Darbe formuluojama ginčų dėl nedidelių sumų nagrinėjimo sąvoka, pristatomi ir apibūdinami šios sumarinio proceso rūšies pagrindiniai procesiniai požymiai, uždaviniai bei tikslai. Analizuojant darbe keliamus klausimus pagrindinis tyrimo objektas buvo šiame procese pagrindinį vaidmenį atliekantis teismas, įstatymų jam suteikta prerogatyva šio proceso atžvilgiu. Autorius analizuoja Lietuvos Respublikos Civilinio proceso kodekse įtvirtintas bylinėjimosi ginčų dėl nedidelių sumų formas ir daro prielaidą, jog šios rūšies procese įstatymo leidėjas teismui suteikia per didelę prerogatyvos teisę. Atsižvelgiant į tai, jog pastarasis procesas laikytinas bylinėjimosi forma, kuria siekiama greitesnio nei įprasta bylos išnagrinėjimo ir nereikalaujama tokio bylos aplinkybių ištyrimo laipsnio, koks yra būtinas nagrinėjant bylas bendrąja ginčo teisena dar nereiškia, jog šalims neturi būti suteikta atstovavimo teisė, ribojama teisė būti išklausytam. Tačiau įvertinant tai, jog yra suteikta galimybė surašyti trumpesnį, supaprastintos formos sprendimą, kuris palengvina teismo bei pagalbinio personalo darbą, nestabdo civilinės apyvartos ilgais bylinėjimosi laikotarpiais ir yra veiksminga proceso koncentruotumo priemonė, teismas savo nuožiūra galėtų ir turėtų labiau populiarinti bei praktikuoti šį civilinio proceso kodekse reglamentuojamą ginčų sprendimo būdą. / In the work Small claims litigation: does the implementation of the Court’s discretion have limits? the conception of Small claims litigation is formulated, the main attributes, goals and objectives of this sort of summary process are determined and described. When analyzing the problems, raised in this work, the main object of the research became the Court, which plays the leading role in this process due to prerogative power, given by the law. The author of this work analyzes the different forms of Small claims litigation, established in the Civil Process Code of the Republic of Lithuania, and makes an assumption that in this sort of process the prerogative power given to the Court by legislative bodies is excessive. Although the process in question is regarded to as a form of litigation, which is used to speed up investigation of a case without requiring the level of fact-finding as high as it is necessary in cases of common legal proceedings, it does not mean that the parties’ should not be given the right to be represented, or their right to be heard should be limited. Considering the fact, that the opportunity has been given to draw up a more concise and streamlined solution, which would facilitate the work of the Court and ancillary staff, would not impede civil turnover with long litigation periods, and would be a good measure of process concentration, the Court at its discretion should put more efforts popularizing and practicing this method of dispute procedure... [to full text]

Magistro darbo įvade trumpai pristatoma teismo baudžiamojo įsakymo (toliau – baudžiamasis įsakymas) instituto kilmė, istorija, Europos šalių baudžiamųjų procesinių įstatymų įtaka Lietuvos baudžiamuosiuose procesiniuose teisės aktuose įvirtintam baudžiamojo įsakymo institutui. Taip pat atskleidžiami kai kurie tinkamo teisinio reguliavimo nustatymui taikytini teisėkūros principai, teisėkūros juridinės technikos reikalavimai (toliau – Reikalavimai), kuriais remiantis, Lietuvos Respublikos (toliau – LR) Seimo Baudžiamojo proceso kodekse (toliau – BPK) įtvirtintas baudžiamojo įsakymo institutas. Keliama hipotezė, kad teisėkūros principus, Reikalavimus pažeidžiantys nustatyti baudžiamojo įsakymo priėmimo proceso teisiniai reguliavimai kelia baudžiamojo įsakymo instituto taikymo problemas. Tam, kad patikrinti hipotezę, tyrime pristatoma baudžiamojo įsakymo priėmimo proceso samprata, identifikuojami galimai teisėkūros principus, Reikalavimus pažeidžiantys baudžiamojo įsakymo priėmimo proceso teisiniai reguliavimai (4 teisės normos / teisės normų grupės), konstatuojami pažeidimai, nepažeidimai. Konstatavus pažeidimus, ieškomos ir pristatomos tinkamus teisinius reguliavimus sudarančios teisės normos kai kurių LR BPK nuostatų papildymui / pakeitimui. Pirmajame skyriuje, pateikiant baudžiamojo įsakymo instituto sampratą, apžvelgiama baudžiamojo įsakymo priėmimo