Thesis (M.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 66-67).

Thesis (EdD)--Montana State University--Bozeman, 2009. / Typescript. Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Elisabeth Swanson. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 263-272).

Thesis (MA (Philosophy))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis entails a critical analysis of the concept of compliance. The latter can briefly be defined as rules and policies developed with regard to employee behaviour with the goal of controlling and monitoring unethical behaviour. This thesis presents a critical explication of compliance based on various levels of analysis. Firstly, this will be done by discussing the context of the historical development of compliance, stemming from and starting with the bureaucratization of the economy and the practical implementation thereof in business. The historical overview entails a discussion of the development of management models. This provides the context for explicating the problem that these management models are geared towards the restriction of the autonomous individual for the purpose of control. This is achieved through the removal of the individual agent’s responsibility over his/her work. The latter, however, elicits resistance from the employee which I discuss in terms of the implicit contract (between the employer and the employee). Initially, this problem of resistance was addressed by mechanization, but with the global shift towards a servicedriven economy such methods were no longer applicable. Moreover, this shift brought about the development and implementation of post-Fordist models of management, focused on human capital. It is then within this management model that compliance was developed as the most commonly used method of control. According to my argument then, compliance was initially implemented as a method of instilling ethical behaviour in business; however its practical application failed in achieving such promises. I argue that the reason for the failure of compliance pertains to the very definition thereof which does not make allowance for the individual moral agent. This is demonstrated by explicating the manner in which compliance is implemented, with specific reference to culture lag. This refers to the exponential growth of information and communication technology in which ethical measures to address the problems causes by the latter, could not develop with parallel speed. Compliance finds culture lag especially difficult to address, since the creativity of the individual moral agent that is cardinal to resolving the problem of culture lag, is not made allowance for in the structures of compliance. This is exacerbated by the importance given in the structures of compliance to controlling tacit knowledge, since the latter is increasingly considered as a form of capital within the service-driven economy. In the final instance, I argue that compliance stands directly opposed to the principles of ethics and as such fails to address the problem of unethical behaviour. A possible solution to this is considered when looking at ideas with reference to trust, self-respect and responsibility. The latter, in turn, yields a possible solution to the original problem, namely that the individual moral agent is not acknowledged in the structures of compliance, and in some cases even totally discarded. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis behels ‘n kritiese analise van die konsep van ‘compliance.’ Compliance kan in Afrikaans vertaal word as ‘inskiklikheid’ – maar word in ‘n besigheidskonteks gebruik om te verwys na die implementering van ‘n stel reëls, of ‘n spesifieke beleid, wat daarop gemik is om onetiese gedrag van werknemers te monitor en te beheer. Hierdie tesis bied ‘n kritiese ondersoek van ‘inskiklikheid,’ gegrond op verskillende vlakke van analise, wat insluit die historiese ontwikkeling van ‘inskiklikheid’, die burokratisering van die ekonomie, en die praktiese implikasies daarvan vir besigheid. In die historiese oorsig val die klem op die ontwikkeling van bestuursmodelle. Dit verleen ‘n konteks aan die probleem dat al die betrokke bestuursmodelle daarop gemik was om die outonomie van die individu te beperk, en daardeur beter beheer oor sy/haar aksies te verkry. Dit is gedoen deur die individu in die werksopset van sy/haar verantwoordelikheid te ontneem. Dit het egter die teenreaksie van weerstand by werknemers ontlok, wat bespreek word in die konteks van die implisiete kontrak (tussen werkgewer en werknemer). Hierdie probleem van weerstand, is aanvanklik deur toenemende meganisasie aangespreek. Maar in die konteks van die globale oorgang na 'n meer diens-gedrewe ekonomie, was meganisasie nie meer 'n volhoubare oplossing nie. Verder, binne 'n diens-gedrewe ekonomie word idees van menslike kapitaal op prys gestel, soos in die bestuursmodel wat hierdie fase kenmerk, naamlik ‘post-Fordism’. Dit is binne hierdie konteks dat inskiklikheid ontwikkel het as die algemeenste manier waarop beheer oor werkers uitgeoefen word. Volgens my argument is inskiklikheid aanvanklik ge-implementeer as ‘n metode om etiese gedrag binne ‘n besigheidskonteks te handhaaf. Inskiklikheid het egter nie aan hierdie verwagting voldoen nie. Die rede hiervoor is dat inskiklikheid teenstrydig is met die konsep van die individuele morele agent. Dit word duidelik as die wyse waarop dit ge-implementeer word, ondersoek word, spesifiek aan die hand van die voorbeeld van die ‘kultuurgaping’ [‘culture lag’]. Laasgenoemde verwys na die gaping tussen nuwe tegnologie en etiese respos wat ontstaan as gevolge van die eksponensiële groei in kommunikasie- en informasietegnologie en die oënskynlike onvermoë van besighede om dit in hul etiese beleid aan te spreek. Bydraend tot die probleem is dat die kreatiwiteit van die individuele morele agent wat voortdurend benodig benodig word om hierdie gaping te oorkom, nie in die strukture van inskiklikheid erken word nie. Dit is veral belangrik, inaggenome die toenemende belangrikheid wat in die strukture van inskiklikheid verleen word aan die beheer van implisiete kennis [‘tacit knowledge’], omdat dit in binne die diensgedrewe eknomie toenemend as kapitaal beskou kan word. In die laaste instansie argumenteer ek dat ‘inskiklikheid’ direk teenstrydig is met die beginsels van etiek, en misluk dit as ’n metode om die probleem van ‘culture lag’ sowel as ander kwessies op te los. ’n Mootlike oplossing word ondersoek waneer idees rondom vertroue, self-respek en verantwoordelikheid verken word. Met verwysing na laasgenoemde is dit moontlik om die oospronklike rede vir weerstand aan te spreek, naamlik dat die individuele morele agent deur ‘inskiklikheid’ oor die hoof gesien word, en dit selfs in sekere opsigte heeltemal agterweë gelaat word.

