CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Os cistos dos ossos maxilares sÃo classificados como odontogÃnicos e nÃo odontogÃnicos. Dentre os odontogÃnicos inflamatÃrios, destaca-se o cisto radicular, e entre os de desenvolvimento, o dentÃgero. Estes cistos e suas variantes apresentam etiopatogÃnese e comportamento biolÃgico diferentes, mas sÃo igualmente lÃticos. A atividade proliferativa do epitÃlio de revestimento, dos componentes da membrana basal e da matriz extracelular, possivelmente, interferem nos mecanismos de crescimento, constituindo alvos de pesquisas. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a relaÃÃo do infiltrado inflamatÃrio mononuclear com a expressÃo de marcadores de proliferaÃÃo (Ki 67) e das proteÃnas da membrana basal e matriz extracelular nos cistos radiculares. Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo e observacional tendo sido realizado um levantamento dos casos catalogados no ServiÃo de Biopsia do Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal (FAMED) e no LaboratÃrio de Patologia Bucal (FFOE) (UFC). ApÃs a revisÃo histolÃgica, os grupos foram divididos em cisto radicular intensamente inflamado (CRII) (n=17), cisto radicular levemente inflamado(CRLI)(n=.9) e cisto dentÃgero (CD) (n= 9). A presenÃa e intensidade do infiltrado inflamatÃrio histiolinfoplasmocitÃrio e preservaÃÃo do epitÃlio de revestimento foram os parÃmetros utilizados para seleÃÃo dos casos. Os espÃcimes foram submetidos à reaÃÃo de imuno-histoquÃmica por estreptoavidina biotina, utilizando-se os anticorpos Ki 67 (DakoÂ, 1:50), anti-colÃgeno IV (DBSÂ, 1:40) e anti-laminina (DBSÂ, 1:20). A expressÃo de Ki 67 foi mais intensa no grupo CRLI, quando comparada ao grupo CRII e CD. A expressÃo de colÃgeno tipo IV na membrana basal foi significante no grupo CRLI, quando comparada com o grupo CRII e CD. Jà a imunomarcaÃÃo de matriz extracelular variou de ausente a fraca nos grupos CRII e CRLI, enquanto no CD se exibiu de forma fraca a moderada, sendo esta diferenÃa significativa. A expressÃo de laminina em membrana basal nos grupos CRII e CD foi negativa e no grupo dos CRLI foi fraca e pontual. Concluiu-se que a presenÃa e a intensidade do conteÃdo inflamatÃrio na parede dos cistos radiculares parecem modificar a expressÃo dos fatores de proliferaÃÃo no epitÃlio de revestimento, e colÃgeno tipo IV e laminina na membrana basal, mas nÃo interferem no comportamento do colÃgeno IV da matriz extracelular nos cistos radiculares. A expressÃo de componentes da membrana basal (laminina e colÃgeno tipo IV) à maior nos cistos radiculares com leve infiltrado inflamatÃrio. / Jawbone cysts are classified as odontogenic and non-odontogenic cysts. The radicular cyst is the most common odontogenic cyst of inflammatory origin, whereas the detigerous cyst is the most common type of developmental odontogenic cyst. These cysts and their variations have different etiopathogenesis and biological behavior, but are equally lytic. The proliferation activity of the epithelial lining and the components of the basement membrane and extracellular matrix constitute targets of research. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relation between mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate and the expression of proliferative immunomarkers (Ki 67), and proteins of basement membrane and extracellular matrix in radicular cysts. In this retrospective observational study, all cases of jawbone cysts that had been recorded in the files of the Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine (FAMED), and of the Laboratory of Oral Pathology (FFOE) of the Federal University of Cearà (UFC) and reviewed. After histological revision, the groups were divided into heavily inflamed radicular cysts (HIRC) (n=17), slightly inflamed radicular cysts (SIRC) (n=9) and dentigerous cysts (DC) (n=9). The presence and intensity of the lymphoplasmacytic inflammatory infiltrate and the preservation of the epithelial lining were the parameters used to select the cases. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed using the standard streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase method. The primary antibodies used in this study included Ki 67 (DakoÂ, 1:50), Anti-Collagen Type IV (DBSÂ, 1:40) and Anti- Laminin (DBSÂ, 1:20).The immunoexpression of Ki-67 was more intense in the SIRC group compared to the HIRC group and DC. Likewise, the immunoexpression of Anti-Collagem Type IV in the basement membrane of the SIRC group presented a statistically significant difference compared to the HIRC group and DC . The expression of laminin in the basement membrane and in group HIRC and DC was negative and the group of SIRC was weak and punctual. It was concluded that presence and severity of inflammatory content wall of radicular cysts appear to modify the expression of proliferation factors in the coating epithelium and collagen type IV and laminin in the basement membrane but not modific with the behavior of extracellular matrix in radicular cyst. The expression of basement membrane components (laminin and collage type IV) is higher in radicular cyst with mild inflammatory infiltrade.

