Notre laboratoire a récemment mis en évidence la réaction de cycloaddition entre les sydnones et les alcynes terminaux ou cycliques. Ces réactions sont bioorthogonales et possèdent la particularité de former deux produits : l’un provenant de la ligation (click) des deux partenaires réactionnels par cycloaddition (3+2), l’autre provenant d’un relargage (release) par réaction de rétro Diels-Alder. Le potentiel de ce type de réaction est très grand de par le nombre d’applications possibles que ce soit dans le domaine de la bioconjugaison, du marquage fluorescent ou de la libération de principes actifs.Les sydnones sont des composés hétérocycliques dipolaires qui appartiennent à la famille des mésoioniques. Cette thèse vise à découvrir de nouvelles réactions de ligation et de coupure mettant en jeu ces mésoioniques et des dipolarophiles. Vingt-cinq mésoioniques et trois familles de dipolarophiles ont été synthétisés et criblées.Lors du premier criblage, la réactivité des composés mésoioniques avec un alcyne terminal, sous une catalyse au cuivre, a été explorée. Neuf conditions de catalyse ont été testées. Ce criblage a mis en évidence la cycloaddition entre les aza-iminosydnones et les alcynes terminaux dont le produit formé dépend du système catalytique et de la nature de l’alcyne.La deuxième famille de dipolarophiles testée est celle des cycloalcynes. Nous avons découvert que, les dithiolium-olates réagissaient avec les cycloalcynes peu encombrés et que les sydnone-imines réagissent avec tous les cyloalcynes de manière bioorthogonale en libérant une molécule complexe.Enfin, les cycloalcènes ont été testés comme dipolarophiles. Dans cette partie, les résultats préliminaires du criblage nous ont amené à modifier la structure de la sydnone pour permettre la libération d’une molécule complexe. / Our laboratory has recently discovered the cycloaddition between sydnones and cyclic or terminal alkynes. These reactions are bioorthogonal and generate two products: one coming from the (3+2) cycloaddition (click) between both partners and the second from a cleavage step (release) through a retro Diels-Alder reaction. This type of new reactions would be of prime importance in the development of new reagents useful for bioconjugation and drug delivery applications.Sydnones are dipolar heterocycles belonging to the large family of compounds known as mesoionics. This work aims at discovering new chemoselective and bioorthogonal processes between mesoionic compounds and various dipolarophiles, that undergo in a same reaction both ligation and cleavage. Twenty-five mesoionics and three types of dipolarophiles were synthetized and screened.For the first screening, the reactivity between mesoionics and terminal alkyne, under a copper catalysis, was studied. Nine conditions of catalysis were tested. This screening revealed the cycloaddition between aza-iminosydnones and terminal alkynes. The structure of the formed products depends on the catalytic system and the nature of the alkyne used.The second type of dipolarophiles screened was cyclic alkynes. Dithiolium-olates were found to react with non-hindered cyclic alkynes. On the other side, imino-sydnones react with all cycloalkynes to afford a click product together with a released molecule.Finally, cycloalkenes were screened. Thanks to preliminary results from a screening, we engineered new sydnones to allow the release of a complex molecule after the cycloaddition step

Cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude de la synthèse totale de la ripostatine A, un antibiotique inhibiteur de l’ARN polymérase des bactéries, isolé en 1995 à partir de la myxobactérie Sorangium cellulosum. La ripostatine A est caractérisée par une lactone à 14 chaînons et un lactol à 6 chaînons ; elle comporte trois doubles liaisons et trois centres stéréogènes. Les deux voies de synthèse envisagées de la ripostatine A comportaient comme étapes clés une cycloaddition 1,3-dipolaire d’oxyde de nitrile et une macrolactonisation. Des accès stéréocontrôlés à deux précurseurs importants comportant un motif 1,4-diène ont été développés, notamment à l’aide d’une carboalumination d’alcyne. Des β-hydroxycétones, précurseurs avancés dans la synthèse, ont été obtenues à partir de ces 1,4 diènes. Un couplage de Stille, entre un alcénylstannane qui a été synthétisé et un halogénure dérivé d’une des β-hydroxycétones préparées, reste à réaliser afin d’assembler le squelette de la ripostatine A. / This thesis is dedicated to the study of the total synthesis of ripostatin A, an antibiotic which inhibits eubacterial RNA polymerase, isolated in 1995 from the myxobacteria Sorangium cellulosum. Ripostatin A is characterized by a 14 membered lactone and a 6 membered lactol, it contains three double bonds and three stereogenic centers. The two synthetic routes envisaged for ripostatin A included as key steps a nitrile oxide 1,3 dipolar cycloaddition and a macrolactonisation. Stereocontroled accesses to two important precursors containing a 1,4-diene moiety were developed, using in particular an alkyne carboalumination. Advanced precursors, β-hydroxyketones, were obtained from these 1,4 dienes. A Stille coupling between a synthesized stannane and an halide derived from one of the β-hydroxyketones, remains to be realized in order to assemble the skeleton of ripostatin A.

