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The South African death sentence under a new constitutionKrautkrämer, Robert Paul Rudolf 06 1900 (has links)
Although s 9 of the new Constitution 1 guarantees the right to life, there is no express
provision which abolishes the death sentence.
Whereas in the past the death sentence could only be avoided by the exercise of
judicial discretion or political and public pressure, its imposition will now have to be
entirely re-evaluated. Not only are all the laws of the country subject to the new
Constitution, 2 but so too a Constitutional Court will be operational which will have
the power to test the constitutionality of any such laws.
By looking at the standards and relevant issues which are considered to define the
constitutionality of the death sentence internationally, reviewing current application
of the death sentence in South Africa, drawing comparisons, and by studying the
problems unique to the South African situation, it will be the aim of this dissertation
to determine how the death sentence will fare under a Constitutional Court. / Criminal & Procedural Law / LL. M.
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12 |
The Role of the Victim in the South African System of Plea and Sentence Agreements: A Critique of Section 105A of the Criminal Procedure Act.Rodgers, Megan Bronwynne. January 2009 (has links)
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<![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt / line-height: 115% / font-family: " / Times New Roman" / ," / serif" / ">Crime victims once played a prominent role in the criminal justice system. Historically, victims who sought to bring their wrongdoers to justice conducted </span>
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<meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><span style="font-size: 12pt / line-height: 115% / font-family: " / Times New Roman" / ," / serif" / ">their own investigations<span style=""> </span>and argued their own cases or employed others to do so. As time passed,<span style="">  / </span>a distinction was drawn between offences against the social order and disputes between individuals. Crime control became a function of government and the state increased its responsibility for the investigation and punishment of criminal conduct. Gradually, the victim was removed from the proceedings and relegated to serving as a witness for the state. The assumption was that the state, whilst representing the interests </span>
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<meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><span style="font-size: 12pt / line-height: 115% / font-family: " / Times New Roman" / ," / serif" / ">of society, would represent the interests</span>
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<meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><span style="font-size: 12pt / line-height: 115% / font-family: " / Times New Roman" / ," / serif" / "> of the victim also. This fallacy provided the foundation for a criminal justice which, until recently, encourage victim exclusion. In recent years, there has been a clear trend towards re-introducing the right of victims to participate in the criminal justice process. This international trend has been labelled the &bdquo / return of the victimâ. In South Africa, the Constitution and, in particular, the Bill of Rights contained therein underscore the move towards procedural rights for victims of crime. Moreover, the South African government has taken significant legislative steps to ensure that victims have formal rights in criminal justice proceedings. However, to date, comparatively little attention has been paid to the question of whether or not victims should be allowed a meaningful role in the process of plea and sentence negotiations. One of the aims of this study is to determine whether victimsâ rights are properly understood, defined and implemented within the criminal justice system. In particular, this study aims to clarify the rights of victims who find themselves affiliated with a specific stage of criminal prosecution, namely, negotiated justice.<span style="">  / </span><span style="">  / </span><span style="">  / </span><span style="">  / </span></span> </meta>
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The Role of the Victim in the South African System of Plea and Sentence Agreements: A Critique of Section 105A of the Criminal Procedure Act.Rodgers, Megan Bronwynne. January 2009 (has links)
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<![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt / line-height: 115% / font-family: " / Times New Roman" / ," / serif" / ">Crime victims once played a prominent role in the criminal justice system. Historically, victims who sought to bring their wrongdoers to justice conducted </span>
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<meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><span style="font-size: 12pt / line-height: 115% / font-family: " / Times New Roman" / ," / serif" / ">their own investigations<span style=""> </span>and argued their own cases or employed others to do so. As time passed,<span style="">  / </span>a distinction was drawn between offences against the social order and disputes between individuals. Crime control became a function of government and the state increased its responsibility for the investigation and punishment of criminal conduct. Gradually, the victim was removed from the proceedings and relegated to serving as a witness for the state. The assumption was that the state, whilst representing the interests </span>