In recent decades, reflective practice has become a key driver and an increasingly influential referent in the professional development of student teachers. Yet, the complex, somewhat elusive boundaries of reflective practice make this phenomenon difficult to define. The purpose of this study was to analyse and synthesise existing literature and research in order to better understand the multi-faceted nature of reflective practice. From an informed platform, a new conceptual framework was designed both to capture and investigate nine dimensions of reflective practice in which student teachers could demonstrate capacity and commitment. Eighty year 4 student teachers, who had undertaken action research projects during their final school experience, and thirteen university lecturers, who had guided the student teachers throughout this enterprise, were participants in this study. Data were gathered through questionnaires and semi-structured interviews that incorporated a series of closed and open-ended responses. Quantitative data were analysed to calculate statistical frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations; and, qualitative data via analytic induction methods to identify common themes and to extract narratives of experience. Findings showed that a majority (>90%) of student teachers perceived their capacity and commitment to engage in six dimensions of reflective practice [and most (>80%) in eight] had influenced their professional development. These perceptions were not wholly congruent with those of dissertation supervisors with variance between supervisors also evident. Qualitative distinctions, in the use of three types of reflective conversation, were found between male and female student teachers and within each gender group. Several constraints in the development of student teachers’ reflective practice also emerged. Further research is recommended into: what evidence and criteria shape judgments about reflective practice; how school-based staff might effectively support student teachers’ development of reflective practice; and, how the framework designed for this study might be replicated and refined to enhance reflective practice in personal professional development across disciplines.

INTRODUÇÃO: As Diretrizes Curriculares para os Cursos de Enfermagem afirmam que a estrutura dos cursos deve garantir um ensino crítico, reflexivo e criativo, orientado pelo princípio de ação-reflexão-ação. Acompanhando os movimentos nacionais, o Curso de Enfermagem da Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL) realizou mudanças curriculares, que culminaram na proposição do Currículo Integrado em 2000. Várias avaliações desse currículo foram realizadas, mas nenhuma sob o enfoque da competência crítica e reflexiva. OBJETIVO: Analisar a formação crítica e reflexiva no contexto de um currículo integrado. PERCURSO METODOLÓGICO: Realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa, cujo método de interpretação foi a hermenêutica-dialética. O estudo foi realizado no Centro de Ciências da Saúde da UEL. O foco foi o Curso de Graduação em Enfermagem. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram os docentes que vivenciam o projeto pedagógico do Currículo Integrado. Nas entrevistas, buscou-se verificar a percepção de docentes sobre o que vem a ser a competência crítica-reflexiva, como desenvolver essa capacidade e o que tem sido realizado no Curso para esse fim. Concomitante às entrevistas foram analisadas as resoluções e deliberações relativas às alterações do projeto pedagógico ocorridas no período de 2000 a 2012 e dois livros publicados sobre o currículo. RESULTADOS: A análise dos documentos revelou que o Currículo Integrado sofreu alterações para possibilitar sua viabilização na prática, tendo em vista condicionantes não sopesadas quando de sua concepção. Ainda assim, os princípios filosóficos e socioculturais conservaram-se inalterados e levam em conta uma reflexividade de cunho sociocrítico e emancipatório. Com base nos referenciais de pensamento crítico e reflexivo de Schön e Freire, identificaram-se duas categorias empíricas oriundas das concepções do pensamento crítico manifestadas pelos professores: uma tradicional-liberal e uma concepção mista, na qual foram identificados elementos relacionados a uma visão sociocritica e emancipatória da competência crítica e reflexiva. As categorias empíricas em relação à prática docente foram: levar estudante a relacionar os conteúdos teóricos à prática; fazer perguntas, aplicar metodologias ativas e usar processos avaliativos. Quanto às fortalezas foram mencionadas: a integração de conteúdos básico-clínico, a manutenção das áreas de conhecimento e as metodologias ativas. As fragilidades foram: o tempo restrito, o contexto do processo de trabalho docente, o despreparo e a falta de intencionalidade do professor e a postura do estudante frente à nova situação de aprendizado. CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que o pensamento e a atitude docente em relação a sua própria reflexão-ação e ao que preconiza o Currículo Integrado no que diz respeito ao pensamento crítico e reflexivo precisam ser revisitados a fim de resgatar a proposta pedagógica original. Espera-se que este trabalho possa instrumentalizar as escolas de Enfermagem que tem um Currículo Integrado ou que estão em processo de reformulação curricular. / INTRODUCTION: Curriculum Guidelines for Nursing Courses claim that the structure of the courses must secure a critical, reflective and creative teaching, guided by the action-reflection-action principle. Following national movements, the Nursing course at the State University of Londrina (UEL) made curriculum changes that culminated in the proposition of the Integrated Curriculum in 2000. Several evaluations of this curriculum were made, but none under the approach of critical and reflective competency. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the critical and reflective training in the context of an integrated curriculum. METHODOLOGY: We conducted a qualitative study using the dialectical-hermeneutic interpretation method. The study was conducted at the Center for Health Sciences at UEL. The focus was on the Undergraduate Program in Nursing. The subjects were teachers who experience the pedagogical project of Integrated Curriculum. In the interviews, we sought to verify the perception of teachers about what they consider to be the critical-reflective competence, how to develop this ability and what has been done in the course for this purpose. Concurrent to the interviews, resolutions and deliberations were analyzed concerning the pedagogical changes that occurred in the period from 2000 to 2012 and two books published about the curriculum. RESULTS: The analysis of the documents revealed that the Integrated Curriculum has changed to enable its feasibility in practice in view of constraints not considered when it was designed. Still, the philosophical and sociocultural principles kept unchanged and take into account a socio-critical and emancipatory reflexivity. Based on the benchmarks of Schön and Freires critical and reflective thinking, two empirical categories were identified, derived from conceptions of critical thinking expressed by teachers: a traditional-liberal one and a mixed one, in which elements have been identified related to a socio-critical and emancipatory point of view of the critical and reflective competence. The empirical categories in relation to the teaching practice were: lead student to relate the theoretical contents to the practice, ask questions, apply active methodologies and use evaluation processes. Regarding positive aspects, the following ones were mentioned: the integration of basic and clinical contents, the maintenance of areas of knowledge and active methodologies. Weaknesses were: limited time, the context of the teaching process, the teachers unpreparedness and lack of intentionality and the students attitude towards the new learning situation. CONCLUSION: We concluded that the thought and teaching attitude regarding his/her own reflection-action and advocating the Integrated Curriculum with regard to critical and reflective thinking need to be revisited in order to re-establish the original pedagogical proposition. It is hoped that this work can equip Nursing Schools that have an integrated curriculum or are in the process of curriculum reform.

