In my thesis I analyzed the characteristics of the legal concepts of bodies governed by public law and the activities in which they engage as public authorities, as used by law (both European and national) governing value added tax. I also analyzed the case law of the European Court of Justice relating to the issue of the bodies governed by public law and the activities in which they engage as public authorities in terms of value added tax. The characteristics of the concepts have been evaluated and sorted logically. In a separate part I examined the bodies governed by public law and their activities from an economic point of view. I have pondered whether it is necessary that these entities have a special position in the system of value added tax.

The situation of Palestinian refugees is one of the most burning issues related to the Arab-Israeli conflict. Its solution is at the same time one of the key conditions for the settlement of this conflict, whose beginning may be traced back already in connection with the first alija - the first wave of Jewish immigration after the anti - Semitic pogroms in 1881. The importance of this problem is confirmed e.g. by the text of the Resolution 242 (S/RES/242) of 1967, which considers the upright solution for Palestinian refugees as one of the prerequisites for lasting peace in the Middle East. This question has been subject of many peace negotiations between the representatives of the concerned states lately, which only illustrates the high international topicality of the given problem. The aim of the dissertation is to define the term Palestinian refugee in the historic, political and legal context and in this connection to determine the position of Palestinian refugees in international law as an initial point, which is followed by the international law analysis of their right to return. First part of the study therefore will try to make a systematic overview in the extent of the term Palestinian refugee. The second part of the dissertation analyses the right of return in the general level and then...

The European Court of Human Rights - Enforcement of Judgement and its Comparison with the Procedure of the European Court of Justice of the European Union Abstract This thesis aims to provide an overview of the enforcement of judgments of the European Court of Human Rights, following the proceedings held before that court, without which enforcement proceedings cannot be opened. The thesis is focused both on the bodies of the Council of Europe, which play a key role in this process, as well as the national bodies and the measures adopted by them in accordance with the judgments of the European Court of Human Rights. The author also focuses on the mechanisms applied both for the implementation of the measures, and during the supervisory activities of the bodies of the Council of Europe. Within a comprehensive perspective, the author focuses on the execution of judgments of the European Court of Human Rights in three Central European countries, in order to compare both the anchoring of international human rights protection in the legal systems of these countries, and the systematics of the bodies involved in the judgment enforcement, demonstrating, on concrete cases, the practical steps during the enforcement of the ECHR judgments in the Czech Republic, Slovak Republic and Austria. Considering the fact that...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:47:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eusebio Basso e Loro.pdf: 839139 bytes, checksum: 59e1de41bf9270560d1196eec33cfb11 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-01-30 / This paper aims to check whether the System of Dispute Mercosur has solved functionality trade disputes between the member of Mercosur. The hypothesis is that this system has not played its role, despite the changes brought about by the Protocol of Olivos, because since its entry into force in 2004, a few times it was requested by Member of Mercosur, showing thereby that the system of dispute settlement block has to be improved towards the creation of a Court of Justice. The method chosen for investigation was the case study. To this end, we selected nine awards given by the Arbitral Tribunal. The essay points out that a supranational court is a tool to enable the further integration of the variety of subjects covered by the structure of your organization by changing its internal evolution and its contribution to the formation of a genuine Community law. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal verificar se o Sistema de Solução de Controvérsias do Mercosul tem resolvido com funcionalidade os contenciosos comerciais entre os Estados- Membros. A hipótese é que esse sistema não tem desempenhado seu papel, apesar das mudanças trazidas pelo Protocolo de Olivos, uma vez que desde sua entrada em vigor, em 2004, poucas vezes o mesmo foi solicitado pelos Estados que integram o Mercosul. O que, por sua vez, demonstra que o sistema de solução de controvérsias do Bloco tem de ser aperfeiçoado rumo à criação de um Tribunal de Justiça. O método escolhido para investigação foi o estudo de caso. Para tanto, foram selecionados nove laudos proferidos pelo Tribunal Arbitral. A dissertação destaca que um tribunal supranacional é um dos instrumentos capazes de possibilitar o aprofundamento da integração pela variedade dos temas tratados, pela estrutura de Entidade, por sua constante evolução interna, e por sua contribuição à formação de um autêntico Direito Comunitário.

O tema dos recursos excepcionais, direcionados às Cortes Supremas, é de enorme importância no processo civil contemporâneo. Esse trabalho busca definir, à luz da Teoria do Direito e do Direito Comparado, quais funções devem ser assinaladas ao Superior Tribunal de Justiça para, a partir disso, poder realizar uma reconstrução dogmática do procedimento do recurso especial. Não há dúvida de que, à luz dos princípios do Estado de Direito, aos Tribunais Superiores deve ser hoje asinalada uma função precipuamente prospectiva, voltada para a orientação dos juízes e jurisdicionados por meio do estabelecimento de precedentes, e não para os litigantes, de forma retrospectiva. A experiência comparada e a análise detida do funcionamento dos Tribunais Superiores demonstra que bons resultados só podem ser cumpridos mediante mecanismos que permitam selecionar os recursos com base na sua importância. Defende-se, por isso, a criação de um filtro para o recurso especial, à semelhança do que já conhece o recurso extraordinário brasileiro por meio da exigência de repercussão geral da questão constitucional debatida. Em face da função prospectiva do Superior Tribunal de Justiça devem ser interpretados todos os demais problemas que gravitam em torno do recurso especial e do acesso à Corte (distinção entre fato e direito, pré-questionamento etc.) / Appeals to Supreme Courts are an enormously important theme in modern civil procedure. This essay intends to define tge function that should govern the practise of Brazils Superior Tribunal de Justiça, with support from legal theory and comparative law studies, so that the characteristics of the appeal (recurso especial) directed to the Court may be rethought on solid grounds. There should be no doubt that, in light of the rule of law principles, Supreme Courts should be assigned a prospective, facing forward function of establishing solid precedents for the guidance of judges and citizens, instead of facing towards the single parties involved in litigation and the past. Comparative studies show that this may only be done if the Court has control over its docket. The essay proposes the adoption of such a mechanism for the recurso especial, as has already been done for the recurso extraordinario through the requirement of general importance of the constitutional issue raised in the appeal. All other aspects regarding access of the parties to the Superior Tribunal de Justiça (such as the distinction between law and fact, the prior decisison of the legal issue raised etc.) should be interpreted in light of the prospective function of the Court.

A presente pesquisa investiga a judicialização da educação infantil no que diz respeito à litigância por vagas em creches e pré-escolas no âmbito do Tribunal de Justiça de São Paulo. Após descrever a política pública e o procedimento para a criação de novas vagas, é feita uma análise qualitativa das decisões do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado de São Paulo e de suas consequências práticas. Depois, é feito um estudo de caso sobre dois recursos do TJSP que funcionaram como um locus de diálogo e negociação interinstitucional. Assim, foi possível perceber problemas nos efeitos da judicialização no TJSP, identificar uma prática dialógica e alguns de seus efeitos e prever alguns desafios que serão provavelmente enfrentados pelos atores envolvidos e pelo TJSP de agora em diante. / This research investigates the judicialization of early childhood education with regard to litigation for places in kindergartens and pre-schools under the São Paulos Court of Justice (TJSP). After describing the general aspects of the public policy and the procedure to provide more enrollments of children, we carried out a qualitative analysis of the decisions of the São Paulos Court of Justice and its practical outcomes. Then, a case study of two actions in TJSP is provided. This court functioned as a locus for dialogue and inter-institutional negotiation. Thus, problems were revealed regarding the effects of judicialization in TJSP, a dialogic practice was identified, as well as some of its effects, and challenges that may be faced by the actors involved were presented.