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<meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><span style="font-size: 12pt / line-height: 115% / font-family: " / Times New Roman" / ," / serif" / ">of society, would represent the interests</span>
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<meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><span style="font-size: 12pt / line-height: 115% / font-family: " / Times New Roman" / ," / serif" / "> of the victim also. This fallacy provided the foundation for a criminal justice which, until recently, encourage victim exclusion. In recent years, there has been a clear trend towards re-introducing the right of victims to participate in the criminal justice process. This international trend has been labelled the &bdquo / return of the victimâ. In South Africa, the Constitution and, in particular, the Bill of Rights contained therein underscore the move towards procedural rights for victims of crime. Moreover, the South African government has taken significant legislative steps to ensure that victims have formal rights in criminal justice proceedings. However, to date, comparatively little attention has been paid to the question of whether or not victims should be allowed a meaningful role in the process of plea and sentence negotiations. One of the aims of this study is to determine whether victimsâ rights are properly understood, defined and implemented within the criminal justice system. In particular, this study aims to clarify the rights of victims who find themselves affiliated with a specific stage of criminal prosecution, namely, negotiated justice.<span style="">  / </span><span style="">  / </span><span style="">  / </span><span style="">  / </span></span> </meta>
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The South African death sentence under a new constitutionKrautkrämer, Robert Paul Rudolf 06 1900 (has links)
Although s 9 of the new Constitution 1 guarantees the right to life, there is no express
provision which abolishes the death sentence.
Whereas in the past the death sentence could only be avoided by the exercise of
judicial discretion or political and public pressure, its imposition will now have to be
entirely re-evaluated. Not only are all the laws of the country subject to the new
Constitution, 2 but so too a Constitutional Court will be operational which will have
the power to test the constitutionality of any such laws.
By looking at the standards and relevant issues which are considered to define the
constitutionality of the death sentence internationally, reviewing current application
of the death sentence in South Africa, drawing comparisons, and by studying the
problems unique to the South African situation, it will be the aim of this dissertation
to determine how the death sentence will fare under a Constitutional Court. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL. M.
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The role of the victim in the South African system of plea and sentence agreements: a critique of section 105a of the criminal procedure actRodgers, Megan Bronwynne January 2009 (has links)
Magister Legum - LLM / Crime victims once played a prominent role in the criminal justice system. Historically, victims who sought to bring their wrongdoers to justice conducted their own investigations and argued their own cases or employed others to do so. As time passed, a distinction was drawn between offences against the social order and disputes between individuals. Crime control became a function of government and the state increased its responsibility for the investigation and punishment of criminal conduct. Gradually, the victim was removed from the proceedings and relegated to serving as a witness for the state. The assumption was that the state, whilst representing the interests of society, would represent the interests of the victim also. This fallacy provided the foundation for a criminal justice which, until recently, encourage victim exclusion. In recent years, there has been a clear trend towards re-introducing the right of victims to participate in the criminal justice process. This international trend has been labelled the „return of the victim‟. In South Africa, the Constitution and, in particular, the Bill of Rights contained therein underscore the move towards procedural rights for victims of crime. Moreover, the South African government has taken significant legislative steps to ensure that victims have formal rights in criminal justice proceedings. However, to date, comparatively little attention has been paid to the question of whether or not victims should be allowed a meaningful role in the process of plea and sentence negotiations. One of the aims of this study is to determine whether victims‟ rights are properly understood, defined and implemented within the criminal justice system. In particular, this study aims to clarify the rights of victims who find themselves affiliated with a specific stage of criminal prosecution, namely, negotiated justice.
