This report aims to investigate why proven methods for recycling concrete waste as road construction material are not practiced in Sweden. An additional objective is to investigate how concrete is handled as a waste product and whether it would be environmentally friendly and financially beneficial to clients and contractors. Information has been extracted via interviews conducted with experts from various positions within the civil engineering industry. Additional information was obtained through literature studies and questionnaires sent and received via email. Results which were frequently mentioned by engineering professionals included the extra expense of transporting and processing crushed concrete, parties involved in the design and construction processtend to follow traditional methods of using tried and tested virgin materials, the assumption of responsibility for structural failure due to alternative materials and general lack of knowledge surrounding crushed concrete as a construction material. Conclusions are that crushed concrete is suitable for construction of subbases in roads and base courses of cycle/pedestrian paths. Traditionally used virgin materials are generally less expensive than crushed concrete. Existing legislation makes the use of recycled construction material difficult. Awareness and education regarding recycled concrete, as a construction material, should be increased.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é mostrar que a brita sofre significativa variação de preço saindo da pedreira até chegar à sua utilização final. A grande parte desse aumento não diz respeito às atividades de mineração, mas sim às atividades logísticas, principalmente à distribuição física. As restrições ao tráfego de veículos de cargas são bastante intensificadas nos grandes centros urbanos, como a cidade de São Paulo. Medidas restritivas adotadas, como a proibição de circulação em determinadas áreas, horários pré-estabelecidos, rodízio municipal e especificação de tipos e tamanhos de veículos, provocam a necessidade de uma frota maior e mais diversificada e mais pessoal. Além disso, há subutilização da frota pelos dias, horários e locais das restrições, resultando na realimentação do que justamente se quer combater: congestionamentos e poluição. Congestionamentos devidos ao envelhecimento da frota rodante, já que as empresas supriram as limitações do rodízio municipal com a não desativação de veículos usados, que seriam substituídos por novos. Com vários anos de uso, estes quebram freqüentemente nas ruas, avenidas e corredores, prejudicando o trânsito. Poluição causada por motores velhos que, além de mais combustível, queimam também óleo lubrificante, deixando intermináveis rastros de vazamentos nas vias públicas. Quem tem que arcar com tudo isso é o consumidor final, que paga mais caro, espera mais e tem que se adaptar aos horários de entrega que as autoridades, agora com a nova legislação, só permitem, geralmente, durante o período noturno. / The objective of this research is to demonstrate that crushed stone has a significative variation in price from the quarry to its final use. Most of such increase is not related to mining activities but to logistics activities, mainly physical distribution. This variation is highly intensified in conurbations and big cities such as São Paulo, where there are traffic restrictions to cargo vehicles. The circulation in certain areas at determined times being prohibited due to the municipal number-plate alternating system in specifying types and sizes of vehicles, generates a need for a larger and more diversified fleet, not to mention more personnel. Besides that, there is underutilization of the fleet because of the days, time and places of restrictions provoking more traffic jams and pollution rather than eliminating them, which is exactly what is desired. Traffic jams due to the aging of the fleet in use, once the companies have incorporated used vehicles to compensate for the municipal number–plate system. Being in use for long such vehicles frequently breakdown on streets and avenues thus impairing the traffic. Pollution is caused by old engines that besides more fuel also burn lubricating oil, not to mention the traces of oil leaks left on public streets and avenues. Such burden is left for the final consumer to carry by spending more money waiting longer and having to adapt to the time authorities offer now with a new legislation in general at night.

