os medicamentos usados no pósoperatório, além de todas as consultas realizadas desde o pré-operatorio até o sexto mês de pós-operatório, quando a paciente é considerada de alta. Todos estes custos foram calculados levando-se em conta se a paciente foi reoperada ou não, devido às complicações no pós-operatório. A análise do custo–utilidade nos levou aos seguintes resultados:nas pacientes submetidas à cirurgia e que evoluíram sem complicações a ACU foi de R$1.109,00/30,56 QALY. Nas reoperadas este valor foi de R$1.665,00/21,49 QALY. A média ponderada calculada para todas as pacientes que foram submetidas à cirurgia, foi igual a R$1.153,00/29,8% QALY. A razão incremental de custo-utilidade que chegamos nesta pesquisa é de R$62,20/QALY ganho. Os resultados do presente estudo apontam para a existência de uma melhora significativa na qualidade de vida das pacientes submetidas à redução mamária, tanto no aspecto físico quanto no psicossocial. Assim, o desenvolvimento e a validação do Breast-Q representam um avanço para a cirurgia plástica e reconstrutiva das mamas, uma vez que esse questionário disponibiliza um método específico para avaliar os resultados, fornecendo referência para comparação entre estudos.Diante da necessidade no mundo atual de uma politica de redução de custos,e a escassez de estudos brasileiros sobre custo-efetividade/utilidade em Cirurgia Plástica, devem ser cada vez mais estimulados a fim de avaliar intervenções nesta área especializada, permitindo uma analise detalhada,para definir a qualidade das ações econômicas existentes e orientar melhorias. / Patients who have breast hypertrophy are more vulnerable to decreased self-esteem, an impaired sexual life, depression and anxiety. The true prevalence of breast hypertrophy was not evaluated; however, breast reduction is one of the most performed surgical procedures by plastic surgeons around the world. The evaluation of the improvement in the quality of life of patients who underwent reduction mammoplasty has become necessary since the development of the technique, as a way to evaluate its use in patients with breast hypertrophy. In order to be able to measure, if there is a change in the level of quality of life in patients submitted to reductive mammoplasty, several forms of evaluation were developed. The patient's satisfaction and health-related quality of life have become important tools for evaluating the outcomes and success of both cosmetic and reconstructive breast surgery. Breast-Q® is an instrument for assessing body image and quality of life in patients undergoing breast surgery and its data were used to evaluate both the quality of life and the patient's satisfaction in several aspects as well as to calculate cost-utility. Costs with health care have undergone large increases in the last ten years. This rising expenditure has led health policy managers to allocate resources more efficiently. Plastic surgery is often criticized for costly interventions with little impact on Life expectancy. However, while plastic surgery interventions may extend life in certain circumstances, the deeper impact on our patients is often an improvement in quality of life. The objective of this study is to evaluate the quality of life and satisfaction of patients with moderate mammary hypertrophy to gigantomastia, in the pre and postoperative period and also to assess the cost-utility of the reduction mammaplasty. A prospective cohort study was performed, when 83 patients underwent surgery, with the results pointing to statistically significant improvements in the satisfaction not only with her breasts, bit also in the psychosocial, physical and sexual well-being. The total cost of the treatment took into account the exams, surgery and medications used in the postoperative period, in addition to all medical appointments performed from the preoperative to the sixth postoperative month, when the patient is considered discharged. All these costs were calculated considering whether the patient was reoperated or not, due to postoperative complications. The cost-utility analysis led us to the following results: patients submitted to surgery and who evolved without complications, the ACU was R$1.109,00/30.56 QALY. In the reoperated group, this value was R$1.665,00/21.49 QALY. The weighted average calculated for all patients who underwent surgery was equal to R$1.153,00/29.8% QALY. The incremental cost-utility ratio that we got in this survey is R$62,20/QALY gain. The results of the present study point to the existence of a significant improvement in the quality of life in patients who underwent breast reduction, both in the physical and psychosocial aspects. Therefore, the development and validation of Breast-Q represent an advance for plastic and reconstructive breast surgery, since this questionnaire provides a specific method to evaluate the results, providing reference for comparison between studies. Facing the need in today 's world for a cost reduction policy, and the lack of brazilian costeffectiveness/utility studies in Plastic Surgery, this sort of should be increasingly performed in order to evaluate interventions in this specialized area, allowing a detailed analysis, to define the quality of the current economic actions and to guide improvements.

Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka ekonomiska utvärderingar av preventiva metoder som används inom tandvården genom att göra en systematisk litteraturöversikt och besvara frågor om vilka preventiva metoder som analyserats avseende kostnad och effekt samt vilka typer av ekonomiska utvärderingar som analyserats. Material och metod: En sökningsstrategi genomfördes och PubMed, The Cochrane Library och Web of Science utgjorde databaser för litteratursökningen. Inklusions- och exklusionskriterier fastställdes och ett protokoll utgjorde grunden för läsningen av de inkluderade studierna i fulltext. En kritisk granskning av de inkluderade studierna genomfördes genom att använda ett andra protokoll. Resultat: Totalt 38 publikationer om ekonomiska utvärderingar av preventiva metoder som används inom tandvården inkluderades. Studier om kariespreventiva metoder var av övervägande majoritet (n=35) och endast ett fåtal studier utvärderade preventiva metoder för andra sjukdomar (n=3). Den vanligaste preventiva metoden som utvärderades var fissurförsegling (n=8) följt av fluorlackning (n=6) och vattenfluoridering (n=3). Många studier utvärderade kombinerade preventiva metoder (n=12). Typerna av ekonomiska utvärderingar var CEA (n=16) följt av CA/Cost-minimization analysis (n=10), CBA (n=3), en kombination av CEA och CBA (n=5), CUA (n=1) och en kombination av CEA och CA (n=1). Konklusion: Även om studierna om ekonomiska utvärderingar av preventiva metoder som används inom tandvården är betydligt fler än när SBU-rapporterna publicerades så kan ingen generell slutsats beträffande kostnadseffektiviteten dras på grund heterogenitet i design och sätt att analysera. Fler välgjorda studier rekommenderas. / Aims: The aim of this study was to examine economic evaluations of preventive methods used in dentistry by using a systematic review approach and answering questions about which preventive methods used in dentistry that have been analysed regarding costs and effects and what types of economic evaluations that have been conducted. Material and method: A search strategy were conducted and PubMed, The Cochrane Library and Web of Science formed the basis of the literature search. Inclusion- and exclusion criteria were defined and a protocol was made for full-text reading of the included publications. A critical appraisal of the included publications was made using a second protocol. Results: A total of 38 publications on economic evaluations of preventive methods used in dentistry were included. Publications on caries preventive methods were of overwhelming majority (n=35) and only a few publications evaluated preventive methods for other diseases (n=3). The most common evaluated preventive method was pit and fissure sealant (n=8) followed by fluoride varnish (n=6) and water fluoridation (n=3). Most publications evaluated combined preventive methods (n=11). Types of economic evaluations were CEA (n=16) followed by CA/Cost-minimization analysis (n=10), CBA (n=3), a combination of CEA and CBA (n=5), CUA (n=1) and a combination of CEA and CA (n=1). Conclusions: Publications on economic evaluations of preventive methods used in dentistry were considerably more than when the SBU reports were published. Yet, no general conclusions could be drawn regarding cost-effectiveness due to heterogeneity in design and way of analyses. Future well-designed studies are recommended.

Introduction: There are no economic evaluations to determine the value of PRSs. The objective of this study was to determine if the addition of a PRS to traditional risk factors to guide statin therapy is a cost-effective intervention for the prevention of primary MI cases in the Ontario healthcare payer perspective. Methods: A PRS cost-effectiveness model was constructed to produce various statin prescription strategies in conjunction with the FRS. Upper PRS thresholds (between 25% to 70%) were set such that individuals falling into them would be eligible for statins while those in lower PRS thresholds (between 1% to 25%) were deemed protected and removed from consideration. The model determined number of incident MIs saved or not saved by statins, costs, quality of life, and the effect of statins on preventing MIs over a 10-year time horizon, discounted at 1.5% annually. One-way sensitivity analysis and a PSA were performed by varying all model parameters. Non-related participants of white British descent from 96,736 participants in the UK Biobank at intermediate risk for cardiovascular disease, determined using the Canadian Cardiovascular Society dyslipidemia guidelines of 2016, were used for the study. Results: The optimal clinical and economic strategy was one whereby the top 70% PRS individuals are eligible for statins, with the lower 5% PRS excluded. A base-case analysis at a PRS cost of $70 produced an ICER of $747,184.10/QALY, ranging from $525,678.90/QALY to $930,144.40/QALY in a one-way sensitivity analysis. In the PSA, the intervention has approximately a 50% probability of being cost-effective at $750,000/QALY. At a genotyping cost of $0, statin strategies guided by PRS dominated standard care when at least 12% of the lower PRS individuals were withheld from statins. When the predictive performance of the PRS is increased, the ICER drops drastically depending on the cost of genotyping and statin strategy. Conclusion: The cost-effectiveness model considers MI cases exclusively and a short, 10-year time horizon which likely overestimate the ICER. However, this study elucidates that the PRS has the potential to be extremely cost-effective in the future. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / Approximately 1 in 3 Canadians live with at least one genetically linked chronic disease. Together, these diseases constitute a large economic burden on the healthcare system and well-being of individuals. Recent advancements in genetics allow risk prediction of developing complex, but common chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease. Termed as polygenic risk scores, they have the potential to carry beneficial clinical outcomes such as an improved quality of life. However, the economics is not yet understood. This study determined that when targeting heart attacks, approximately $750,000 is required to gain an additional life-year for an adult. Although this may seem high, the result is closer to an upper-limit estimate than the true cost since polygenic risk scores have more benefits than solely for heart attacks. In the future, when accounting for their entire potential, the cost per life-year is likely to be lower, and perhaps even a money-returning investment.

A Mucosite Oral é uma das principais e mais debilitantes complicações do Transplante de Medula Óssea. (Schubert et al., 1986; Borowski et al., 1994; Sonis, 1998; Peterson, 2004; Sonis, 2004; Scully, 2006; Sonis, 2009). Nessa terapia sua incidência varia entre 75-100%. (Wardley et al., 2000; Barasch; Peterson, 2003; Schubert et al., 2007; Blijlevens, 2008; Vokurka et al., 2009 ). A extensão e a severidade da Mucosite Oral estão significativamente correlacionadas com dias de narcótico injetável, alimentação parenteral, febre, risco de infecção importante, dias de hospitalização, custos hospitalares e mortalidade. (Sonis et al., 2001; Vera-Llonch et al., 2007). Nosso trabalho trata-se de um estudo de avaliação clínica e econômica, retrospectivo, de pacientes submetidos ao transplante de medula óssea no Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, entre os anos de 2000 e 2008. Foram avaliados 167 pacientes, que foram divididos em dois grupos: Grupo I, composto por 91 pacientes que receberam atendimento odontológico e Laserterapia durante o TMO e Grupo II, composto por 76 pacientes que não receberam atendimento odontológico nem Laserterapia. Dados como idade, sexo, diagnóstico da doença de base, protocolo quimioterápico, tipo de transplante, uso de medicação para dor, dias de febre, utilização de alimentação parenteral, dias de internação, presença de infecção e grau de mucosite oral, com e sem atendimento odontológico, foram coletados e analisados. Uma análise descritiva, com base em tabelas de frequências e testes Qui-quadrado (ou exato de Fisher, quando este se mostrou mais apropriado), foi feita com o objetivo de verificar a associação estatística entre as variáveis de interesse. Estimativas dos riscos relativos, com intervalos de confiança de 95%, foram calculadas para avaliar a associação entre o desfecho (grau máximo) e as variáveis explicativas de interesse e o tempo médio de internação (em dias) nos diferentes grupos e tipos de transplantes foi comparado por meio de um modelo de análise de variância. Valores de p menores que 0,05 foram considerados como estatisticamente significantes. Pudemos concluir com esse trabalho que a extensão e a severidade da Mucosite Oral foram maiores no grupo sem atendimento Odontológico, sendo que o risco do paciente desse grupo apresentar grau III ou IV foi de 13 vezes maior que o grupo com Cirurgião-Dentista. Além disso, observamos que atendimento odontológico durante o TMO, quando praticado da forma descrita nesse estudo, é custo-efetivo, sendo capaz de reduzir as morbidades clínicas do TMO e que os benefícios do atendimento odontológico excederam os custos e, portanto, devem ser adotados. Foi constatado também que os pacientes que tiveram o acompanhamento do Cirurgião-Dentista apresentaram melhor qualidade de vida durante TMO e que o atendimento odontológico durante o TMO gerou economia para o hospital. / Oral mucositis is one of the main and most debilitating complications of Bone Marrow Transplants. In this therapy its incidence ranges between 75-100%. The extent and severity of Oral Mucositis are significantly correlated with the days of receiving injectable narcotics, parenteral feeding, fever, and risk of important infection, number of days of hospitalization, hospital costs and mortality. This study is a retrospective clinical and economic evaluation of patients submitted to bone marrow transplant at the \"Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein\", between the years 2000 and 2008. A total of 167 patients were evaluated, and were divided into two groups: Group I, composed of 91 patients who received dental treatment and Laser therapy during the BMT and Group II, composed of 76 patients who did not receive dental attendance or laser therapy. Data such as age, sex, diagnosis of the underlying disease, chemotherapy protocol, type of transplant, use of pain relief medication, days of fever, use of parenteral feeding, days of hospitalization, presence of infection and degree of oral mucositis, with and without dental attendance were collected and analyzed. A descriptive analysis, based on Frequency tables and Chi-square tests (or Fishers exact test, when this was shown to be more appropriate), was performed with the aim of verifying the statistical association among the variables of interest. Estimates of relative risks, with confidence intervals of 95% were calculated to evaluate the association between the outcome (maximum degree) and the explicative variables of interest and the mean time of hospitalization (in days) in the different groups and types of transplants was compared by means of an analysis of variance model. p- Values lower than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. By means of this study, it could be concluded that the extent and severity of Oral Mucositis were greater in the group without Dental attendance, as the risk of the patient in this group presenting Grade III or IV was 13 times higher than it was in the group attended by a Dentist. Moreover, it was observed that dental attendance during BMT, when performed in the manner described in this study, is cost-effective, as it is capable of reducing the clinical morbidities of BMT. Furthermore the benefits of dental attendance outweighed the costs, and therefore, must be adopted. It was also found that patients that were followed-up by the Dentist presented a better quality of life during BMT and that dental attendance during BMT resulted in savings for the hospital.

No description available.

<p>Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a common problem with life-threatening consequences and was suspected to be a serious health problem in Norsjö, a municipality in northern Sweden. A screening study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence, risk factors associated with AAA and the effect of screening on quality of life (QoL). All men and women, aged 65-75 years, were invited to an ultrasonography (US) examination, 91% attended and 92 subjects were also evaluated with computed tomography (CT).</p><p>Depending on diagnostic criteria, the AAA prevalence was 3.6-16.9% in men and 0.8-9.4% in women. Seventy-five percent of the differences between US- and CT anteroposterior measurements were less than 5 mm. A decrease in mental health was observed among AAA patients with low baseline SF-36 scale scores. Elevated cholesterol at age 60 years were associated with screening detected AAA after 12 years of follow-up. Smoking, atherosclerosis and having a first degree relative with AAA were associated with AAA at screening. Compared to blood samples obtained 12 years prior to screening an elevation of hsCRP over time was observed among AAA patients. </p><p>Based on a systematic review of the literature, different screening strategies were analysed in a Markov cohort model. The cost per life year gained ranged from $8 309 to $14 084 and was estimated to $10 474 when 65 year old men were screened once.</p><p>Conclusions: The highest prevalence of AAA ever reported, in a population-based screening program, was found in Norsjö. The risk of having an AAA at screening showed a strong but complex association with atherosclerosis and its risk factors, genetic and inflammatory mechanisms may also be important. Screening 65-year-old men for AAA may be cost-effective, but QoL aspects on the cost-effectiveness of AAA screening merits further investigation.</p>

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a common problem with life-threatening consequences and was suspected to be a serious health problem in Norsjö, a municipality in northern Sweden. A screening study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence, risk factors associated with AAA and the effect of screening on quality of life (QoL). All men and women, aged 65-75 years, were invited to an ultrasonography (US) examination, 91% attended and 92 subjects were also evaluated with computed tomography (CT). Depending on diagnostic criteria, the AAA prevalence was 3.6-16.9% in men and 0.8-9.4% in women. Seventy-five percent of the differences between US- and CT anteroposterior measurements were less than 5 mm. A decrease in mental health was observed among AAA patients with low baseline SF-36 scale scores. Elevated cholesterol at age 60 years were associated with screening detected AAA after 12 years of follow-up. Smoking, atherosclerosis and having a first degree relative with AAA were associated with AAA at screening. Compared to blood samples obtained 12 years prior to screening an elevation of hsCRP over time was observed among AAA patients. Based on a systematic review of the literature, different screening strategies were analysed in a Markov cohort model. The cost per life year gained ranged from $8 309 to $14 084 and was estimated to $10 474 when 65 year old men were screened once. Conclusions: The highest prevalence of AAA ever reported, in a population-based screening program, was found in Norsjö. The risk of having an AAA at screening showed a strong but complex association with atherosclerosis and its risk factors, genetic and inflammatory mechanisms may also be important. Screening 65-year-old men for AAA may be cost-effective, but QoL aspects on the cost-effectiveness of AAA screening merits further investigation.