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The constitutional validity of section 78(1B) of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 with regard to section 9 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996Mare, Ruan 13 September 2012 (has links)
This study evaluates the constitutionality of section 78(1B) of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 (CPA), which places the burden of proving criminal capacity on the party who raises the issue, against section 9 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (CRSA). In a legal system such as ours, that has a high regard for equality, any form of unequal treatment must be scrutinised, assessed and, if found to be unjust, rooted out. Even more so where the unequal treatment affects a marginalised minority group such as the mentally disabled. This study weighs section 78(1B) against section 9(1) of the CRSA. It also weighs the section against section 9(3) of the CRSA. Attempts are made to justify possible infringements according to section 36 of the CRSA. An appropriate remedy is then ascertained. This study also provides the historical development of section 78(1B) of the CPA – both in the common law and statute. This study furthermore provides original guidelines and principles in assessing expert evidence where criminal capacity is placed in dispute due to a mental illness or defect of the accused. The main findings are that section 78(1B) infringes on both section 9(1) and section 9(3), that it cannot be justified in terms of section 36 of the CRSA and that the appropriate remedy is the striking out of the whole section from the CPA. Copyright / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Public Law / unrestricted
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Mentally ill accused in South African criminal procedure: evaluating the mental health court model as therapeutic responsePienaar, Letitia 11 1900 (has links)
Mental illness that affects an accused’s fitness to stand trial is an ill-explored topic in the South African criminal justice system. The necessity to explore this topic is motivated by the increasing number of persons with mental illness moving into the criminal justice systems in South Africa, Canada, and the United States of America.
An accused’s fitness to stand trial is assessed once concern about his ability to follow the proceedings, or give proper instructions to his legal representative, is in doubt. The assessment is conducted in the forensic system where the vastly different fields of law and psychiatry meet. The South African forensic system is plagued with resources and skills shortages. These inadequacies cause delays in resolving pre-trial issues for an accused in respect of whom fitness is at issue. The accused is oftentimes detained in a correctional facility awaiting fitness assessment for anything between three months to two years. Generally, detention in a correctional facility has a negative effect on the mental state of a person with a mental illness.
The logistics of fitness assessments differ between the three jurisdictions referred to above. However, the threshold for fitness in these jurisdictions is relatively low, with the result that the majority of accused persons sent for fitness assessments are found fit to stand trial. Such a finding does not imply that the accused is not mentally ill; it simply means that the illness does not affect his understanding of the court proceedings and that it does not influence his ability to communicate with his legal representative. An accused with a serious mental illness such as schizophrenia or major depression can, for example, be found fit to stand trial.
After a fitness assessment, a court may either find an accused fit to stand trial or unfit to stand trial. The fact that many persons found fit to stand trial have a mental illness suggests that there is a third category on the fitness continuum that must be acknowledged, namely, fit but mentally ill accused persons. No alternatives to traditional prosecution currently exist in South Africa for this third group of accused persons despite the fact that their situation in the criminal justice system calls for a therapeutic response.
The South African legislative framework that regulates fitness assessments and the processes associated therewith are not without challenges. The assessment practices have recently been under scrutiny by the Constitutional court, which judgment changed the position for the accused found unfit to stand trial. The position of the fit but mentally ill accused remains unregulated.
The Canadian and American criminal justice systems have implemented diversion programmes for fit but mentally ill accused persons in the form of Mental Health Courts. The underlying principle of a Mental Health Court is therapeutic jurisprudence. Therapeutic jurisprudence evaluates the impact of the law on those in conflict with it. It promotes the inclusion of expertise from other disciplines to improve the effectiveness of the law in a particular set of circumstances.
Many South African scholars acknowledge the need for mental health expertise in the criminal justice system, and suggestions have been made for the diversion of mentally ill accused persons charged with minor offences. Those above notwithstanding, no formal diversion programmes exist in South Africa for the fit but mentally ill accused.
This research investigates the Mental Health Court as a therapeutic response to the mentally ill accused in the South African criminal justice system. The Mental Health Court models as employed in Canada and the United States of America are studied to identify elements thereof that can be employed in the South African context to provide an effective alternative to traditional prosecution for the mentally ill accused.
The Toronto Mental Health Court is studied in the Canadian context as a court that is not a diversion programme as such but has a diversion component attached to it. Diversion in Canada is reserved for those charged with less serious offences, and only these accused persons are allowed into the diversion component of the Mental Health Court. However, the Canadian Mental Health Court assists those who do not qualify for diversion but who need the specialised skills of the Mental Health Court for purposes of, for example, a bail application. The Brooklyn Mental Health Court in the United States of America is investigated as a model that constitutes a complete diversion programme and considers diversion of accused persons charged with more serious offences.
The unique structure and procedure of each of these Mental Health Courts are investigated with due consideration to the eligibility criteria of each and the sanctions employed for non-compliance of the court-monitored treatment programmes. Further, the successes and challenges of each model are highlighted.
Finally, a proposal is made for a Mental Health Court model mindful of the uniquely South African factors that have to be taken into account when building such a model. Amendments to the existing legislative framework are proposed to incorporate a Mental Health Court as a therapeutic response to mentally ill accused persons in the South African criminal justice system. / Criminal and Procedural Law
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Vergelykende penologiese ondersoek rakende korrektiewebeleid en wetgewingDe Villiers, Elizabeth Ann 06 1900 (has links)
Text in Afrikaans with summaries in Afrikaans and English, and English title page / This thesis is an attempt to give a penological evaluation relating to A comparative
penological investigaion regarding Correctional Policy and Legislation, which is the aim
of this research.
This penological literature study will focus on an historic overview of the prison as an
institution for punishment. Besides the historical background of the South African
prison system it is also thereby placed on the policy and legislation of countries such
as the Netherland's and England's prison institutions. After the implementing of policy
and legislation in the prison systems the basis for an improved prison system was
formed.
Important core understandings of policy and the application of lawful prescriptions were
checked and the different levels of the policy were included in the South African
correctional system. Features of the policy and legislation were continually adapted
after the changing needs and circumstances on social, economic and political
environments. Consequently indicating in this comparative penological investigation
it has come to the conclusion that no penalty institution can function normally and
efficiently without a well-considered policy and legislation. It has been found that the
formulation and implementation of the policy and prescriptions are an important part of
the planning process of the correctional system.
Rational for the search for correctional policy and legislation are mainly examined in
South Africa and consequently it was to identify the respective policy and lawful
prescriptions. It was contracted against the background of the maintenance and
protection of a just, peaceful and safe society as the Law enforces verdicts of courts to
imposed, charge like all captive sentence safe conservation to while their human dignity
is assured and same time around the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, No 108 of 1996. This Act was also promoting the social responsibility and human
development of all prisoners and persons subject to community corrections.
The implementation of policy and lawful prescriptions were orderly emphasised to the
advantage or disadvantage of the captive and the prison system. This comparative
investigation gave recognisance to international principles over corrective events and
is included in a penological perspective at the same time. / Hierdie proefskrif is 'n poging om 'n teoretiese-prinsipiele uiteensetting te gee oor 'n
Vergelykende penologiese ondersoek rakende Korrektiewebeleid en Wetgewing ten
einde die doelwit van hierdie navorsing te bereik.
'n Literatuurstudie oor die historiese ontwikkeling van die gevangenis as strafinrigting
is ingestel en is gefokus op die gevangenisstelsels in Suid-Afrika, Engeland en Nederland.
Benewens hierdie historiese agtergrond is die doel om die ontwikkeling van die
strafbeleid en wetgewing in oorsese lande en in Suid-Afrika te identifiseer ten einde die
verandering binne die gevangenisstelsels te verstaan. Hierdie gebeurtenisse van
vroeer en hedendaags het die grondslag gevorm vir 'n verbeterde gevangenisstelsel.
Belangrike kernbegrippe van beleid en die toepassing van wetlike voorskrifte is
nagegaan en die verskillende vlakke van beleid wat betrekking het op die Suid-Afrikaanse
korrektiewe stelsel is omskryf. Wetgewing is as die hoogste vlak van beleid beskryf en gevolglik word beleid en wetgewing voortdurend aangepas na gelang van
veranderde behoeftes en omstandighede op maatskaplike-, ekonomiese- en politieke
terreine.