proceso eiga, išskiriant esminius jos bruožus. Antrajame skyriuje (4 poskyriuose) atliekamas galimai probleminių baudžiamojo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / An origin, an history of an institute of the court‘s penal order (hereinafter – penal order) (a form of a simplified criminal process‘es model), an influence of the European criminal procedure laws on the criminal code of procedure (hereinafter – the CCP) of the Republic of Lithuania is briefly presented within an introduction of the Master‘s thesis (hereinafter – Thesis). In addition, some principles of legal regulation and the requirements of legal technique (hereinafter – Requirements) are represented. An hypothesis is then formed that legal regulations of the penal order‘s issuing process (regulated in the CCP of Lithuania) that violate the principles, Requirements raise problems of applying the institute of the penal order. In order to test the hypothesis, a concept of the penal order‘s issuing process is represented and the most possibly problematic legal regulations identified in the research. Furthermore, there are ascertained which identified legal regulations conflict with the principles, Requirements; proper legal regulations is then proposed to alter or supplement some provisions of the CCP of Lithuania. The structure of the Thesis includes 2 chapters, 4 paragraphs, conclusions and recommendations for the legislator. In the first chapter (the analysis of the concept of the penal order‘s issuing process), the penal order issuing process, which is similar in whole jurisdictions, is briefly presented highlighting it‘s essential features. The second chapter consists... [to full text]

This thesis is concerned with "concentration of proceedings" and its limits. Concentration of proceedings is a means of ensuring expeditious, economical and effective civil process. In Czech law, it applies in particular in the contentious proceedings. Concentration of proceedings is closely related to the principle of concentration which one of the general principles of civil law procedure, and is opposed to the principle of unitary process. The concentration of proceedings may take place at several points in time in the process in connection with the end of the preparatory meeting, of the first hearing and the announcement of the first instance judicial ruling. The concentration of proceedings is necessarily interconnected with the "principle of partial appelation" which applies in appeal proceedings against first instance judicial rulings under the Act. No. 99/1963 Coll., civil procedure act, as amended. The application of the concentration of proceedings also relates to the concept of "qualified call for response". In fact, it is not uncommon that the functioning of concentration of proceedings is misunderstood, including by the courts themselves who often misapply the relevant provisions of the civil procedure act with the view of avoiding concentration of proceedings. In my practical...

La présente thèse porte sur l'activisme juridictionnel du Tribunal Fédéral suprême du Brésil dans le cadre de la constitution de 1988, c'est-à-dire sur les méthodes et les stratégies permettant à la Cour d'affirmer son rôle vis-à-vis du justiciable et des autres pouvoirs publics. L'activisme y est étudié en utilisant les concepts développés par la doctrine française, les plaçant dans le contexte de la séparation des pouvoirs consacrée par la constitution de 1988. D'un point de vue méthodologique, cette thèse s'appuie sur une démarche qualitative, et privilégie l'analyse des décisions judiciaires. Elle se compose de deux parties, découpées en huit chapitres totaux. La première partie se concentre sur les conditions permettant l'activisme du Tribunal fédéral suprême. Elle démontre que ce phénomène a eu lieu en raison de la convergence contextuelle de diverses circonstances historiques, institutionnelles, normatives et doctrinales, au nombre desquelles les plus importantes ont été des innovations apportées par la constitution de 1988 et l'adoption de nouvelles conceptions doctrinales de la fonction du juge constitutionnel dans l’État de droit. La deuxième partie identifie et analyse les manifestations concrètes de l'activisme de la Cour. Partant des motifs des décisions judiciaires, elle expose les orientations et l'évolution des politiques jurisprudentielles du Tribunal fédéral suprême, mises en perspective avec les compétences des autres institutions. La configuration normative et doctrinale de la séparation des pouvoirs au Brésil, comme l'identification des compétences attribuées au Tribunal suprême, servent ainsi d'instrument heuristique pour l'exposition du rhème abordé. / This dissertation joins a vibrant conversation in legal sciences about judicial activism and the place of supreme courts and constutional tribunal in today's representative democracies. It explores the judicial activism of the Brazilian Supreme court under the Constitution of 1988. Following the tradition of French law schools, the dissertation is divided two parts. The first part examines the scope and context of the Supreme court's activism. It posits that an expansion of the Court's role in relation to the Legislative, Executive and Judicial Branches, starting ine the 1990's, originated in many historical, institutional, normative and doctrinal innovations that took place in Brazil after democratization in the 1980's. Notably, the promulgation of a democratic Constitution in 1988 and the adoption of new theoretical concepts regarding the role of the Judiciary in a democracy were key factors that allowed the court to rethink its place among Brazil'q supreme organs of State. The second part identifies ans examines the concrete manifestations of the Supreme Court's activism. Focusing on the qualitive analysis of the Court's decisions, the dissertation delineates the evolution of selected key themes in the Court's case law, considering it within the context of the competences conferred by the Constitution to other branches of government. Thus, the separation of powers as defined by the Constitution of 1988 is the heuristic device employed to organize the analysis and demonstrate the expansion of the Court into the domains of the Legislative, Executive and Judiciary powers.

Text in Afrikaans / Executions were discontinued during November 1989. In February 1990 the State President announced a moratorium on executions. Since 27 July 1990 the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1990 effected important changes to the substantive law and procedure regarding the death sentence. The "new" death sentence dispensation was applied by the courts and the moratorium would be lifted as soon as the new dispensation became effective. That never materialised. The death sentence issue was dealt with in a game of political compromise. Criminal law and the esteem of the Government suffered as a result. Judicial frustration and uncertainty developed regarding application of the death sentence. The opportunity was seized by the abolitionists to attain their ideal. The Constitutional Court declared the death sentence unconstitutional. Presently a final Constitution is being drafted which will probably finally do away with the death sentence. An effective process of denigration of the death sentence thus resulted from the moratorium on executions. / Teregstellings is gedurende November 1989 gestaak. Op 2 Februarie 1990 het die Staatspresident 'n moratorium op teregstellings afgekondig. Vanaf 27 Julie 1990 het die Strafregwysigingswet, 1990, belangrike verstellings aan die materiele en prosessuele reg met betrekking tot die doodvonnis gemaak. Die "nuwe" doodvonnisbedeling is deur die howe toegepas. Die moratorium sou opgehef word sodra die "nuwe bedeling" op dreef was. Dit het nie gebeur nie. 'n Spel van kornprornie-politiek random die doodvonniskwessie het horn afgespeel. Die strafregpleging en die Regering se aansien het daaronder gely. Regterlike frustrasie het posgevat en regsonsekerheid oar die toepassing van die doodvonnis het ontstaan. Die geleentheid is deur die afskaffers aangegryp om hul ideaal te verwesenlik. Die Konstitusionele Hof het die doodvonnis ongrondwetlik verklaar. Tans word 'n finale Grondwet geskryf wat waarskynlik die doodvonnis gaan afskaf. 'n Effektiewe proses van aftakeling van die doodvonnis het dus sedert die moratorium op teregstellings plaasgevind. / Criminal & Procedural Law / LL. M.