Les molécules polycycliques représentent un défi en synthèse organique en raison de leur complexité moléculaire. Elles sont contenues dans de nombreux produits naturels et font l'objet d'intenses recherches pour la découverte de nouveaux principes actifs. L'objectif du projet est de synthétiser de nouvelles architectures polycycliques à partir de substrats facilement accessibles grâce au développement de séquences domino débutant par une réaction d'iso-Nazarov. Cette approche permet d'accéder à des structures complexes très diversifiées avec la création de plusieurs cycles, plusieurs liaisons et plusieurs centres stéréogènes en une seule étape. / Polycyclic molecules represent a challenge in organic synthesis due to the complexity of their backbone. Their presence in many bioactive natural products makes them valuable in drug discovery. The objective of the PhD work deals with the synthesis of polycyclic architectures from easily available substrates via different iso-Nazarov-initiated domino sequences. This one-step method leads to complex and diverse structures with the creation of several cycles, several bonds and several stereocenters.

Silicone oils (polysiloxane) and elastomers are a class of hydrophobic polymers with an extensive range of uses. While the high hydrophobicity can be beneficial in a variety of applications, it is not universally the case. Modification strategies for both fluid and elastomeric polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) must be employed to create silicones with the appropriate properties for a given application, including enhanced hydrophilicity. Derivatization of PDMS leads to functional silicones with unique properties and added value. Strategies have been developed to modify both fluid and elastomeric PDMS, however, they all have varying degrees of drawbacks: the use of sophisticated equipment or expensive catalysts, restrictions to certain types of solvents, cumbersome multi-step synthetic procedures and surface reversion are some of the challenges faced. There is an opportunity to develop a simple and generic method for the controlled functionalization of PDMS. The Sharpless concept of ‘Click’ chemistry was an ideal approach to solving some of these challenges. Following nature’s lead, these reactions that are modular, wide in scope, high yielding, have simple reaction conditions and generate inoffensive byproducts. Herein, a synthetic method to functionalize silicones using the thermal Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azides to alkynes is described. Initial exploration focused on the creation of inherently reactive elastomers that could be modified with a model hydrophilic moiety, poly(ethylene glycol). This was extended to the creation of amphiphilic multi-functional polysiloxanes and amphiphilic networks. Furthermore, the ‘Click’ approach was used to solve challenges faced in applications where silicones find use. The method described overcomes silicone modification challenges. The cycloaddition reaction is tolerant to many reaction conditions, is orthoganol to a variety of chemical reactions, does not require the use of a catalyst, the starting functional groups and bonds formed are stable and the reaction is high yielding, positioning the Huisgen ‘click’ reaction is an exceptional synthetic tool for the silicone chemist. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS or silicone) fluids and elastomers are materials that find use in many applications owing to the many desirable properties they possess; personal care products, electrical insulators, sealants and biomedical are examples of products containing silicone. Native PDMS is highly hydrophobic (water repellent) and certain applications require silicones that are more compatible in environments containing water. Methods have been developed to modify both fluid and elastomeric silicones; incorporation of different molecules or polymers can enhance the properties of silicone for various applications or create unique materials. However, many of these methods have certain drawbacks: the use of sophisticated equipment, expensive ingredients, or a lack of permanence. For this reason, a new method to modify fluid and elastomeric silicones has been developed. The new method is based on the concept of ‘Click’ chemistry and has overcome some of challenges associated with other modification methods.