In hierdie penologiese ondersoek is aangedui dat geen strafinstelling normaal en
doeltreffend kan funksioneer sonder 'n deurdagte beleid en wetgewing nie. Daar is
aangedui dat die formulering en implementering van die beleid en voorskrifte deel is van
die beplanningsproses van die korrektiewe stelsel.
Die rasionaal van korrektiewebeleid en wetgewing is hoofsaaklik in Suid-Afrika
ondersoek en is onderskeie beleidsrigting en wetlike voorskrifte in oenskou geneem.
Oit is gedoen teen die agtergrond van die instandhouding en beskerming van 'n
regverdige, vreedsame en veilige samelewing wat deur die Wet voorgeskryf is om alle
gevangenes in veilige bewaring aan te hou terwyl hul menswaardigheid verseker word.
Dienooreenkomstig is daar uitvoering gegee aan die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika, No 108 van 1996 en bevorder hierdie Wet die maatskaplike verantwoordelikheid
en die menslike ontwikkeling van aile gevangenes en persone onderworpe
aan gemeenskapskorreksies.
Die implemetering van korrektiewebeleid en wetlike voorskrifte is menigmale
beklemtoon tot voordeel of nadeel van die gevangene en die gevangenisstelsel.
Terselfdertyd is daar in hierdie vergelykende penologiese navorsing erkenning gegee
aan internasionale beginsels oor korrektiewe aangeleenthede en is dit terselfdetyd in
penologiese perspektief geplaas. / Criminology / D.Litt. et Phil. (Penology)
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A constitutional perspective of police powers of search and seizure in the criminal justice systemBasdeo, Vinesh 11 1900 (has links)
Before 1994 criminal procedure was subject to the sovereignty of Parliament and the
untrammelled law enforcement powers of the executive which resulted in the
authoritarian and oppressive criminal justice system of the apartheid era. The
Constitution, Act 108 of 1996 has since created a democratic state based on the
values of the supremacy of the Constitution and the rule of law. The basic principles
of criminal procedure are now constitutionalised in the Bill of Rights. The Bill of
Rights protects the fundamental rights of individuals when they come into contact
with organs of the state which includes the police. The Criminal Procedure Act 51 of
1977 authorises the police to search for and to seize articles, and has long provided
the only legal basis for obtaining warrants to search for and to seize articles and for
performing such actions without a warrant in certain circumstances. Generally the
standard for these measures and actions taken under their purview has been one of
reasonableness. Since the birth of the Constitution there has been additional
constraints on search and seizure powers. Not only are there now constitutionalised
standards by which such legal powers are to be measured, but there is also the
possibility of excluding evidence obtained in course of a violation of a constitutional
right. The provisions of the Criminal Procedure Act are now qualified by the
Constitution. Where feasible a system of prior judicial authorisation in the form of a
valid search warrant obtained on sworn information establishing reasonable grounds
is a precondition for a valid search or seizure. Search and seizure without a warrant
is permitted only in exceptional circumstances such as an immediate threat to
person or property. By prohibiting unreasonable searches and seizures the
Constitution places important limits on police efforts to detect and investigate crime.
The Constitution appreciates the need for legitimate law enforcement activity. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL.M.
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Vergelykende penologiese ondersoek rakende korrektiewebeleid en wetgewingDe Villiers, Elizabeth Ann 06 1900 (has links)
Text in Afrikaans with summaries in Afrikaans and English, and English title page / This thesis is an attempt to give a penological evaluation relating to A comparative
penological investigaion regarding Correctional Policy and Legislation, which is the aim
of this research.
This penological literature study will focus on an historic overview of the prison as an
institution for punishment. Besides the historical background of the South African
prison system it is also thereby placed on the policy and legislation of countries such
as the Netherland's and England's prison institutions. After the implementing of policy
and legislation in the prison systems the basis for an improved prison system was
formed.