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / Departamento Nacional de ProduÃÃo Mineral / The natural sand used in civil construction has become scarce due to the exhaustion of natural reserves and environmental constraints imposed by the regulatory agencies. Consequently, the prices of those inputs are likely to increase, burdening the consumer. In search of alternatives, sustainable and economical, this study proposes characterize crushed sand from quarries in the Fortaleza metropolitan region (RMF) and evaluate its implementation, as fine aggregate, in conventional concrete, as a replacement for natural sand. The experimental study is divided into two stages. The first one is the characterization of the physical, chemical and petrographical properties of eight kinds of crushed sand from RMF through the grading, density, water absorption, pulverulent material content, bulk density, grain shape analysis, alkali-aggregate reaction, petrographic analysis, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests. The second step is the properties evaluation of the concretes produced with crushed sand incorporation. The tool "design and analysis of experiments" was used. The crushed sands were rated into three groups and a representative sand for each group was used in the concrete production, where two independent factors (water/cement ratio and crushed sand replacement content) were determined by ranging in three levels each one of them. The measurement variables analyzed were the additive consumption, compressive strength, diametral tensile strength, shrinkage, water absorption, void ratios, density and natural carbonation. The results suggest the viability of using crushed sand to replace natural sand in conventional concrete by 75%, given that the workability can be achieved with the use of plasticizing additives, and in general, there is an increase in the compression resistance, reduced water absorption and void ratios, in other properties the crushed sand incorporation produces no significant effects, therefore their use is considered to be technically feasible. / A areia natural utilizada na construÃÃo civil tem se tornado escassa devido ao esgotamento de reservas naturais e Ãs restriÃÃes ambientais impostas pelos ÃrgÃos fiscalizadores. Por consequÃncia, os preÃos desse insumo tendem a aumentar, onerando o consumidor final. Em busca de alternativas, sustentÃveis e econÃmicas, propÃe-se neste estudo caracterizar areias de britagem provenientes de pedreiras da RegiÃo Metropolitana de Fortaleza (RMF) e avaliar sua aplicaÃÃo, como agregado miÃdo, em concreto convencional, em substituiÃÃo à areia natural. O trabalho experimental està dividido em duas etapas. A primeira à a caracterizaÃÃo das propriedades fÃsicas, quÃmicas e petrogrÃficas de oitos tipos de areia de britagem da RMF, atravÃs dos ensaios de granulometria, massa especÃfica, absorÃÃo de Ãgua, teor de material pulverulento, massa unitÃria, anÃlise de forma dos grÃos, reaÃÃo Ãlcali-agregado, anÃlise petrogrÃfica, espectometria de fluorescÃncia de raios X (FRX) e difraÃÃo de raios X (DRX). A segunda etapa à a avaliaÃÃo das propriedades dos concretos produzidos com a incorporaÃÃo de areia de britagem. Utilizou-se a ferramenta âplanejamento de experimentosâ. Classificou-se as areias de britagem em trÃs grupos, sendo utilizada uma areia representante para cada grupo na produÃÃo dos concretos, onde se determinou dois fatores independentes (relaÃÃo Ãgua/cimento e teor de substituiÃÃo de areia de britagem) variando em trÃs nÃveis cada. As variÃveis de resposta analisadas foram: consumo de aditivo, resistÃncia à compressÃo, resistÃncia à traÃÃo diametral, retraÃÃo por secagem, absorÃÃo de Ãgua, Ãndices de vazios, massa especÃfica e carbonataÃÃo natural. Os resultados apontam a viabilidade da utilizaÃÃo de areia de britagem em substituiÃÃo à areia natural em concretos convencionais em atà 75%, tendo em vista que a trabalhabilidade pode ser alcanÃada com a utilizaÃÃo de aditivos plastificantes, e de modo geral, observa-se um incremento na resistÃncia à compressÃo, reduÃÃo da absorÃÃo de Ãgua e Ãndices de vazios, nas demais propriedades a incorporaÃÃo de areia de britagem nÃo produz efeitos significativos, portanto, sua utilizaÃÃo à considerado tecnicamente viÃvel.