Neste trabalho apresentamos um trabalho das possíveis relações imaginológicas do espaço pericoronário com a presença de cistos dentígeros relacionados com terceiros molares inferiores. As radiografias panorâmicas em 2 grupos: dentes não irrompidos e dentes parcialmente irrompidos, sendo então relacionados a gênero, idade, tecido inflamatório e de cistos dentígeros. Estes dados foram obtidos a partir de prontuários de pacientes (gênero e idade) e por meio de traçados e mensuração com o auxílio de instrumentos, com base em imagens obtidas em radiografias panorâmicas provenientes de prontuários arquivados, que já eram acompanhados pelos os resultados do exame histopatológico. As amostras nos revelaram que não há relação entre a largura do capuz pericoronário e a presença de cistos dentígeros,pois foram encontrados casos de cistos desta natureza com larguras a partir de 1,8 mm. Foram levadas em consideração evidências de que em larguras maiores teríamos uma maior incidência de lesões como esta, porém os resultados demonstraram não ser possível estabelecer um diagnóstico preciso com base apenas em informações de natureza dimensional. Com base nos resultados obtidos comprovamos que o exame histopatológico, complementando o exame imaginológico, é o único meio confiável para determinar a presença de cistos dentígeros / The aim of this study was to verify the relationship between the radiographically measured of the pericoronal space in order to contribute to the diagnosis of dentigerous cyst related to third molars inferior.The panoramic radiography were reparted in two different groups: unerupted teeth and partially erupted teeth and there relations with gender, age, inflammatory tissue and dentigerous cyst. This data were obtained by measuring the pericoronal space with precision instruments on files of panoramic radiographies that includes results from hystopatological exams. The samples showed there was no relation between the diameter of pericoronal sack and detigerous cysts. There was found data of dentigerous cysts cases from 1,8mm of diameter. There were evidences that as large as the diameter the incidence of dentigerous cysts were higher. But there were no possibilities to have a definitive diagnosis only based on dimensional informations. At the end of study, the results corroborate that the hystopatological exam with imaging exams is the only way to determinate definitely the the nature of disease

Este estudo buscou verificar a ocorrência de casos de cisto radicular em incisivos superiores decíduos traumatizados e descrever suas características relacionadas à criança, ao dente, ao trauma e ao cisto. Para tanto, realizou-se um levantamento das informações clínicas e radiográficas, de 2498 prontuários de pacientes atendidos na Clínica do Centro de Pesquisa e Atendimento de Traumatismo de Dentes Decíduos da Disciplina de Odontopediatria da FOUSP, no período de 1998 a setembro de 2013. Foi utilizado o método exploratório descritivo de uma série de casos. Foram avaliados 30 prontuários com casos de cistos, totalizando 32 incisivos superiores decíduos traumatizados com cisto. A ocorrência de cisto em pacientes com incisivos superiores decíduos traumatizados foi de 1,2%. Os resultados mostraram que a maioria dos cistos acometeram o gênero feminino (59,4%), os incisivos centrais superiores decíduos (93,8%), em crianças maiores de 5 anos (81,2%), mas que sofreram traumatismos com menos de 4 anos de idade (81,2%). A maioria dos casos não apresentou alteração clínica que levasse a suspeita de lesão cística, pois não foi encontrado em 90,7% retração gengival, 65,6% alteração de cor da mucosa vestibular, 65,6% fistula, 75% abscesso, 56,2% abaulamento gengival, 78,1% depressão da mucosa vestibular e 56,3% flutuação cistíca. A alteração clínica mais frequente foi a alteração de cor da coroa (56,3%). A média da idade do paciente no momento do trauma foi de 2,7 anos e do diagnóstico do cisto de 5,9 anos, sendo que a média de tempo do trauma até o diagnóstico do cisto foi de 2,8 anos. Em 46,9% dos dentes ocorreu trauma dental. A maioria dos traumas foram de baixa severidade (59,3%). Em 46,8% dos casos, o dente decíduo envolvido na lesão apresentava maior formação radicular que seu homólogo e em 62,5% o germe sucessor do dente decíduo com a lesão cística encontrava-se em estágio de Nolla anterior que o homólogo. A maioria das lesões císticas (81,2%) não