Important core understandings of policy and the application of lawful prescriptions were
checked and the different levels of the policy were included in the South African
correctional system. Features of the policy and legislation were continually adapted
after the changing needs and circumstances on social, economic and political
environments. Consequently indicating in this comparative penological investigation
it has come to the conclusion that no penalty institution can function normally and
efficiently without a well-considered policy and legislation. It has been found that the
formulation and implementation of the policy and prescriptions are an important part of
the planning process of the correctional system.
Rational for the search for correctional policy and legislation are mainly examined in
South Africa and consequently it was to identify the respective policy and lawful
prescriptions. It was contracted against the background of the maintenance and
protection of a just, peaceful and safe society as the Law enforces verdicts of courts to
imposed, charge like all captive sentence safe conservation to while their human dignity
is assured and same time around the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, No 108 of 1996. This Act was also promoting the social responsibility and human
development of all prisoners and persons subject to community corrections.
The implementation of policy and lawful prescriptions were orderly emphasised to the
advantage or disadvantage of the captive and the prison system. This comparative
investigation gave recognisance to international principles over corrective events and
is included in a penological perspective at the same time. / Hierdie proefskrif is 'n poging om 'n teoretiese-prinsipiele uiteensetting te gee oor 'n
Vergelykende penologiese ondersoek rakende Korrektiewebeleid en Wetgewing ten
einde die doelwit van hierdie navorsing te bereik.
'n Literatuurstudie oor die historiese ontwikkeling van die gevangenis as strafinrigting
is ingestel en is gefokus op die gevangenisstelsels in Suid-Afrika, Engeland en Nederland.
Benewens hierdie historiese agtergrond is die doel om die ontwikkeling van die
strafbeleid en wetgewing in oorsese lande en in Suid-Afrika te identifiseer ten einde die
verandering binne die gevangenisstelsels te verstaan. Hierdie gebeurtenisse van
vroeer en hedendaags het die grondslag gevorm vir 'n verbeterde gevangenisstelsel.
Belangrike kernbegrippe van beleid en die toepassing van wetlike voorskrifte is
nagegaan en die verskillende vlakke van beleid wat betrekking het op die Suid-Afrikaanse
korrektiewe stelsel is omskryf. Wetgewing is as die hoogste vlak van beleid beskryf en gevolglik word beleid en wetgewing voortdurend aangepas na gelang van
veranderde behoeftes en omstandighede op maatskaplike-, ekonomiese- en politieke
terreine.
In hierdie penologiese ondersoek is aangedui dat geen strafinstelling normaal en
doeltreffend kan funksioneer sonder 'n deurdagte beleid en wetgewing nie. Daar is
aangedui dat die formulering en implementering van die beleid en voorskrifte deel is van
die beplanningsproses van die korrektiewe stelsel.
Die rasionaal van korrektiewebeleid en wetgewing is hoofsaaklik in Suid-Afrika
ondersoek en is onderskeie beleidsrigting en wetlike voorskrifte in oenskou geneem.
Oit is gedoen teen die agtergrond van die instandhouding en beskerming van 'n
regverdige, vreedsame en veilige samelewing wat deur die Wet voorgeskryf is om alle
gevangenes in veilige bewaring aan te hou terwyl hul menswaardigheid verseker word.
Dienooreenkomstig is daar uitvoering gegee aan die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika, No 108 van 1996 en bevorder hierdie Wet die maatskaplike verantwoordelikheid
en die menslike ontwikkeling van aile gevangenes en persone onderworpe
aan gemeenskapskorreksies.
Die implemetering van korrektiewebeleid en wetlike voorskrifte is menigmale
beklemtoon tot voordeel of nadeel van die gevangene en die gevangenisstelsel.
Terselfdertyd is daar in hierdie vergelykende penologiese navorsing erkenning gegee
aan internasionale beginsels oor korrektiewe aangeleenthede en is dit terselfdetyd in
penologiese perspektief geplaas. / Criminology and Security Science / D.Litt. et Phil. (Penology)
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