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Resumo: A mistura asfáltica, pode ser usinado a quente e pré-misturado a frio. A mistura denominada "pré-misturado", empregada no revestimento de pavimento é a mistura a frio, tendo como composição agregado mineral graduado, material de enchimento e emulsão asfáltica espalhada e comprimida a frio. Esse trabalho irá abordar a mistura asfástica pré-misturado a frio, tendo como objetivo comparar os resultados baseados em ensaios da mistura asfáltica e a caracterização do comportamento da mistura quando preparada com a adição de borracha reciclada de pneus usados. A pesquisa visa qualificar e otimizar o desempenho da mistura asfáltica que receberá a borracha moída com adições de 3%, 4% e 5% em relação à massa total de agregados minerais, comparando-as com a mistura de referência, sem a adição da borracha. A destinação final da borracha constitui em todo o mundo em um grande desafio, em virtude de suas peculiaridades, como seu tempo de degradação, estimado em aproximadamente 600 anos. Além da quantidade gerada nos dias de hoje, volume, peso e principalmente grande dificuldade de alternativas consideradas ecologicamente corretas e economicamente viáveis. Os ensaios realizados baseiam-se em uma faixa de pré-misturado a frio, onde os corpos de prova foram produzidos em laboratório com emulsão asfáltica catiônica. A adição da borracha moída e os teores de emulsão asfáltica foram definidos e analisados após ensaio de Dosagem Marshall a Frio. As características e comportamento das misturas foram avaliados pela densidade da mistura asfáltica, estabilidade e fluência Marshall. Dessa forma, buscando uma alternativa a atender as normas brasileiras e resultados de desempenho dessas misturas asfálticas, conclui-se que... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The asphalt paving mixture can be produced in the heat and premixed in cold. The mixture called premixed, having as mineral aggregate composition graduated, stuffing material and the asphalt emulsion compressed in cold. This work will go to approach the premixed in cold of the asphalt misture, having as objective to compare the results based on assays of the asphalt mixture and the behavior misture characterization when it prepared with the recycled rubber of old tires. The research seeks to qualify and optimize the performance of the asphalt mixture thet will receive the crushed rubber with additions of 3%, 4% and 5% in relation to the total agregate mineral mass, comparing them with the reference mixture, without the rubber addition. The final destination of the rubber to consist of a great challenge all over the world, in virtue of its peculiarities, as its time of degradation, approximately esttmed in 600 years. Beyond the generated amount nowadays, volume, weight and mainly great difficult of considered alternatives correct ecologically and viable economically. The accomplishment rehearsals based on in a strip premixed in cold, called dense strip, where the specimens were produced on the lab wiyh the cationic asphalt emulsion. The crushed rubber addition and the asphalt emulsion texts had been defined and analyzed after rehearsal of in cold Marshall Dosage. The mixture characteristics and behaviour had been evaluated by the stability, Marshall fluency and asphalt mixture density. In the way, looking for an alternative to attend the Brazillians rules and results of performance of these asphalt paving mixture, it follows that the rubber addition benefits are considerable, where the line with 3% addition rubber it presented the smallest index of emptiness, to smallest fluency, the biggest stability Marshall, the biggest apparent density, the biggest relationship polishemptiness and the smallest tenor of emulsion asphalt. / Orientador: Eduardo Carlos Bianchi / Coorientador: Emílio Shizuo Fujikawa / Banca: Rosane Aparecida Gomes Battistelle / Banca: Bernardo Luiz Costas Fumio / O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais, PosMat, tem caráter institucional e integra as atividades de pesquisa em materiais de diversos campi da Unesp / Mestre

Being able to identify blended dredged material and crushed glass of different proportions as materials suitable for Mechanically Stabilized Earth walls could help the adoption of these materials in civil engineering thereby reducing the environmental impact of these waste materials. The objectives of this thesis include the following: Collect and organize data to facilitate material selection based on interaction properties with uniaxial geogrids; analyze the data for trends for varying percentages of crushed glass vs. dredged materials; compare the properties of different blends with those of a well-documented uniform sand; compare the pullout data with that of previous studies related to the presence of fines in the fill material; and compare the pullout data to that of previous studies on the effect of geogrid rib thickness. The main findings of this thesis study include the following: A blend of 80% crushed glass and 20% dredged material is a legitimate alternative backfill material for reinforced soil slopes. The use of 100% crushed glass as a fill material is not recommended due to glass particles embedding into the geogrid thereby reducing the tensile capacity of the geogrid. Blends with lower percentages of crushed glass and higher percentages of dredged material may be appropriate based on the requirements of individual designs. The increased thickness of the UX1700 geogrid over the UX1400 geogrid contributed to higher a pullout resistance for each combination of fill material and normal stress. / text

The cement industry releases large quantities of CO₂ into the atmosphere during the manufacture of Portland Cement. The intrinsic property of the cement to reabsorb some of this CO₂ over its life time through a process called recarbonation has been investigated. This thesis reports on the development of an accelerated recarbonation apparatus for studying the recarbonation of crushed concrete under controlled conditions. The apparatus involved a series of airtight desiccators into which were placed the crushed concrete samples. The desiccators were then filled to ~50,000 ppm CO₂, which is significantly greater than the ~380 ppm by volume CO₂ available in the earth’s atmosphere. The CO₂ concentration was then monitored with respect to time inside the desiccator using CO₂ specific infrared probes. Two concrete design strengths of 20MPa and 40MPa with various crushed particle sizes were exposed to conditions of 50-60 % relative humidity, a temperature of 20 ± 1.5 °C, an exposure period of 21 days and a maximum CO₂ concentration of ~50,000 ppm by volume. The CO₂ uptake measured by the infrared probes was verified using other detection methods of FTIR, TGA, XRF, phenolphthalein indicator and the weight gain of the crushed concrete samples. The research found that a concrete of 20 MPa design strength and a water to cement ratio of 0.67 could absorb 12-83 % of the original calcination emissions for particle sizes <40, <20 and <10 mm in the 21 day time period. Similar behaviour was also exhibited by the 40 MPa design strength (w/c 0.49) but the extent of CO₂ uptake was not as pronounced. The 40 MPa (w/c 0.49) design mix absorbed 9-70 % of the original calcination emissions for the same particle sizes of <40, <20 and <10 mm. It was found that significant quantities of CO₂ could be absorbed by the smaller crushed sizes of <10 and <20 mm for both design mixes, owing to their much larger surface area. It was also found that about 80 % of the total CO₂ absorbed occurred within the first 10 days of exposure. It is envisaged that the results contained in this thesis will assist in future investigations into crushed concrete recarbonation.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-03-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:50:12Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_scc_me_bauru.pdf: 852083 bytes, checksum: ac164d42c6d5526cc944c7194152c4ef (MD5) / A mistura asfáltica, pode ser usinado a quente e pré-misturado a frio. A mistura denominada pré-misturado, empregada no revestimento de pavimento é a mistura a frio, tendo como composição agregado mineral graduado, material de enchimento e emulsão asfáltica espalhada e comprimida a frio. Esse trabalho irá abordar a mistura asfástica pré-misturado a frio, tendo como objetivo comparar os resultados baseados em ensaios da mistura asfáltica e a caracterização do comportamento da mistura quando preparada com a adição de borracha reciclada de pneus usados. A pesquisa visa qualificar e otimizar o desempenho da mistura asfáltica que receberá a borracha moída com adições de 3%, 4% e 5% em relação à massa total de agregados minerais, comparando-as com a mistura de referência, sem a adição da borracha. A destinação final da borracha constitui em todo o mundo em um grande desafio, em virtude de suas peculiaridades, como seu tempo de degradação, estimado em aproximadamente 600 anos. Além da quantidade gerada nos dias de hoje, volume, peso e principalmente grande dificuldade de alternativas consideradas ecologicamente corretas e economicamente viáveis. Os ensaios realizados baseiam-se em uma faixa de pré-misturado a frio, onde os corpos de prova foram produzidos em laboratório com emulsão asfáltica catiônica. A adição da borracha moída e os teores de emulsão asfáltica foram definidos e analisados após ensaio de Dosagem Marshall a Frio. As características e comportamento das misturas foram avaliados pela densidade da mistura asfáltica, estabilidade e fluência Marshall. Dessa forma, buscando uma alternativa a atender as normas brasileiras e resultados de desempenho dessas misturas asfálticas, conclui-se que... / The asphalt paving mixture can be produced in the heat and premixed in cold. The mixture called premixed, having as mineral aggregate composition graduated, stuffing material and the asphalt emulsion compressed in cold. This work will go to approach the premixed in cold of the asphalt misture, having as objective to compare the results based on assays of the asphalt mixture and the behavior misture characterization when it prepared with the recycled rubber of old tires. The research seeks to qualify and optimize the performance of the asphalt mixture thet will receive the crushed rubber with additions of 3%, 4% and 5% in relation to the total agregate mineral mass, comparing them with the reference mixture, without the rubber addition. The final destination of the rubber to consist of a great challenge all over the world, in virtue of its peculiarities, as its time of degradation, approximately esttmed in 600 years. Beyond the generated amount nowadays, volume, weight and mainly great difficult of considered alternatives correct ecologically and viable economically. The accomplishment rehearsals based on in a strip premixed in cold, called dense strip, where the specimens were produced on the lab wiyh the cationic asphalt emulsion. The crushed rubber addition and the asphalt emulsion texts had been defined and analyzed after rehearsal of in cold Marshall Dosage. The mixture characteristics and behaviour had been evaluated by the stability, Marshall fluency and asphalt mixture density. In the way, looking for an alternative to attend the Brazillians rules and results of performance of these asphalt paving mixture, it follows that the rubber addition benefits are considerable, where the line with 3% addition rubber it presented the smallest index of emptiness, to smallest fluency, the biggest stability Marshall, the biggest apparent density, the biggest relationship polishemptiness and the smallest tenor of emulsion asphalt.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:07:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoaoBD_DISSERT.pdf: 1988359 bytes, checksum: 0207f1a988edf03be9aba6cc36f1919a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-29 / The sharp consumption of natural resources by the construction industry has motivated numerous studies concerning the application of waste to replace partially or fully, some materials, such as aggregates, thereby reducing the environmental impact caused by the extraction of sand and crushing process. The application of stone dust from crushing process arising as an aggregate for the production of Portland cement concrete is a viable alternative in view of the high cost of natural sands, in addition to the environmental damage which causes its operation to the environment. The stone dust has reduced cost compared to natural sand because it is produced in the beds of their own quarries, which are usually located close to major urban centers. This study examined the feasibility of using stone dust from the crushing of rock gneisses in the state of Bahia, replacing natural quartz sand. In the development of scientific study was conducted to characterize physical and chemical raw materials applied and molded cylindrical specimens , using as reference values Fck 20, Fck 25 and Fck 30 MPa ( resistance characteristic of the concrete after 28 days) in following compositions stone powder: 10%, 30%, 50 %, 100% and 100% with additive. The specimens were cured and subjected to the tests of compressive strength and water absorption, then the samples were subjected to the tests of X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results obtained showed that the composition with 10% stone powder showed the best results regarding the physical and mechanical tests performed, confirming the reduction in compressive strength and increased water uptake increased as the content of the powder stone in the concrete composition / O acentuado consumo de recursos naturais pela ind?stria da constru??o civil tem motivado in?meros estudos referentes ? aplica??o de res?duos que substituam parcialmente ou totalmente alguns materiais, como os agregados, reduzindo assim o impacto ambiental causado pela extra??o da areia e pelo processo de britagem. A aplica??o do p? de pedra oriundo do processo de britagem como agregado para a produ??o de concretos de cimento Portland, ? uma alternativa vi?vel, tendo em vista o alto custo das areias naturais, al?m dos danos ambientais que sua explora??o ocasiona ao meio ambiente. O p? de pedra possui custo reduzido comparado ao da areia natural pelo fato de ser produzido nos canteiros das pr?prias pedreiras, que geralmente ficam localizadas pr?ximas aos grandes centros urbanos. A presente pesquisa analisou a viabilidade da utiliza??o do p? de pedra proveniente da britagem de rochas gnaisses no estado da Bahia, em substitui??o ? areia natural quartzosa. No desenvolvimento deste estudo cient?fico foi realizada a caracteriza??o f?sica e qu?mica das mat?rias-primas aplicadas e moldados corpos de prova cil?ndricos, utilizando-se como refer?ncia os valores de Fck 20, Fck 25 e Fck 30 MPa (Resist?ncia caracter?stica do concreto aos 28 dias) nas seguintes composi??es de p? de pedra:10%, 30%, 50%, 100% e 100% com aditivo. Os corpos de prova foram curados e submetidos aos ensaios de resist?ncia ? compress?o e absor??o de ?gua, em seguida as amostras foram submetidas ? ensaios de difra??o de raios X e microscopia eletr?nica de varredura. A an?lise dos resultados obtidos constatou que a composi??o com 10% de p? de pedra apresentou os melhores resultados referentes aos ensaios f?sicos e mec?nicos realizados, confirmando a redu??o da resist?ncia ? compress?o e o aumento da absor??o de ?gua ? medida que se aumentou o teor do p? de pedra na composi??o do concreto

Crushed or recycled concrete aggregates (CCA/RCA) is an increasingly popular material as a replacement for natural aggregates in concrete due to industry demands for more recycled, lower carbon and responsibly sourced materials. In the UK, the majority of CCA is utilised in non-structural applications such as: a general fill material, road base/subbase or in low-grade concrete. Recycled aggregate producers however, are seeking new ways to incorporate CCA into higher value applications such as structural concrete to increase profits. Opportunities to incorporate CCA into structural concrete may also arise because of project demands for sustainability or in situations where natural aggregates are in short supply. Limited research has been published regarding the effect of coarse CCA on the durability of structural concrete, particularly in respect to water and chloride ion ingress and possibility of corrosion initiation. The aim of this EngD research programme was to investigate the effect of coarse CCA and supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) on the durability performance of structural concrete, with particular emphasis on the key liquid transport mechanisms within concrete, namely absorption by capillary action, diffusion and migration. This addressed an industry concern regarding the detrimental effect of coarse CCA which has resulted in a limit on replacement levels of coarse natural aggregates in structural concrete, as defined in Eurocodes and local national standards for concrete. In this study, structural concrete was produced with varying levels of coarse CCA replacement (up to 100%), from five different sources and/or structural elements across the UK, with various combinations of SCMs to replace in part the Portland cement. Petrographic analysis was used as an innovative technique to characterise the coarse CCA sources to determine suitability which yielded positive results. The durability performance of the resultant concrete was analysed by exposing the concrete to aggressive chloride environments. The results indicate that the inclusion of coarse CCA, even as low as 20%, had a detrimental effect on the durability performance of structural concrete, in relation to absorption by capillary action, diffusion and migration. This effect however, can be offset through the use of SCMs, which have been shown to outperform control Portland cement concrete with 100% natural aggregates in durability performance tests. The results also suggest that cementitious materials had a greater influence on durability performance than the type and source of coarse aggregates used. It is recommended that the replacement of natural aggregate with coarse CCA be limited to 30% in cases where compliance with the 28 day characteristic strength is of particular importance. If the criterion for compliance at 28 days can be relaxed and the compressive cube strength of concretes with SCMs tested at later ages for conformity (56 or 90 days), then higher quantities of coarse CCA may be incorporated up to 60% to produce a more sustainable structural concrete. It is recommended that Portland cement is partially replaced with 50% ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) to produce a CEM III/A concrete. This is a significant step towards the potential wider implementation of coarse CCA in structural concrete, provided a suitable quantity of SCM is adopted along with a reliable and consistent source of coarse CCA.