INTRODUÇÃO: As Diretrizes Curriculares para os Cursos de Enfermagem afirmam que a estrutura dos cursos deve garantir um ensino crítico, reflexivo e criativo, orientado pelo princípio de ação-reflexão-ação. Acompanhando os movimentos nacionais, o Curso de Enfermagem da Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL) realizou mudanças curriculares, que culminaram na proposição do Currículo Integrado em 2000. Várias avaliações desse currículo foram realizadas, mas nenhuma sob o enfoque da competência crítica e reflexiva. OBJETIVO: Analisar a formação crítica e reflexiva no contexto de um currículo integrado. PERCURSO METODOLÓGICO: Realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa, cujo método de interpretação foi a hermenêutica-dialética. O estudo foi realizado no Centro de Ciências da Saúde da UEL. O foco foi o Curso de Graduação em Enfermagem. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram os docentes que vivenciam o projeto pedagógico do Currículo Integrado. Nas entrevistas, buscou-se verificar a percepção de docentes sobre o que vem a ser a competência crítica-reflexiva, como desenvolver essa capacidade e o que tem sido realizado no Curso para esse fim. Concomitante às entrevistas foram analisadas as resoluções e deliberações relativas às alterações do projeto pedagógico ocorridas no período de 2000 a 2012 e dois livros publicados sobre o currículo. RESULTADOS: A análise dos documentos revelou que o Currículo Integrado sofreu alterações para possibilitar sua viabilização na prática, tendo em vista condicionantes não sopesadas quando de sua concepção. Ainda assim, os princípios filosóficos e socioculturais conservaram-se inalterados e levam em conta uma reflexividade de cunho sociocrítico e emancipatório. Com base nos referenciais de pensamento crítico e reflexivo de Schön e Freire, identificaram-se duas categorias empíricas oriundas das concepções do pensamento crítico manifestadas pelos professores: uma tradicional-liberal e uma concepção mista, na qual foram identificados elementos relacionados a uma visão sociocritica e emancipatória da competência crítica e reflexiva. As categorias empíricas em relação à prática docente foram: levar estudante a relacionar os conteúdos teóricos à prática; fazer perguntas, aplicar metodologias ativas e usar processos avaliativos. Quanto às fortalezas foram mencionadas: a integração de conteúdos básico-clínico, a manutenção das áreas de conhecimento e as metodologias ativas. As fragilidades foram: o tempo restrito, o contexto do processo de trabalho docente, o despreparo e a falta de intencionalidade do professor e a postura do estudante frente à nova situação de aprendizado. CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que o pensamento e a atitude docente em relação a sua própria reflexão-ação e ao que preconiza o Currículo Integrado no que diz respeito ao pensamento crítico e reflexivo precisam ser revisitados a fim de resgatar a proposta pedagógica original. Espera-se que este trabalho possa instrumentalizar as escolas de Enfermagem que tem um Currículo Integrado ou que estão em processo de reformulação curricular. / INTRODUCTION: Curriculum Guidelines for Nursing Courses claim that the structure of the courses must secure a critical, reflective and creative teaching, guided by the action-reflection-action principle. Following national movements, the Nursing course at the State University of Londrina (UEL) made curriculum changes that culminated in the proposition of the Integrated Curriculum in 2000. Several evaluations of this curriculum were made, but none under the approach of critical and reflective competency. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the critical and reflective training in the context of an integrated curriculum. METHODOLOGY: We conducted a qualitative study using the dialectical-hermeneutic interpretation method. The study was conducted at the Center for Health Sciences at UEL. The focus was on the Undergraduate Program in Nursing. The subjects were teachers who experience the pedagogical project of Integrated Curriculum. In the interviews, we sought to verify the perception of teachers about what they consider to be the critical-reflective competence, how to develop this ability and what has been done in the course for this purpose. Concurrent to the interviews, resolutions and deliberations were analyzed concerning the pedagogical changes that occurred in the period from 2000 to 2012 and two books published about the curriculum. RESULTS: The analysis of the documents revealed that the Integrated Curriculum has changed to enable its feasibility in practice in view of constraints not considered when it was designed. Still, the philosophical and sociocultural principles kept unchanged and take into account a socio-critical and emancipatory reflexivity. Based on the benchmarks of Schön and Freires critical and reflective thinking, two empirical categories were identified, derived from conceptions of critical thinking expressed by teachers: a traditional-liberal one and a mixed one, in which elements have been identified related to a socio-critical and emancipatory point of view of the critical and reflective competence. The empirical categories in relation to the teaching practice were: lead student to relate the theoretical contents to the practice, ask questions, apply active methodologies and use evaluation processes. Regarding positive aspects, the following ones were mentioned: the integration of basic and clinical contents, the maintenance of areas of knowledge and active methodologies. Weaknesses were: limited time, the context of the teaching process, the teachers unpreparedness and lack of intentionality and the students attitude towards the new learning situation. CONCLUSION: We concluded that the thought and teaching attitude regarding his/her own reflection-action and advocating the Integrated Curriculum with regard to critical and reflective thinking need to be revisited in order to re-establish the original pedagogical proposition. It is hoped that this work can equip Nursing Schools that have an integrated curriculum or are in the process of curriculum reform.

Estudamos nesta pesquisa a formação do enfermeiro enquanto sujeito crítico-reflexivo no Curso de Enfermagem da FAMEMA, tendo como objetivo captar através dos alunos como está sendo construído seu processo de formação, na direção da constituição de um profissional críticoreflexivo; identificar as marcas diferenciais do processo de formação percebidas pelos mesmos, a partir da lógica do Projeto Político-Pedagógico (PPP), bem como apreender quais as facilidades e dificuldades encontradas, pelos mesmos no transcorrer de um processo de formação crítico/reflexivo. Tomamos por pressuposto que a formação de um enfermeiro crítico-reflexivo implica que o aluno torne-se sujeito no processo de formação e, essa transformação do aluno em sujeito está determinada e determina o contexto da implementação do PPP adotado pelo Curso de Enfermagem da FAMEMA. A pesquisa foi realizada com os alunos da 4ª série do Curso de Enfermagem da FAMEMA, no ano de 2001, sendo utilizadas as técnicas de grupo focal e entrevista semi-estruturada. Para a organização do material empírico utilizou-se do método do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (DSC), com posterior aplicação da técnica de análise temática proposta por Minayo. Na análise emergiram três eixos temáticos dos quais revelou-se que o processo de formação do enfermeiro crítico-reflexivo se dá pela construção de competências, as quais apresentam qualidade formal e política, iniciando-se na graduação e continuando ao longo da vida, numa perspectiva de renovação constante da profissão e do profissional. A mudança curricular deu-se por meio da implementação do PPP enquanto processo dinâmico, histórico, contraditório, construído pelos sujeitos que atuam no mesmo, apresentando adesão e resistências ao longo do processo. Ao utilizarmos a Metodologia da Problematização e o currículo integrado, verificamos ser importante a articulação entre ensino-serviço-comunidade através de parcerias, gerando novos cenários de ensino-aprendizagem, tomando o trabalho enquanto princípio da formação, provocando uma ação crítico-reflexiva acerca da realidade vivida no cotidiano, no entanto, gerando vários conflitos nesta nova relação. Os alunos apontam para uma ampliação do fazer do enfermeiro e da concepção de saúde-doença, utilizando as tecnologias leves no cuidado com o usuário, além de reconhecer que o trabalho em equipe requer uma nova postura do profissional na qual deve criar vínculo, ter argumentação fundamentada posicionando-se frente à equipe. O trabalho pedagógico ocorre em pequenos e no grande grupo, nos quais aprende-se a argumentar, a ouvir, conviver e respeitar a diversidade e diferenças de opiniões, aprende-se a lidar com os conflitos, os quais nem sempre são considerados pelos docentes que apresentam dificuldades para trabalhá-los enquanto processo educativo. O professor nesta metodologia faz a mediação entre o objeto a ser aprendido e o aluno para a construção do conhecimento, na perspectiva da autonomia no processo de aprender a aprender, sendo considerado como aquele que instiga o aluno a refletir sobre a realidade, orienta e auxilia o aluno nas suas atividades e dificuldades. O processo de avaliação deve ser contínuo e formativo, no entanto, manteve-se no geral uma concepção e prática tradicional, sendo realizada por vezes de forma burocratizada, sem significado e finalidade processual para alunos e professores. / In this study, we have investigated the education of nurses as critical and reflective subjects in the Nursing Program at FAMEMA, aiming at understanding through students how their education process is being constructed towards the constitution of a critical and reflective professionals; at identifying the differences in the education process perceived by them on basis of the logic stemming from the Political and Pedagogical Process (PPP) as well as at apprehending thedifficulties that they have encountered during a process of critical/reflective education. We based on the assumption that the education of a critical and reflective nurse implies that the student will become a subject in the education process and that this transformation of students into subjects determines and is determined by the context of implementation of PPP adopted by the Nursing Program at FAMEMA. The research was conducted with fourth-year students in the Nursing Undergraduate Program at FAMEMA in 2001. Focal group techniques and semi-structured interviews were used. In order to organize the empirical material, the Collective Subject Discourse (DSC) method was used, which was followed by the application of the thematic analysis technique proposed by Minayo. In the analysis, three thematic axes emerged from which it was revealed that the process of education of critical and reflective nurses occurs through the construction of competencies that present formal and Political quality. They begin in the undergraduate program and continue during life in a perspective of constant renovation of the profession as well as of the professional. Curricular change took place by the implementation of PPP as a dynamic, historical and contradictory process that was constructed by the subjects participating in it. It presented adherence and resistance as it developed. By using the Problematization Methodology and the integrated curriculum, it was verified that the teaching-service-community articulation through partnerships was important since it generated new learning-teaching scenarios by taking work as the educational principle, thus causing a critical and reflective action concerning the reality experienced in daily routine, although various conflicts were generated in this new relationship. The students pointed out an expansion of the nurse's performance as well as of the conception of healthdisease through the utilization of light technology to care for users in addition to the recognition of the fact that team work required a new attitude from professionals in which a tie must be created, and arguments must have a basis for one's positioning in relation to the team. Pedagogical work took place in small as well as in the big group, where students learned to discuss, to listen, to live with and respect diversity and different opinions. They learned to deal with conflicts which are not always taken into account by the patients who present difficulties in dealing with them as an educational process. In this methodology, the teacher is a mediator between the objective to be learned and the student for the construction of knowledge in the perspective of autonomy in the process of learning to learn. He is regarded as the one who instigates the student to reflect on reality, guides and helps the student in his activities and difficulties. The evaluation process must be continuous and educational; however, a practical and traditional conception was generally kept. At times, it was conducted in a bureaucratized fashion and had a processual meaning and purpose for students and teachers.

