É bem conhecido o fato de que todo grupo compacto tem sequências não triviais convergentes. A existência de grupos enumeravelmente compactos sem sequências não triviais convergentes, foi provada usando axiomas adicionais à axiomática usual ZFC: A. Hajnal e I. Juhász sob CH, E. K. van Douwen sob MA, A. H. Tomita sob MA(sigma-centrada) e R.E. Madariaga-Garcia e A. H. Tomita usando ultrafiltros seletivos. Neste trabalho, estudaremos algumas construções recentes relacionadas com as citadas acima, usando o Axioma de Martin, ultrafiltros seletivos e forcing. Essas construções estão relacionadas com algumas questões indicadas por A.D. Wallace, E. van Douwen, M. Tkachenko, D. Dikranjan e D. Shakhmatov / It is well known that every compact group has non-trivial convergent sequences. The existence of countably compact groups without non-trivial convergent sequences was proved using extra set-theoretical assumptions: A. Hajnal and I. Juhasz under CH, E. K. van Douwen under MA, A.H.Tomita under MA(centered) and R.E.Madariaga-Garcia and A.H. Tomita using a selective ultrafilter. I n this work, we study some recent constructions related to the ones given above using Martin Axiom, selective ultrafilters and forcing, related to questions raised by A.D. Wallace, E. van Douwen, M. Tkacenko, D. Dikranjan and D. Shakhmatov.

O conceito de reflexão em topologia expressa o fato de que um espaço satisfaz uma dada propriedade sempre que esta é satisfeita por seus subespaços \"menores\". Neste trabalho, estuda-se a reflexão de propriedades envolvendo a maioria das principais funções cardinais e metrizabilidade, bem como outras propriedades relacionadas. São discutidos problemas em aberto -- como o problema de Hamburger --, incluindo respostas parciais e exemplos de consistência. Várias dentre as demonstrações apresentadas utilizam técnicas de submodelos elementares, que constituem hoje uma importante ferramenta no estudo de topologia geral. / The concept of reflection in topology expresses the fact that a space satisfies a given property provided that its \"small\" subspaces do. This work presents a study on reflection of properties concerning most of the main cardinal functions and metrizability, as well as other related properties. Open problems --such as Hamburger\'s question-- are also discussed, including partial answers and consistent examples. Several of the proofs presented here make use of elementary submodels, nowadays an important tool in the study of general topology.

This thesis examines the method of forcing in set theory and focuses on aspects that are set aside in the usual presentations or applications of forcing. It is shown that forcing can be formalized in Peano arithmetic (PA) and that consis- tency results obtained by forcing are provable in PA. Two ways are presented of overcoming the assumption of the existence of a countable transitive model. The thesis also studies forcing as a method giving rise to interpretations between theories. A notion of bi-interpretability is defined and a method of forcing over a non-standard model of ZFC is developed in order to argue that ZFC and ZF are not bi-interpretable. 1

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:40:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo da Silva Melo.pdf: 1288469 bytes, checksum: 4fac634345d4909350d94b144f5e7490 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-05 / The thematic central office of this project is the study of the methods and techniques of evaluation of companies who can support the process of measurement of the Intangible Assets, more specifically of the projection of the potential of economic result of these aspects. The objective is to obtain to inside approach the countable information of economic of the industrial companies of the eletroeletronics sector, without its reference (historical cost) either abandoned, propitiating an additional and excellent information to the managers in the taking of decisions that they aim at to the present and to the future, in the processes of acquisitions or fusing, Through a study of in four representative companies of the sector of eletroeletronics that, it is intended to verify the utility of the application of the methods and the techniques of evaluation of companies, to contribute in the measurement of the Intangible Assets, in companies of the industrial sector of eletroeletronics. The difficulty in understanding this aspect has caused innumerable questions and quarrels regarding the importance of the countable information and the position of the accountant / A temática central deste trabalho é o estudo dos métodos e das técnicas de avaliação de empresas que possam apoiar o processo de mensuração dos Ativos Intangíveis, mais especificamente, da projeção do potencial de resultado econômico desses aspectos. O objetivo é conseguir aproximar a mensuração contábil da mensuração econômica nas empresas industriais do setor eletroeletrônico, sem que seu referencial (custo histórico) seja abandonado. Desse modo, pretende-se propiciar informação adicional e relevante aos gestores, qualificando o processo de tomada de decisões que visam ao presente e ao futuro, nos processos de aquisições ou fusões. Por meio de um estudo focalizado em quatro empresas representativas do setor de eletroeletrônico, pretende-se verificar a utilidade da aplicação dos métodos e das técnicas de avaliação de empresas enquanto ferramentas contribuintes para a mensuração dos Ativos Intangíveis. A dificuldade em compreender esse aspecto tem causado inúmeros debates e discussões a respeito da importância da informação contábil e da postura do contador, para o que este trabalho pretende oferecer esclarecimentos relevantes

Conner and Spencer used ultrafilters to construct homomorphisms between fundamental groups that could not be induced by continuous functions between the underlying spaces. We use methods from Shelah and Pawlikowski to prove that Conner and Spencer could not have constructed these homomorphisms with a weak version of the Axiom of Choice. This led us to define and examine a class of pathological objects that cannot be constructed without a strong version of the Axiom of Choice, which we call the class of inscrutable objects. Objects that do not need a strong version of the Axiom of Choice are scrutable. We show that the scrutable homomorphisms from the fundamental group of a Peano continuum are exactly the homomorphisms induced by a continuous function.We suspect that any proposed theorem whose proof does not use a strong Axiom of Choice cannot have an inscrutable counterexample.

Στη μελέτη αυτή δεχόμεθα ως βασικές έννοιες την έννοια του συνόλου, την έννοια της συνάρτησης και την έννοια των φυσικών αριθμών. Ορίζουμε και αποδεικνύουμε ό,τι χρειάζεται από την θεωρία των συνόλων για να κατασκευάσουμε το σύστημα των ακεραίων αριθμών, το σύστημα των ρητών και τελικά το σύστημα των πραγματικών αριθμών. Σε όλα τα παραπάνω συστήματα ορίζεται η έννοια της διάταξης και αποδεικνύεται ότι το σύστημα των ρητών αριθμών είναι ένα Αρχιμήδειο σώμα που είναι πυκνό υποσύνολο του σώματος των πραγματικών αριθμών. Εν συνεχεία αποδεικνύονται οι χαρακτηριστικές ιδιότητες του σώματος των πραγματικών αριθμών, δηλαδή η ιδιότητα της πληρότητας (κάθε ακολουθία Cauchy συγκλίνει) και η ιδιότητα του άνω φράγματος (κάθε μή κενό υποσύνολο ,που είναι φραγμένο εκ των άνω, έχει ένα ελάχιστο άνω φράγμα (supremum). Όλα τα παραπάνω και πολλά σχετικά με αυτά περιέχονται στα κεφάλαια 1 ως και 7. Το κεφάλαιο 8 περιέχει μία συλλογή αποτελεσμάτων σχετικά με τους πληθικούς αριθμούς, οι οποίοι ορίζονται και μελετώνται στο κεφάλαιο 3. Πολλά από τα αποτελέσματα αυτά αφορούν στον πληθικό αριθμό των πραγματικών αριθμών. Στο κεφάλαιο 9 ορίζονται όλες οι έννοιες που χρειάζονται για να γίνουν κατανοητά τα αποτελέσματα σχετικά με την θεωρία των καλώς διατεταγμένων συνόλων και την θεωρία των διατακτικών αριθμών (ordinal numbers). Των κεφαλαίων 1, 2, 3 προτάσσεται ιστορικό σημείωμα που αφορά τις έννοιες που αναπτύσσονται σε αυτά. Ανάλογο ιστορικό σημείωμα προτάσσεται των υπολοίπων κεφαλαίων. / In this study, I acknowledge as basic meanings, the meaning of the set, the meaning of the function and the meaning of natural numbers. We define and prove whatever is needed from the theory of sets in order to construct the system of integral numbers, the system of rational numbers and ultimately the field of real numbers. In all the above systems the meaning of arrangement is defined and it is proven that the system of rational numbers is an Archimedean field which is a dense subset of the field of real numbers. Next, the characteristic properties of the field of real numbers are proven, i.e. the property of compactness (each sequence Cauchy converges)and the property of the upper bound (each non empty subset, which is bounded from above , has a minimum upper bound (supremum). All of the above and many other things related to this are contained in chapters 1 to 7. Chapter 8 contains a selection of results relating to cardinal numbers, which are defined and studied in chapter 3 Many of these results relate to cardinal number of reals numbers. In chapter 9, all the meanings which are needed in order for the results relating to the theory of the well-ordered sets and the theory of ordinal numbers, to become understood are included. Preceeding chapters 1, 2, 3 there is a historic note relating to the meanings which are developed in them. There is a corresponding historic note preceeding the rest of the chapters.