envolveu dentes adjacentes, mas promoveram deslocamento de germes em 56,2%. Na dentição permanente foram encontrados repercussões em 31,3,% dos casos e retenção prolongada do permanente em 15,6%. Diante dos achados deste estudo observou-se que o cisto radicular em incisivos decíduos traumatizados é raro, assume um perfil menos agressivo, de crescimento controlado e necessitando de um tempo longo para se desenvolver. Além do mais, parece causar sequelas menos danosas às dentições, influenciar no processo de rizólise e rizogênese e estar relacionado a traumas de baixa severidade. O diagnóstico deve ser realizado pelos achados radiográficos, sendo que a reabsorção radicular externa sem formação óssea, assimetria no tamanho do folículo do germe dentário sucessor ao dente envolvido com a lesão cística e o folículo homólogo, bem como a diferença de altura e/ou posição entre os germes dentários homólogos deveriam ser considerados como sinais radiográficos no diagnóstico de cistos radiculares. / The present study aimed to verify the occurrence of radicular cyst in traumatized primary upper incisors and describe their characteristics in relation to the children, teeth, trauma and cysts. The survey of 2, 498 patients that presented and were treated at the Research and Clinical Center of Dental Trauma in Primary Teeth of the School of Dentistry of the University of Sao Paulo from 1998 to September 2013 was carried out, in order to collect clinical and radiographic information. A descriptive and exploratory approach was taken in the study. A total of thirty clinical records involving radicular cysts included thirty two traumatized primary upper incisors were studied in detail. The overall occurrence of cysts in patients with traumatized primary incisors was 1.2% with females affected more (59.4%) often than males 93.8% involved the upper central incisors. 81.2% of the children were older than 5 year of age but suffered traumatic injuries before 4 years old. In most cases, gingival recession (90.7%); color change of the vestibular mucosa (65.6%); fistula (65.6%); abscess (75%); gingival bulging (56.2%); depression of the vestibular mucosa (78.1%) and cystic fluctuation (56.3%) were not present showing no clinical alterations that might suggest cystic lesion. The most frequent clinical alteration was the color change of the crown (56.3%). The mean patient age at the time of traumatic injury was 2.7 years and the diagnosis of cyst at 5.9 years, and the mean time from trauma to diagnosis of cysts was 2.8 years. The hard tissue trauma occurred in 46.9% of teeth. Most injuries (59.3%) were of low severity. The radicular formation in the primary tooth involved in the lesion in 46.8% of cases was larger than its homologous and 62.5 % of cases the successor tooth germ of primary tooth with the cystic lesion was at a Nolla stage earlier than the homologous. The majority (81.2%) of cystic lesions did not involve adjacent teeth but promoted displacement of tooth germs in 56.2%. Repercussions in the permanent dentition were found in 31.3% of cases and prolonged retention of permanent in 15.6%. Given the findings, this study observed that the radicular cyst in traumatized primary incisors is rare. It assumes a less aggressive profile, controlled growth and requiring a long time to develop. Moreover, it seems to cause less harmful sequelae in dentitions, influence the process of root resorption and root formation and is associated with low severity trauma. The diagnosis must be made by radiographic findings. An external root resorption without bone formation, asymmetry in size between dental follicle (dental follicle of successor germ to the primary tooth involved with the cystic lesion and th homologous tooth follicle) and the difference in height and/or position between homologous teeth germs should also be considered amongst the radiographic signs in the diagnosis of radicular cysts.

Four studies were conducted to investigate plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) of corn and soybean in ND. The first study investigated the incidence and abundance of vermiform PPN in ND corn fields in 2015 and 2016. Samples were collected from 300 corn fields across 20 counties. Seventy-two percent of the fields were positive for PPN. The major genera of PPN identified were Helicotylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus, Paratylenchus, Pratylenchus, