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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
311

High-dimensional statistical methods for inter-subject studies in neuroimaging

Fritsch, Virgile 18 December 2013 (has links) (PDF)
La variabilité inter-individuelle est un obstacle majeur à l'analyse d'images médicales, en particulier en neuroimagerie. Il convient de distinguer la variabilité naturelle ou statistique, source de potentiels effets d'intérêt pour du diagnostique, de la variabilité artefactuelle, constituée d'effets de nuisance liés à des problèmes expérimentaux ou techniques, survenant lors de l'acquisition ou le traitement des données. La dernière peut s'avérer bien plus importante que la première : en neuroimagerie, les problèmes d'acquisition peuvent ainsi masquer la variabilité fonctionnelle qui est par ailleurs associée à une maladie, un trouble psychologique, ou à l'expression d'un code génétique spécifique. La qualité des procédures statistiques utilisées pour les études de groupe est alors diminuée car lesdites procédures reposent sur l'hypothèse d'une population homogène, hypothèse difficile à vérifier manuellement sur des données de neuroimagerie dont la dimension est élevée. Des méthodes automatiques ont été mises en oeuvre pour tenter d'éliminer les sujets trop déviants et ainsi rendre les groupes étudiés plus homogènes. Cette pratique n'a pas entièrement fait ses preuves pour autant, attendu qu'aucune étude ne l'a clairement validée, et que le niveau de tolérance à choisir reste arbitraire. Une autre approche consiste alors à utiliser des procédures d'analyse et de traitement des données intrinsèquement insensibles à l'hypothèse d'homogénéité. Elles sont en outre mieux adaptées aux données réelles en ce qu'elles tolèrent dans une certaine mesure d'autres violations d'hypothèse plus subtiles telle que la normalité des données. Un autre problème, partiellement lié, est le manque de stabilité et de sensibilité des méthodes d'analyse au niveau voxel, sources de résultats qui ne sont pas reproductibles.Nous commençons cette thèse par le développement d'une méthode de détection d'individus atypiques adaptée aux données de neuroimagerie, qui fournit un contrôle statistique sur l'inclusion de sujets : nous proposons une version regularisée d'un estimateur de covariance robuste pour le rendre utilisable en grande dimension. Nous comparons plusieurs types de régularisation et concluons que les projections aléatoires offrent le meilleur compromis. Nous présentons également des procédures non-paramétriques dont nous montrons la qualité de performance, bien qu'elles n'offrent aucun contrôle statistique. La seconde contribution de cette thèse est une nouvelle approche, nommée RPBI (Randomized Parcellation Based Inference), répondant au manque de reproductibilité des méthodes classiques. Nous stabilisons l'approche d'analyse à l'échelle de la parcelle en agrégeant plusieurs analyses indépendantes, pour lesquelles le partitionnement du cerveau en parcelles varie d'une analyse à l'autre. La méthode permet d'atteindre un niveau de sensibilité supérieur à celui des méthodes de l'état de l'art, ce que nous démontrons par des expériences sur des données synthétiques et réelles. Notre troisième contribution est une application de la régression robuste aux études de neuroimagerie. Poursuivant un travail déjà existant, nous nous concentrons sur les études à grande échelle effectuées sur plus de cent sujets. Considérant à la fois des données simulées et des données réelles, nous montrons que l'utilisation de la régression robuste améliore la sensibilité des analyses. Nous démontrons qu'il est important d'assurer une résistance face aux violations d'hypothèse, même dans les cas où une inspection minutieuse du jeu de données a été conduite au préalable. Enfin, nous associons la régression robuste à notre méthode d'analyse RPBI afin d'obtenir des tests statistiques encore plus sensibles.
312

A comparison of gap-filling methods for a long-term eddy covariance dataset from a Northern Old-growth Black Spruce forest

Soloway, Ashley 24 August 2016 (has links)
Boreal old-growth forests are key determinants in the global carbon cycle. It is unknown how the role of persistent old-growth forests will be in the carbon cycle in the face of predicted climatic changes. Eddy-covariance measurements are commonly used to quantify carbon exchange between ecosystems, such as forests, and the atmosphere. Error due to gap-fill method is of particular interest in these datasets. Here we filled a 15-year eddy covariance dataset from the Northern Old-Growth Boreal Black Spruce (Picea mariana) site located near Thompson, in central Manitoba, Canada using four different gap-fill methods. Our objectives were to determine if choice of gap-fill method affected annual NEP and if these errors compounded to even greater differences over the 15-year study period. Most significant differences in NEP among methods occurred from September to December, but variations during the growing season were responsible for most of the annual differences. / October 2016
313

Essays on Mergers and Acquisitions and Event Studies

Irani, Mohammad January 2016 (has links)
This dissertation consists of three studies on the anticipation of mergers and acquisitions (M&amp;As) and its impact on takeover event studies.  Article I investigates whether the market can anticipate both takeovers and their payment forms prior to their announcement dates. This article also proposes a new time-series approach for detecting the ex-ante deal-anticipation and payment-form anticipation dates. The results indicate that the majority of deals and their payment forms are anticipated much earlier than has been documented in previous takeover studies. Moreover, controlling for the anticipation dates matters for explaining the choice of payment method in M&amp;As. Article II studies how assuming that M&amp;As are unpredictable during the estimation window affects the measurement of abnormal returns. The results show that a part of takeover synergy is indeed incorporated into the stock prices during the estimation window of previous studies, around the deal-anticipation dates. This article estimates the parameters of the expected return model from the pre-anticipation period to control the consequences of ex-ante anticipation on the estimates of abnormal returns. Using the anticipation-adjusted approach significantly improves the estimation of the event-window abnormal returns, and provides new insights into some well-documented takeover results. Article III examines how the abnormal returns are affected when a standard event study assumes that the parameters of the expected return model are stable. Using a sample of firm takeovers, the results indicate that the parameters are indeed unstable. This article introduces a time-varying market model to account for the dynamics of merging likelihood when it estimates the abnormal returns. The findings show that the stability assumption causes a standard event study to overestimate significantly the abnormal returns to the target and acquirer shareholders. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Manuscript. Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript.</p>
314

Iodine, Bromine, and Chlorine – Emission Rates and Sources

Angela R. Raso (5930183) 18 December 2018 (has links)
<div>Halogen chemistry in the Arctic boundary layer catalytically destroys O3 and impacts the chemical lifetimes of hydrocarbons, the HOx-NOx cycle, and atmospheric mercury. While many advances have been made in the last several decades in understanding the sources, sinks, and recycling pathways of halogens in the Arctic there are still many unknowns. Previous studies have shown that Br2, BrCl and Cl2 are produced photochemically in the Arctic tundra snowpack, but the magnitude of this production is still poorly understood. Additionally, while there have been suggestions that the tundra snowpack should also produce I2, there have been no previous measurements of I2 in the Arctic. The lack of measurements of the halogen production capacity of Arctic snowpacks has left the community to rely on one-dimensional modeling to estimate the impact of snowpack-derived halogen chemistry on the Arctic atmosphere. Because modeling is inherently dependent on understanding recycling mechanisms, mixing processes, and sinks this leaves the effect of halogens on atmospheric chemistry in the Arctic highly uncertain.</div><div><br></div><div>This work describes efforts to address these uncertainties through measurements made during two field campaigns in Utqiaġvik (formerly Barrow), Alaska in January – February 2014, and February – May 2016. The first measurements of I2 in the Arctic, both in the snowpack interstitial air, and in the air above the snowpack demonstrate that iodine chemistry is active in the Arctic atmosphere, and that I2 is produced photochemically in the tundra snowpack. The effects of active iodine chemistry on both O3 and bromine chemistry is examined through zero- and one dimensional modeling. The first speciated measurements of snowpack phase iodine reveal that much like previous reports of iodine enriched aerosols, the Arctic snowpack is highly enriched in iodine. Vertical profiles of I- in the snowpack suggest that there is a consistent, non-radiation dependent source of iodine to the Arctic environment. It seems likely that this source is transport of iodine-enriched aerosols from the mid-latitudes. However, unlike the Antarctic, and previous</div><div>observations in the mid-latitudes, most Arctic snowpack phase iodine is inorganic, which may contradict transport from the mid-latitudes as a source. One-dimensional modeling was also utilized, in conjunction with the first vertical profile measurements of Br2 and Cl2 between 1 and</div><div>7 m above the snowpack surface to examine the community’s understanding of recycling mechanisms, mixing, sources, and sinks of halogens in the Arctic Atmosphere.</div>
315

Predicting the performance of untested maize single cross hybrids based on information from genomic relationship matrix and genotype by environment interaction / Predição de híbridos simples de milho não avaliados com informações da matriz de parentesco realizada e interação genótipos por ambientes

Krause, Matheus Dalsente 02 May 2018 (has links)
Phenotyping in multi-environment trials (MET) plays an important role to access the differential response of maize hybrids across target breeding regions due to genotype by environment (GxE) interaction. In this context, an effective model of genomic selection (GS) to predict the performance of untested hybrids in MET is essential to maximize genetic gains and to efficiently allocated the breeding programs\' budget. Therefore, the goals of this study were (i) to evaluate the predictive accuracies of GBLUP (Genomic Best Linear Unbiased Prediction) models to predict grain yield performance of unobserved tropical maize single-cross hybrids, using models that consider GxE interaction by fitting a factor analytic (FA) variance-covariance (VCOV) structure, and (ii) to investigate the usefulness of genomic relationship information in combination with different VCOV for genetics and residuals effects, under different levels of unbalanced environments. Predictions were performed for two situations: (CV1) untested hybrids, and (CV2) hybrids evaluated in some environments but missing in others. Phenotypic data of grain yield was measured in 156 maize single-cross hybrids at 12 environments. Hybrids genotypes were inferred based on their parents (inbred lines) via SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) markers obtained from GBS (genotypingby- sequencing). The procedures and models applied in this study can be easily extended to other crops in which MET plays an important role in the breeding process. / A fenotipagem em ensaios de múltiplos ambientes (MET) tem papel importante para acessar a resposta diferencial de híbridos de milho em diferentes regiões alvo de melhoramento, o que se deve a interação genótipos por ambientes (GxE). Neste contexto, um modelo efetivo de seleção genômica (GS) para predição do desempenho de híbridos não avaliados em MET é essencial para maximizar os ganhos genéticos e alocar eficientemente o orçamento dos programas de melhoramento. Desta forma, os objetivos deste estudo foram (i) avaliar as acurácias preditivas de modelos GBLUP (do inglês, Genomic Best Linear Unbiased Prediction) na predição da produtividade de grãos de híbridos simples de milho tropical não avaliados, usando modelos genético-estatísticos que levam em consideração a interação GxE através de uma estrutura de variância-covariância (VCOV) do tipo fator analítico (FA) e (ii) investigar a utilidade da matriz de parentesco realizada em combinação com diferentes estruturas de VCOV para efeitos genéticos e de resíduos em diferentes níveis de ambientes em desbalanceamento. As predições foram realizadas em duas situações: (CV1) híbridos não avaliados em nenhum ambiente e (CV2) híbridos avaliados em alguns ambientes e em outros não. Foram fenotipados 156 híbridos simples de milho em 12 ambientes para a característica produtividade de grãos. O genótipo dos híbridos foi inferido com base nas informações de marcadores SNP (do inglês, single nucleotide polymorphism) das linhagens parentais, obtidos via GBS (do inglês, genotyping-by-sequencing). Os procedimentos e modelos utilizados neste estudo podem ser facilmente estendidos a outras culturas em que MET desempenha um papel importante no processo de melhoramento.
316

Evolução morfológica de marsupiais (Didelphimorphia, Didelphidae) do Novo Mundo / Morphologic evolution of New World marsupials (Mammalia, Didelphimorphia)

Silva, Harley Sebastião da 19 November 2010 (has links)
Dentro da biologia evolutiva, uma das questões centrais é a compreensão de como os processos evolutivos, em particular a seleção e o acaso (deriva genética) moldaram a diversidade obervada nos organismos. Dentro deste contexto, a utilização de abordagens como a integração morfológica e a genética quantitativa nos fornecem poderosas ferramentas. Enquanto a primeira descreve os padrões de relação entre caracteres e testa hipóteses sobre as relações de desenvolvimento e/ou funções subjacentes, a segunda possui ferramentas para investigar as forças que podem ter gerado os fenótipos atuais. Utilizando como modelo de estudo os gêneros de marsupiais da Ordem Didelphimorphia, analisei a evolução morfológica craniana unindo estas duas linhas de pesquisa. Central a genética quantitativa está a matriz de covariância genética (G) que descreve a porção da variância que é efetivamente herdada (no sentido de transmissão de valor entre gerações) e conseqüentemente serve como substrato à seleção. Apesar de ter sido desenvolvida inicialmente para estudos em escala microevolutiva, o arsenal matemático da genética quantitativa pode ser estendida a escalas macroevolutivas caso a matriz G permaneça relativamente estável. Entretanto, como a estimativa de uma matriz G requer um número grande de espécimes aparentados e com genealogia conhecida, utilizei ao longo deste trabalho sua correspondente fenotípica (P). Desta forma, no primeiro capítulo demonstrei a similaridade das matrizes de covariância e correlação P dos marsupiais Didelphimorphia. Em contrapartida, as magnitudes de integração morfológica, que medem o grau de associação entre os caracteres, se mostraram mais variáveis dentro do grupo. A história evolutiva (filogenia) e as distâncias morfológicas entre os gêneros não parecem ter tido influência sobre os padrões nem as magnitudes, já que não se correlacionaram significativamente a eles. No segundo capítulo, estendi estas análises para os gêneros ao longo do seu desenvolvimento e novamente os padrões se mostraram semelhantes, tanto quando comparei a ontogenia de um único gênero, quando analisei diferentes gêneros para diferentes classes etárias. Em contrapartida, as magnitudes de integração se mostraram mais variáveis, com uma tendência a diminuírem com o aumento da idade. Por conta destes resultados, comparei as matrizes de correlação empíricas com matrizes teóricas que expressam hipóteses de modularidade baseadas no desenvolvimento/função compartilhada pelas regiões do crânio. Testei para similaridade das duas regiões principais (face e neurocrânio), cinco sub-regiões (base e abóboda craniana, oral, nasal e zigomático), uma matriz 198 de integração somática (caracteres neurais vs. faciais) e uma de integração total, concatenando as cinco sub-regiões. Foram encontradas somente correlações significativas para as regiões da face e suas sub-regiões nasal e oral. Apesar das variações nas magnitudes de integração observadas nestes dois primeiros capítulos, as respostas evolutivas obtidas para estes gêneros foram todas muito similares. Este resultado, associado a constatação de que grande parte da variação entre os espécimes é devida ao tamanho, ou variações de forma associadas a ele (alometria), me levaram a analisar as conseqüências evolutivas associadas a estas variações alométricas. Assim, no terceiro capítulo analisei as direções de resposta à seleção simulada antes e após a remoção do tamanho. Variações alométricas exercem forte influência sobre estes crânios tornando-os muito integrados morfologicamente, ou seja, a percepção dos módulos que os compõem é muito difícil (baixa modularidade). Isto se reflete em uma maior variação ao longo da linha de menor resistência evolutiva (que resume o eixo de maior variação disponível entre os espécimes), já que os módulos não podem responder a seleção de forma independente (alta integração morfológica). Em marsupiais, esta linha é está alinhada na direção de variações de tamanho. Desta forma, não importa em que direção a seleção esteja atuando, as respostas evolutivas serão usualmente na direção desta linha de menor resistência e conseqüentemente de tamanho. Uma vez que o tamanho é removido, as magnitudes de integração diminuem e a modularidade do crânio aumenta. Por conseguinte, ele passa a ser capaz de responder à seleção em uma gama maior de direções porque aumenta também a relativa independência destes módulos em relação aos demais. Como estes resultados indicam que variações entre os Didelphimorphia são direcionadas a variações no tamanho, devido justamente às restrições impostas pela linha de menor resistência evolutiva, analisei as trajetórias ontegenéticas de dois gêneros irmãos, Didelphis e Philander, separando os efeitos da forma e tamanho nesta diversificação. Para tanto empreguei análises de morfometria tradicional, morfométrica e análises de coeficientes alométricos que apontaram para uma maior diferenciação no tamanho entre eles. Apesar da similaridade entre as trajetórias ontogenéticas destes dois gêneros, espécimes de Didelphis nascem maiores e crescem por mais tempo, como indicado pela sua trajetória mais longa. / One of the central goals in evolutionary biology is related to how evolutionary processes, mainly natural selection and genetic drift, shaped living organisms. The combined use of Morphologial Integration and Quantitative Genetics give us powerful tools to accomplish this goal. Morphological Integration is concerned of how characters are related, as well as their underlying genetics/developmental relationship, while Quantitative Genetics have methodologies designed to explore the phenotypic forces underlying diversity among organisms. Using Didelphimorphia marsupials as a study group, I combined these two approaches to study its morphologic cranial diversification. In Quantitative Genetics, the genetic additive covariance matrix (G) resume the genetic variation underlying resemblance among relatives, which is the portion of the variance responsive to selection. Initially developed to microevolutionary scale studies, it can be extended to a macroevolutionary scale if it remains relatively similar in that time scale. However, as G matrix estimations require a huge number of related specimens with known genealogy, I used its phenotypic (P) counterpart which was more easily obtained. In the first chapter I showed high similarities among Didelphimorphia marsupials covariance and correlation P matrices. On the other hand, integration magnitudes (which measure the average correlation among traits) vary among taxa. Neither phylogeny nor morphologic distances showed any association with the similarity in patterns and magnitudes of integration. In the second chapter, I did these same analyses, but throughout genera ontogeny. Again, there was a high similarity among taxa in patterns of integration, both when I analyzed the ontogeny for each genus separately or against each other (at different age class). Morphological integration magnitudes showed the same variation obtained for adults, with a tendency to decrease at older ages. Taking these results into account, I compared the phenotypic correlation matrices to theoretical matrices, based on hypotheses of shared developmental and functional units. I searched for modularity in the two main skull regions (face and neurocranium) and five sub regions (cranium base and vault, face, nasal, and oral). I also looked for modularity concerning somatic development (Neurocranium vs. Face) and total modularity, as the 200 summation of the five sub-regions. Only Face and its sub-regions nasal and oral, showed significant correlations to the phenotypic genera matrices. Despite integration magnitude differences, all evolutionary responses produced by taxa were highly similar. These results, combined with a huge size variation (or size related variation - allometry) across taxa, lead me to search for the evolutionary consequences due to size variation. In the third chapter, I compared evolutionary response directions produce by each genera matrices before and after size removal under a random selection simulation. Allometry strongly affect these skulls, turning them into highly integrated structures with lower modularity (skull modules are not easily distinguished). Because of this, modules cannot evolve relatively independent of other modules and evolutionary responses will strongly affect the whole cranium. This is related to the variation along the lines of least evolutionary resistance. This line is the multivariate direction of greatest genetic or phenotypic variation (the combination of a suite of traits that displays the maximum within-population variance). In Didelphimorphia marsupials, this line is aligned with size variation and regardless the selection direction, evolutionary change is usually aligned to this least resistance line. The removal of size variation diminish the magnitude of integration while increases modularity. Consequently, skulls become able to respond to selection in more directions as modules become relatively more independent of each other. In the last chapter I compared size and shape differences between ontogenetic trajectories of two sister genera Didelphis and Philander. Using traditional and geometric morphometric analysis plus allometric coefficient analysis, I could show that bigger differences between them are size related. Despite similarities, ontogenetic trajectory in Didelphis is longer, leading to bigger specimens.
317

Identificação da região periorbital utilizando a técnica SIFT em conjunto com rede neural híbrida / Identification of the periorbital area using the SIFT technique in conjunction with a hybrid neural network

Daniel Gomes Ribeiro 06 May 2011 (has links)
Nesta dissertação, foi utilizada a técnica SIFT (Scale Invariant Feature Transform) para o reconhecimento de imagens da área dos olhos (região periorbital). Foi implementada uma classificação das imagens em subgrupos internos ao banco de dados, utilizando-se das informações estatísticas provenientes dos padrões invariantes produzidos pela técnica SIFT. Procedeu-se a uma busca categorizada pelo banco de dados, ao invés da procura de um determinado padrão apresentado, através da comparação deste com cada padrão presente no banco de dados. A tais padrões foi aplicada uma abordagem estatística, através da geração da matriz de covariâncias dos padrões gerados, sendo esta utilizada para a categorização, tendo por base uma rede neural híbrida. A rede neural classifica e categoriza o banco de dados de imagens, criando uma topologia de busca. Foram obtidos resultados corretos de classificação de 76,3% pela rede neural híbrida, sendo que um algoritmo auxiliar determina uma hierarquia de busca, onde, ocorrendo uma errônea classificação, a busca segue em grupos de pesquisas mais prováveis.
318

Estudos biológicos-pesqueiros do espadarte (Xiphias gladius, Linnaeus, 1758) capturado pela frota de espinhel-de-superfície sediada em Itajaí (SC) no Atlântico sudoeste

QUAGGIO, Ana Lia Campos 08 February 2010 (has links)
Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-07T12:40:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Lia Camposa Quaggio.pdf: 1430515 bytes, checksum: 68e33f51877fa5eba2d7e0997b3e6520 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-07T12:40:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Lia Camposa Quaggio.pdf: 1430515 bytes, checksum: 68e33f51877fa5eba2d7e0997b3e6520 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Since the 50’s, Xiphias gladius (Linnaeus, 1758) has been captured along the Brazilian coast by surface longliners. This is the second most important target species for the tuna fleet based in Itajaí, Santa Catarina State, after the blue-shark, Prionace glauca (Linnaeus, 1758). The study was based on data from sea observers, log books and carcass ladings of Xiphias gladius, Linnaeus, 1758) from the pelagic longline fleet based in Itajaí, which operated in the southwest Atlantic. Covariance models were fit to the catches (weight, kg) of swordfish and the effects used were: (1) the years 1997, 1998, 2001, 2002 e 2007 (2) lunar phases and (3) seasons. The covariate was fishing effort (hooks). The highest moon catches occurred on the first quarter moon and during wintertime. The Mantel-Haenszel procedure was used to test the hook selectivity and showed that the type “J” hook (J 9/0 10º offset), traditionally used by the fleet, have 1.2 more chances of catching Xiphias gladius than the “circle” hook (18/0 10º offset), used as an optinal device to reduce sea turtle bycatch. The M-H test showed that the J hook has 1,2 more chances of catching Xiphias gladius than the circle hook. The conversion of individual carcass weights (kg) to total length (cm) for the years 2000 to 2002 showed that 66% of the catches were sub-adults. / O espadarte, Xiphias gladius (Linnaeus, 1758), vem sendo capturado na costa brasileira desde os anos 50 pelo espinhel-de-superfície. Esta é a segunda mais importante espécie-alvo da frota atuneira sediada em Itajaí (SC), ficando atrás apenas do tubarão-azul, Prionace glauca (Linnaeus, 1758). No presente estudo foram analisados os dados obtidos para esta espécie através de observadores, mapas de bordo e fichas de desembarque de carcaças de X. gladius para a frota de espinhel-de-superfície sediada em Itajaí (SC) e atuante no Atlântico sudoeste. Foram elaborados modelos de análise de covariância (ANCOVA) e aplicados aos dados de captura (peso em kg) do espadarte, tendo como efeitos: (1) os anos de 1997, 1998, 2001, 2002 e 2007 (2) as fases lunares e (3) as épocas do ano. A covariável foi o esforço de pesca (n° de anzóis). As maiores médias de captura ocorreram durante as fases de lua crescente e no inverno. O procedimento estatístico de Mantel-Haenszel teste foi utilizado para comparar as capturas do espadarte no anzol tipo “Jota” (9/0 10º offset) comumente utilizado pela frota espinheleira com o anzol tipo “circular” (18/0 10ºoffset), este último oferecido como alternativa mitigadora à captura de tartarugas marinhas. O teste M-H indicou que o anzol “Jota” apresentou 1,2 mais chances de capturar Xiphias gladius que no “circular”. A conversão dos pesos individuais das carcaças (kg) em comprimentos totais (cm), referentes aos anos de 2000 a 2002, indicou que 66% das capturas foram de sub-adultos, ao longo de todo o ano.
319

Who's Controlling Whom? Infant Contributions to Maternal Play Behavior

Dixon, Wallace E., Jr., Smith, P. Hull 26 March 2003 (has links)
Because the way mothers play with their children may have significant impacts on children's social, cognitive, and linguistic development, researchers have become interested in potential predictors of maternal play. In the present study, 40 mother–infant dyads were followed from child age 5–20 months. Five-month habituation rate and 13 and 20 month temperamental difficulty were found to be predictive of maternal play quality at 20 months. The most parsimonious theoretical model was one in which habituation was mediated by temperamental difficulty in predicting mother play. Consistent with prior speculation in the literature, these data support the possibility that mothers adjust some aspects of their play behaviors to fit their children's cognitive and temperamental capabilities.
320

Guidance and Navigation Linear Covariance Analysis for Lunar Powered Descent

Moesser, Travis J. 01 May 2010 (has links)
A linear covariance analysis is conducted to assess closed-loop guidance, navigation, and control system (GN&C) performance of the Altair vehicle during lunar powered descent. Guidance algorithms designed for lunar landing are presented and incorporated into the closed-loop covariance equations. Navigation-based event triggering is also included in the covariance formulation to trigger maneuvers and control dispersions. Several navigation and guidance trade studies are presented demonstrating the influence of triggering and guidance and study parameters on the vehicle GN&C performance.

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