Estudamos nesta pesquisa a formação do enfermeiro enquanto sujeito crítico-reflexivo no Curso de Enfermagem da FAMEMA, tendo como objetivo captar através dos alunos como está sendo construído seu processo de formação, na direção da constituição de um profissional críticoreflexivo; identificar as marcas diferenciais do processo de formação percebidas pelos mesmos, a partir da lógica do Projeto Político-Pedagógico (PPP), bem como apreender quais as facilidades e dificuldades encontradas, pelos mesmos no transcorrer de um processo de formação crítico/reflexivo. Tomamos por pressuposto que a formação de um enfermeiro crítico-reflexivo implica que o aluno torne-se sujeito no processo de formação e, essa transformação do aluno em sujeito está determinada e determina o contexto da implementação do PPP adotado pelo Curso de Enfermagem da FAMEMA. A pesquisa foi realizada com os alunos da 4ª série do Curso de Enfermagem da FAMEMA, no ano de 2001, sendo utilizadas as técnicas de grupo focal e entrevista semi-estruturada. Para a organização do material empírico utilizou-se do método do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (DSC), com posterior aplicação da técnica de análise temática proposta por Minayo. Na análise emergiram três eixos temáticos dos quais revelou-se que o processo de formação do enfermeiro crítico-reflexivo se dá pela construção de competências, as quais apresentam qualidade formal e política, iniciando-se na graduação e continuando ao longo da vida, numa perspectiva de renovação constante da profissão e do profissional. A mudança curricular deu-se por meio da implementação do PPP enquanto processo dinâmico, histórico, contraditório, construído pelos sujeitos que atuam no mesmo, apresentando adesão e resistências ao longo do processo. Ao utilizarmos a Metodologia da Problematização e o currículo integrado, verificamos ser importante a articulação entre ensino-serviço-comunidade através de parcerias, gerando novos cenários de ensino-aprendizagem, tomando o trabalho enquanto princípio da formação, provocando uma ação crítico-reflexiva acerca da realidade vivida no cotidiano, no entanto, gerando vários conflitos nesta nova relação. Os alunos apontam para uma ampliação do fazer do enfermeiro e da concepção de saúde-doença, utilizando as tecnologias leves no cuidado com o usuário, além de reconhecer que o trabalho em equipe requer uma nova postura do profissional na qual deve criar vínculo, ter argumentação fundamentada posicionando-se frente à equipe. O trabalho pedagógico ocorre em pequenos e no grande grupo, nos quais aprende-se a argumentar, a ouvir, conviver e respeitar a diversidade e diferenças de opiniões, aprende-se a lidar com os conflitos, os quais nem sempre são considerados pelos docentes que apresentam dificuldades para trabalhá-los enquanto processo educativo. O professor nesta metodologia faz a mediação entre o objeto a ser aprendido e o aluno para a construção do conhecimento, na perspectiva da autonomia no processo de aprender a aprender, sendo considerado como aquele que instiga o aluno a refletir sobre a realidade, orienta e auxilia o aluno nas suas atividades e dificuldades. O processo de avaliação deve ser contínuo e formativo, no entanto, manteve-se no geral uma concepção e prática tradicional, sendo realizada por vezes de forma burocratizada, sem significado e finalidade processual para alunos e professores. / In this study, we have investigated the education of nurses as critical and reflective subjects in the Nursing Program at FAMEMA, aiming at understanding through students how their education process is being constructed towards the constitution of a critical and reflective professionals; at identifying the differences in the education process perceived by them on basis of the logic stemming from the Political and Pedagogical Process (PPP) as well as at apprehending thedifficulties that they have encountered during a process of critical/reflective education. We based on the assumption that the education of a critical and reflective nurse implies that the student will become a subject in the education process and that this transformation of students into subjects determines and is determined by the context of implementation of PPP adopted by the Nursing Program at FAMEMA. The research was conducted with fourth-year students in the Nursing Undergraduate Program at FAMEMA in 2001. Focal group techniques and semi-structured interviews were used. In order to organize the empirical material, the Collective Subject Discourse (DSC) method was used, which was followed by the application of the thematic analysis technique proposed by Minayo. In the analysis, three thematic axes emerged from which it was revealed that the process of education of critical and reflective nurses occurs through the construction of competencies that present formal and Political quality. They begin in the undergraduate program and continue during life in a perspective of constant renovation of the profession as well as of the professional. Curricular change took place by the implementation of PPP as a dynamic, historical and contradictory process that was constructed by the subjects participating in it. It presented adherence and resistance as it developed. By using the Problematization Methodology and the integrated curriculum, it was verified that the teaching-service-community articulation through partnerships was important since it generated new learning-teaching scenarios by taking work as the educational principle, thus causing a critical and reflective action concerning the reality experienced in daily routine, although various conflicts were generated in this new relationship. The students pointed out an expansion of the nurse's performance as well as of the conception of healthdisease through the utilization of light technology to care for users in addition to the recognition of the fact that team work required a new attitude from professionals in which a tie must be created, and arguments must have a basis for one's positioning in relation to the team. Pedagogical work took place in small as well as in the big group, where students learned to discuss, to listen, to live with and respect diversity and different opinions. They learned to deal with conflicts which are not always taken into account by the patients who present difficulties in dealing with them as an educational process. In this methodology, the teacher is a mediator between the objective to be learned and the student for the construction of knowledge in the perspective of autonomy in the process of learning to learn. He is regarded as the one who instigates the student to reflect on reality, guides and helps the student in his activities and difficulties. The evaluation process must be continuous and educational; however, a practical and traditional conception was generally kept. At times, it was conducted in a bureaucratized fashion and had a processual meaning and purpose for students and teachers.

As crônicas de Millôr Fernandes apresentam uma característica peculiar que é a de conjugar a linguagem verbal e visual, constituindo por isso um material de interesse para pesquisadores da linguagem. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a linguagem verbo-visual, bem como as imbricações linguísticas constitutivas do discurso milloriano. Tem como apoio teórico a análise dialógica do discurso na perspectiva bakhtiniana. Assim, para cumprir essa proposta, utilizaram-se as obras de Bakhtin e do Círculo, tais como: Estética da criação verbal (2011, 2003), Marxismo e filosofia da linguagem (2010) e Questões de Literatura e Estética: a teoria do romance (2010), bem como seus críticos intérpretes, a saber: Brait (2010; 2012), Melo (2010), Miottelo (2012), entre outros. Como objetos de pesquisa foram selecionadas 2 crônicas de Millôr Fernandes publicadas na revista Veja, edição n 1871, de 15/09/2004, que marca o retorno do escritor como cronista da revista e a edição n 2130, datada de 16/09/2009, que encerra seu período de contribuição para a mesma. As crônicas foram analisadas em seus elementos essenciais que caracterizam o gênero na perspectiva dialógica bakhtiniana, ou seja, elementos como o tema, a forma composicional e o estilo, foram vistos, observando as relações dialógicas entre autor, leitor presumido e contexto. Também é discutida a linguagem verbo-visual que as constitui, composta por outros signos, além dos verbais, tais como imagens, cores, tipos de letras, que compõem o conjunto enunciativo. Foram imprescindíveis as teorias de base que estudam a linguagem verbo-visual (Dondis, 1991) as cores, (Guimarães, 2000, 2003) e suas contribuições para um entendimento mais acurado dos efeitos de sentido dessas crônicas. Observa-se ainda a forma inusitada de elaboração da crônica de Millôr Fernandes, modificando o formato genérico e o estilo característico das crônicas jornalísticas. As análises revelaram que, por meio da arquitetura linguístico-discursiva, as crônicas são demonstrações particulares da visão do autor e que por isso a organização textual é marcada pelo seu tom humorístico valorativo, expressando seu ponto de vista frente aos acontecimentos do contexto imediato, respondendo assim ao leitor presumido, de acordo com a concepção bakhtiniana de enunciado. Espera-se com esse trabalho colaborar com as pesquisas em Linguística Aplicada no que diz respeito à leitura da linguagem verbo-visual do gênero crônica. / This research is executed in a declarative- discursive perspective, essentially defined the dialogic language theory of Bakhtin and his circle. This research presents a proposal for analysis of verb-visual language of chronic, exploring them as concrete statements that perspective. The chronicles of Millôr Fernandes exhibit a peculiar feature which is to combine verbal and visual languages and is therefore a material of interest to researches of language. To comply with this proposed analysis of two chronic by Millôr Fernandes, written in a period of six years, the first one, the edition n 1871, of 15/09/2004 and the last one n 2130, of 16/09/2009, respectively, published in Veja magazine. The objective is to observe the dialogical relationship between compositional form and style, considering the theme, the compositional form and the style. The verb-visual language that is composed of other signs is also discussed, in addition to verbal, such as images, colors, fonts, which together comprise the enunciation. The theories studying the colors and its contributions to a more accurate understanding of the sense effects of these utterances chronic. Also it is necessary to consider the uncommon development of Millôr Fernandes chronic, modifying the generic format and style journalistic chronicles. Analyses revealed that, through linguistic- discursive architecture, chronic statements are particular vision of the writer and therefore the textual organization is marked by subjectivity and evaluative tone and writer marked by authors subjectivity and evaluative tone. So he expresses his strandpoint about social events in a humorous way. This work is a suggestion of critical verb-visual reading and expecting to contribute to Applied Linguistic.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:13:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Magali Saddi Duarte.pdf: 825364 bytes, checksum: d2eba8c240777139394001e6907b1270 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-08 / This thesis is a bibliographic research linked to the Research Line Culture and Educational Processes. Its object of study is the epistemological presuppositions of continuing education of English teachers at the present time. For this purpose, the research began with a bibliographic investigation of studies related to projects and programs for the continuing education of English teachers in this country. It has as its base 18 texts of which one is a book, 14 are chapters from books and three are articles published in national periodicals linked to two Post-Graduate Programs, that is, Post-Graduate Program in Applied Linguistics of the Pontifícia Universidade de São Paulo (PUC-SP) and the Post-Graduate Program in Literature and Linguistics of the Faculty of Language and Literature (Letras) of the Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG). The goal was to apprehend what the emphasis on the action of the English language teacher, postulated by the epistemology of practice, showed regarding the relationship between theory and practice in continuing education. More precisely, to what extent the rational procedure, operated by the epistemology of practice, would reference the theoretical knowledge of the English teacher. Based on dialectic materialism and the Critical Theory of the Frankfurt School, it was verified that the lack of comprehension of the socio-historic aspects that permeate reality entails a limitation in the continuing education of the teacher and in the possibility of knowledge production. The current theoretical base for the continuing education of the teacher is rooted in the epistemological perspective of practice and presupposes an educational background based on practice with results appearing in narratives, discussions and argumentations. The analysis showed that the continuing education of the English teachers was based on a practical rationality expressing an instrumental rationality that operates in such a way as to dictate the teachers actions, the moments of reflection, the type of investigation adopted, the intervention of a researcher with a recognized mastery of the field of knowledge. This in turn substantiates a view based on practical actions and techniques for teachers continued education. The instrumental rationality shown reveals a break and continuity with the paradigm of technical rationality. Due to the impossibility of technical rationality being able to qualify teachers, reflective practice proposes a change that moves from technique to a reflection about and within practice. / Trata-se de pesquisa bibliográfica vinculada à Linha de Pesquisa Cultura e Processos Educacionais. Tem como objeto de estudo os pressupostos epistemológicos para a formação contínua de professores de inglês na atualidade. Para tanto, partiu da investigação bibliográfica de estudos relativos a projetos e programas de capacitação contínua de professores de inglês no país, e teve como suporte 18 textos, dentre estes, um livro, 14 capítulos de livros e três artigos publicados em periódicos nacionais de dois Programas de Pós-Graduação, a saber: o Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística Aplicada, da Pontifícia Universidade de São Paulo (PUC-SP) e o Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras e Linguística da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG). Objetivou-se apreender o que a ênfase na ação do professor de língua inglesa postulada pela epistemologia da prática revela sobre a relação teoria e prática na sua formação contínua? Ou mais precisamente, em que medida o procedimento racional operado por uma epistemologia da prática referenciaria o conhecimento teórico do professor de inglês? Fundamentando-se no materialismo dialético e na Teoria Crítica da Escola de Frankfurt verificou-se que a não compreensão dos aspectos sócio-históricos que permeiam a realidade implica uma limitação na formação do professor e na possibilidade de produção de conhecimento. A atual fundamentação para a formação docente se insere na perspectiva da epistemologia da prática, que propõe uma formação com base na prática, cujos resultados são dados a partir de narrativas, discursos e argumentações. A análise empreendida evidenciou que a formação contínua de professores de inglês baseada na racionalidade prática expressa uma racionalidade instrumental que opera de modo a prescrever a ação dos professores, o momento de refletir, o tipo de investigação a adotar, a intervenção de um pesquisador com reconhecido domínio do conhecimento consubstanciando numa visão praticista e tecnicista de formação contínua de professores. A racionalidade instrumental exposta revela uma ruptura e uma continuidade com o paradigma da racionalidade técnica. Na impossibilidade de a racionalidade técnica vir a qualificar os professores, a prática reflexiva crítica propõe uma mudança, que passou da técnica à reflexão sobre e na prática.