In the context of ongoing efforts toward C-aryl glycoside synthesis, a recently developed approach to form C-aryl glycals from 2-deoxysugar lactones was expanded to form novel substrates. This approach has been applied to the synthesis of various furyl glycals, allowing access to C-aryl glycals via a benzyne furan (4+2) cycloaddition methodology. The hydroboration-oxidation of said C-aryl glycals has allowed access to C(2)-oxygenated C-aryl glycosides via the benzyne cycloaddition approach. An approach to the total synthesis of 5-hydoxyaloin A is detailed, in which regioselective benzyne furan (4+2) cycloadditions were achieved via the use of a silicon tether. Two approaches to the anthrone core have been applied; one in which an unsymmetrically-substituted aryl ring is first constructed by means of a silicon tether, and one in which the unsymmetrically-substituted ring is formed last, also utilizing a silicon tether. The latter approach has allowed access to the anthrone core of 5-hydroxyaloin A, and only a final desulfurization remains in order to access the natural product. / text

Le premier chapitre de cette thèse porte sur l’étude modèle des différents partenaires nécessaires à la séquence de cyclisation de Vilsmeier-Haack et de cycloaddition dipolaire-1,3 intramoléculaire d’ylure d’azométhine utilisée pour réaliser la synthèse totale d’alcaloïdes Daphniphyllum de types daphilactone B et yuzurimine. L’étude du type de nucléophile permettant d’effectuer la première cyclisation, ainsi que les types d’ylures d’azométhine et de dipolarophiles nécessaires pour la cycloaddition finale est présentée. Le deuxième chapitre présente le développement d’une seconde synthèse du précurseur de la séquence de cyclisations étudiée au chapitre 1 permettant de résoudre les différents problèmes encourus au cours de ce même chapitre. Le type de dipolarophile utilisé lors de la cycloaddition dipolaire-1,3 d’ylure d’azométhine est à nouveau étudié. Enfin, les résultats obtenus pour la séquence de cyclisations étudiée ainsi que la fonctionnalisation du cycloadduit issu de cette dernière sont aussi exposés. Le troisième chapitre traite sur les efforts effectués vers la synthèse totale de la caldaphnidine C et de ses congénères. L’élaboration d’une stratégie permettant d’effectuer cette synthèse de façon non racémique ainsi que l’incorporation d’un centre quaternaire absent lors de l’étude modèle du précédent chapitre y sont abordés. Des travaux futurs sont finalement suggérés.

Activated cyclopropanes have been extensively used in synthetic chemistry as precursors for cycloaddition reactions. The rationale behind this is their ability to undergo ring-opening when activated by a Lewis acid, this can be enhanced further by the presence of a carbocation stabilising group like electron-rich aromatics. The stabilised dipole formed after ring opening can be trapped with suitable electrophiles such as imines and aldehydes via a [3+2] cycloaddition reaction. This results in the synthesis of pyrrolidines and tetrahydrofurans in excellent yields but moderate diastereoselectivity. Similarly, 6-membered heterocycles can be formed via a [3+3] cycloaddition reaction of activated cyclopropanes with nitrones. Now to extend the scope of the methodology, a [3+3] dipolar cycloaddition has been developed using activated 2,3 disubstituted cyclopropane diesters to access a range of highly functionalised oxazines in moderate to good yields (50-75%) and with reasonable diastereoselectivity. The use of activated symmetrical disubstituted cyclopropanes afforded the desired oxazines in a regio- and diastereocontrolled manner, while the use of unsymmetrical cyclopropanes significantly reduced the diastereoselectivity of the reaction. The stereochemistry outcome of the reaction developed was determined by nOe analyses and X-ray diffraction structures could be recorded in some examples. A new methodology has also been developed to gain access to novel N-heterocyclic- and phenol- substituted cyclopropanes in one step from the corresponding cyclopropene via a conjugated addition.

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This study deals with the (4+2)-cycloaddition reactions of 4-π electron compounds with ketenes. Chloroketenes were generated in situ from the corresponding chlorinated acid chlorides in the presence of the ketenophiles. Chloro-, dichloro- and diphenylketenes reacted with 1-methoxy-3-trimethylsiloxy-l,3-butadiene, and 2,4-bis(trimethylsiloxy)-1,3-pentadiene to yield the corresponding dihydropyrans. The dihydropyrans yielded substituted 4-pyranones on hydrolysis.