La création d’une juridiction spécialisée du contentieux de la fonction publique, le Tribunal de la fonction publique, devait permettre de rationaliser le traitement du contentieux qui avait le plus encombré le prétoire du juge en raison du grand nombre de recours introduits. Une nouvelle architecture juridictionnelle de la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne, composée de trois degrés de juridiction, devait résulter du Traité de Nice qui, en 2000, prévit la possibilité des créer des chambres spécialisées (plus tard appelés tribunaux spécialisés par le Traité de Lisbonne) dans certains types de contentieux. Douze ans plus tard, la Cour de justice connait un véritable bouleversement dont la réforme du Tribunal de l’Union et la disparition de la juridiction spécialisée sont les éléments les plus emblématiques. De même, le prétoire du juge de l’Union n’a jamais été autant sollicité, si bien que la juridiction de l’Union doit innover en adaptant son organisation interne ainsi que ses méthodes de travail. A travers l’expérience de la spécialisation juridictionnelle, une nouvelle organisation juridictionnelle, de nouvelles règles procédurales adaptées au traitement de ce contentieux ainsi que des méthodes de travail ont été « testées » et ont donné des résultats concluants. De plus, le juge spécialisé a œuvré à une meilleure protection des droits des fonctionnaires et agents de l’Union. Cet « héritage » devrait servir de socle de réflexion à l’heure d’envisager une forme de spécialisation de la juridiction généraliste de l’Union vers laquelle elle devrait s’orienter. La présente thèse a pour but de contribuer au débat relatif à la spécialisation du système juridictionnel de l’Union européenne. / The creation of a specialised court dedicated to EU staff cases, the Civil Service Tribunal (CST), was intended to tackle the large increase in caseload at the same time as bringing specific judicial expertise to bear on this field. Twelve years later, the EU Court system is undergoing a veritable structural upheaval of which the reform of the General Court and the abolition of the CST are the most emblematic elements. The three-level system of judicial control advocated by the Treaty of Nice, which foresaw the establishment of specialised chambers (later called secialised tribunals by the Treaty of Lisbon) and provided a legal basis for the establishment, in 2005, of the CST was effectively set aside by this process of reform. However, the General Court, in its new guise, now itself faces a substantial challenge of specialisation in its own right. In meeting that challenge, it will inevitably draw on the experience of the only specialised tribunal yet to have been established at EU level. The CST’s separate procedural framework, its structure, composition and functioning will once again come under the microscope as thought is given as to the lessons to be drawn from the decade of experience of this court and its handling of civil service litigation. This thesis seeks to contribute to the continuing debate about specialised courts or specialisation in general in the EU Court system.

This thesis presents the infringement procedures against Member States of the EU held before the Court of Justice of the EU. Particularly, it focuses on proceedings against the Czech Republic. The thesis analyses in detail the infringement procedure as such, including all conditions and requirements developed in case-law of the Court of Justice. Then it analyses concrete cases of actions brought against the Czech Republic.

L’autorité de chose jugée constitue une composante essentielle de tout droit processuel. Elle a été reconnue comme un principe de droit de l’Union européenne par la Cour de justice qui l’applique en dépit de l’absence de source écrite depuis les premiers temps de la construction communautaire. Il est possible d’en identifier les fondements dans des principes fondamentaux tels que la sécurité juridique ou la protection juridictionnelle effective. L’autorité de chose jugée se manifeste tout d’abord sous la forme d’une exception d’irrecevabilité permettant de rejeter toute demande visant à remettre en cause ce qui a été définitivement tranché par les juridictions de l’Union. Cette exception ne peut être invoquée que lorsque la matière litigieuse ayant fait objet d’une première décision est identique à celle qui est en cause dans la nouvelle demande. L’autorité de chose jugée est également employée dans d’autres circonstances, afin de délimiter l’objet d’un litige en cas d’identité partielle des matières litigieuses et pour encadrer l’exercice des voies de recours extraordinaires. Les fonctions des juridictions de l’Union européenne exigent également une mise en relation de l’autorité de chose jugée avec la portée normative des actes juridictionnels. Elle constitue un complément nécessaire à la portée erga omnes reconnue aux arrêts d’annulation et, dans une moindre mesure, aux constats d’inapplicabilité résultant de voies de contestation incidentes des actes de l’Union. Elle doit toutefois être distinguée de la portée normative reconnue aux arrêts en tant que précédents créant ou modifiant des normes de portée générale. / Res judicata is a key component of any procedural law. It has been identified as a principle of European Union law by the Court of Justice, which has applied it since the early stages of the European Communities in spite of the absence of any written source. Its bases may be found in fundamental principles such as legal certainty or effective judicial protection. Res judicata firstly appears as an objection of inadmissibility which allows courts to dismiss any action aiming to reexamine previous decisions made by the courts of the European Union. This objection may only be raised if and when the subject-matter in dispute and the parties to the litigation are identical to those in the case which had previously been decided. Res judicata is also used in other circumstances, in order to set the boundaries of a new case which is only partly identical to the previous litigation, or in order to control access to extraordinary remedies. The European Union courts’ functions also require res judicata to be linked to the normative force of judicial acts. Res judicata constitutes a useful complement to the erga omnes authority granted to annulling judgments and, to a lesser extent, to rulings holding an act to be inapplicable. It must however be firmly separated from the normative force attached to judicial rulings in so far as they constitute precedents which create or alter rules of general scope.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-02-08T11:19:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Renato Caldeira Grava Brazil.pdf: 1284504 bytes, checksum: 779775534dd4171a121a2fe55cd85278 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-08T11:19:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renato Caldeira Grava Brazil.pdf: 1284504 bytes, checksum: 779775534dd4171a121a2fe55cd85278 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-29 / The role of the Superior Court of Justice is of undoubted importance in the Brazilian judicial structure, particularly in relation to standardizing Brazilian case law and providing guidance to the lower courts in the form of precedents. However, the Court's pronouncements do not always, in practice, lead to the desired legal security. In the light of that reality, this study examines the history behind the establishment of the Superior Court of Justice and the introduction of the so-called "Special Appeal" (recurso especial), analyzing the formalities inherent to this form of appeal (including the stringent prerequisites to admissibility) and the peculiarities of the manner in which the appeals are tried before the court. These aspects of the Special Appeal have given rise to considerable debate. Some of of the practical ramifications of these aspects are addressed in this study. The author examines the manner in which the admissibility of Special Appeals is decided upon and the means of challenging a denial of leave to proceed. In relation to the merits of the case, the study considers the effects of lodging a Special Appeal, in particular the scope of the examination by the Court (the efeito devolutivo) and the extent to which the court can draw on extraneous matters such as public policy issues (the efeito translativo). These are, in effect the two aspects that delimit the role of the Superior Court. We then examine in detail the way in which the Superior Court has dealt with the issues submitted to it, in terms of form (the orders made), time (and timing) and the limits of intervention of the Court in its rulings on Special Appeals / É inquestionável a relevância da atuação do Superior Tribunal de Justiça, em especial por seu caráter de uniformizador jurisprudencial e orientação de decisões através de seus precedentes, na estrutura judiciária brasileira. A segurança que a atuação da Corte deveria transparecer, porém, nem sempre é verificada na prática. Por isso, o presente trabalho abordará brevemente a história de criação do Superior Tribunal de Justiça e do recurso especial, abordando as formalidades desse modelo de impugnação, como o modo particular de processamento e os exigentes requisitos de admissibilidade, que geram muitas vezes questões controversas na prática, algumas delas aqui tratadas. A partir da admissibilidade, expõe-se como é feito tal juízo e os meios de impugnação quando negativo. No mérito, exploraram-se os efeitos do recurso especial, em mais detalhes o devolutivo e o translativo, que são efetivamente aqueles que norteiam os limites de atuação da Corte Superior. Por fim, o trabalho trata exatamente da atuação do Superior Tribunal de Justiça nos recursos a ele remetidos, com relação à forma, momento e limites de sua intervenção no julgamento do recurso especial