Dès son arrivée à Paris en 1909, jusqu’au déclanchement de la guerre en 1914, Alexander Archipenko réalise environs cinquante sculptures, qu’il présente lors des salons des Indépendants et d’Automne, à l’occasion des manifestations cubistes, ainsi que dans deux expositions personnelles organisées en Allemagne, à Hagen et Berlin. Son nom apparaît souvent dans les comptes-rendus des salons publiés dans la presse de l’époque. Indiqué à la fois comme ‘sculpteur cubiste’ ou ‘novateur élégant’ (à savoir, à l’esprit décoratif), il participe avec son travail à ce croisement de chemins qui caractérise, au début du XXe siècle, le développement de la sculpture moderne. Cependant seulement une partie de cette production majeure est aujourd’hui connue, plusieurs œuvres ayant été dispersées ou retravaillées au cours du temps. Le but de la thèse a été celui de reconstituer ce corpus dans son état d’origine ainsi que son parcours d’exposition, afin de replacer l’œuvre d’Archipenko à l’intérieur de la scène artistique parisienne de l’avant-guerre pour la faire dialoguer avec celle de ses collègues, peintres et sculpteurs. Cela a été possible par le biais d’une analyse formelle pointue et d’un travail croisé sur la presse et les catalogues d’exposition de l’époque, et grâce au dépouillement de plusieurs fonds d’archives. Parmi lesquels, celui de la revue « Der Sturm » (Staatsbibliothek, Berlin), ainsi que les archives de la Archipenko Foundation (Bearsville, NY), et les Archives of American Art (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.). Il en sort le portrait d’un artiste qui, avec sa recherche, a pleinement embrassé l’esprit de découverte propre à son temps. / Between his arrival in Paris in 1909, and the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Alexander Archipenko created nearly fifty sculptures, which he presented at the Salon des Indépendants, the Salon d’Automne, numerous cubist exhibitions, as well as two personal exhibitions organized in Germany (Hagen and Berlin). His name appeared often in the reviews of the Salons that were published in the press. Considered as both a ‘cubist sculptor’ and a ‘novateur élégant’ (in the decorative sense), Archipenko actively participated in both of these artistic currents, which together led to the development of modern sculpture. Despite his importance, only part of his artistic production from this period is generally known today, many of the works were lost or re-worked at a later date. The aim of this thesis is to reconstitute his corpus of work in its original state, as well as document his participation in expositions, in order to place Archipenko’s artwork within the Parisian antebellum artistic scene, and in doing so, create a context in which his work may be compared to that of other sculptors, colleagues, and painters of the epoch. This work is based upon an attentive formal analysis of these works, and thorough review of the exhibition catalogue of the period. And also, by the analysis of different archives, among which the “Der Strum” archives (Staatsbibliothek of Berlin), the Archipenko Foundation’s ones (Bearsville, NY) and those of American Art (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.). From this research emerges the portrait of an artist who fully embraced the spirit of discovery of his times.

Following his 1924 break with the Paris avant-garde, Francis Picabia (1879-1953) decamped to the French Riviera and soon began work on his radically new Transparency paintings. This series, which occupied Picabia from approximately 1928 to 1933, drew on classical imagery of biblical and mythological subjects, layering disparate human forms and natural motifs in sensuous compositions remarkable for their ambiguous pictorial space and sinuous lines. The Transparencies' resistance to narrative or allegory--notwithstanding their apparent clarity of reference--parallels the paintings' evasion of formal interpretation in spite of their classical beauty; both of these characteristics have made Picabia's Transparencies one of his most inscrutable and misunderstood bodies of work. To avoid treating the Transparencies as a non sequitur or as a conservative abandonment of earlier modernist goals, it is important to understand the sources of the concepts underpinning these works but originating in Picabia's earlier Cubist and Dada periods. Dimensionality, appropriation, figuration, and a rigorous commitment to individualism are all themes from Picabia's acclaimed work in the 1910s and early 1920s that continue into the Transparencies. Particularly relevant are the multivalent interpretations of the spatial fourth dimension--scientific, philosophical, and occult--that Picabia had first encountered in the context of Cubism and the Stieglitz Circle and, later, in his friend Marcel Duchamp's optical experiments. In the Transparencies Picabia's layered outlines both deny linear perspective and suggest projections of interior worlds. In 1936, Picabia affirmed his interest in the fourth dimension, referring specifically to the Transparencies' superimposition at the time he signed Charles Sirató's "Manifeste Dimensioniste." Picabia's visual synthesis of decades of avant-garde concerns in the Transparencies appealed to the American expatriate writer Gertrude Stein, who became one of Picabia's closest friends and confidantes in the early 1930s after she saw his recent paintings. Stein's commentary on Picabia's work and their friendship in "The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas" and "Everybody's Autobiography" reveals the painter's impact on Stein at a turning point in her career, but also elucidates their shared search for new verbal and visual expressions of the human figure and higher dimensionality. / text

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-05-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:26:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bernardo_jf_me_ia.pdf: 3000865 bytes, checksum: cc405d86a49347b33bc4455a9cdb0a4f (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo a análise da colagem como procedimento artístico. Para isto, foi traçado um histórico da colagem que englobou o Cubismo, o Dadaísmo, o Surrealismo e a Arte Pop. Em cada um destes momentos históricos, percebemos o significado do emprego da colagem como linguagem artística. Em um segundo momento, analisamos o processo da colagem nas imagens técnicas, sobretudo naquelas decorrentes da fotografia, como, por exemplo, nas fotomontagens, no cinema e na colagem digital. E, finalmente, realizamos entrevistas com artistas brasileiros e visitamos museus e galerias com o intuito de verificar como a colagem tem feito parte da arte contemporânea / This study aims at analyzing the collage as artistic process. For this, we traced a history of collage that passed trough Cubism, Dadaism, Surrealism and Pop Art. In each of these historical moments we could perceive the meaning of the use of collage as an artistic language. After that, we analyzed the collage’s process in imaging techniques, resulted from photography such as in the photomontages, movie and digital collage. And finally, we conducted interviews with Brazilian artists and visited to museums and galleries to see how the collage has been part of contemporary art