Text in Afrikaans / Executions were discontinued during November 1989. In February 1990 the State President announced a moratorium on executions. Since 27 July 1990 the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1990 effected important changes to the substantive law and procedure regarding the death sentence. The "new" death sentence dispensation was applied by the courts and the moratorium would be lifted as soon as the new dispensation became effective. That never materialised. The death sentence issue was dealt with in a game of political compromise. Criminal law and the esteem of the Government suffered as a result. Judicial frustration and uncertainty developed regarding application of the death sentence. The opportunity was seized by the abolitionists to attain their ideal. The Constitutional Court declared the death sentence unconstitutional. Presently a final Constitution is being drafted which will probably finally do away with the death sentence. An effective process of denigration of the death sentence thus resulted from the moratorium on executions. / Teregstellings is gedurende November 1989 gestaak. Op 2 Februarie 1990 het die Staatspresident 'n moratorium op teregstellings afgekondig. Vanaf 27 Julie 1990 het die Strafregwysigingswet, 1990, belangrike verstellings aan die materiele en prosessuele reg met betrekking tot die doodvonnis gemaak. Die "nuwe" doodvonnisbedeling is deur die howe toegepas. Die moratorium sou opgehef word sodra die "nuwe bedeling" op dreef was. Dit het nie gebeur nie. 'n Spel van kornprornie-politiek random die doodvonniskwessie het horn afgespeel. Die strafregpleging en die Regering se aansien het daaronder gely. Regterlike frustrasie het posgevat en regsonsekerheid oar die toepassing van die doodvonnis het ontstaan. Die geleentheid is deur die afskaffers aangegryp om hul ideaal te verwesenlik. Die Konstitusionele Hof het die doodvonnis ongrondwetlik verklaar. Tans word 'n finale Grondwet geskryf wat waarskynlik die doodvonnis gaan afskaf. 'n Effektiewe proses van aftakeling van die doodvonnis het dus sedert die moratorium op teregstellings plaasgevind. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL. M.

L’introduction de la question prioritaire de constitutionnalité a fait de la question de l’effectivité des décisions du Conseil constitutionnel un problème central du contentieux constitutionnel français. Les relations entre le Conseil constitutionnel et les destinataires de ses décisions (principalement le législateur, le juge ordinaire et l’Administration) n’ont en effet jamais été aussi étroites que depuis l’entrée en vigueur du mécanisme de contrôle de constitutionnalité a posteriori. Avec la QPC, les décisions du juge constitutionnel sont désormais susceptibles d’affecter plus directement l’activité du législateur, la solution des litiges devant les juridictions ordinaires ou l’issue d’une demande à l’Administration. Cette multiplication des hypothèses où des décisions du juge constitutionnel doivent être exécutées augmente corrélativement les risques d’ineffectivité. Cette recherche s’attachera tout d’abord à appréhender l’exigence d’effectivité des décisions QPC. Il s’agira de déterminer dans quelle mesure il découle de l’autorité attachée aux décisions QPC du Conseil constitutionnel une obligation générale d’exécution pesant sur les destinataires. Il faudra également définir avec précision les prescriptions et interdictions spécifiques découlant de cette obligation générale d’exécution en examinant notamment la question complexe des effets dans le temps des décisions QPC. Le cadre théorique posé, il sera possible d’évaluer l’effectivité des décisions QPC. Cela consistera à étudier l’exécution ou non par les destinataires des obligations énoncées par le Conseil dans ses décisions afin d’obtenir des taux d’effectivité et d’ineffectivité. Cette évaluation permettra enfin de s’interroger sur les causes et l’incidence de l’effectivité et de l’ineffectivité des décisions QPC. / The introduction in 2008 by the french pouvoir constituant of a new procedureallowing a constitutional review post legem by the Conseil constitutionnel deeply changed therelations between the constitutional jugde and those who are supposed to implement hisdecisions (specifically the legislator, non constitutional judges and administrative authorities). With the constitutional review post legem, the Conseil constitutionnel’s decisions can nowdirectly impact the legislative process and command the solution of a dispute before a nonconstitutional judge or the review of a request by an administrative authority. The multiplicationof cases where a decision of the Conseil constitutionnel must be implemented could potentiallylead to an increase of ineffectivity of such decisions. Firstly, this study aims to get a betterunderstanding of the obligation to enforce a constitutional decision that derives from theConseil constitutionnal’s decisions binding authority. Then, this research will precisely definethe different obligations which must be implemented that derives from the general obligationto enforce the Conseil constitutionnel’s decisions. Then, we will compare those obligations withthe actual measures taken by the different implementing authorities to evaluate whether thosesdecisions are effective. At last, the study will concentrate on the causes and implication of theeffectivity or ineffectivity of the Conseil constitutionnel’s decisions.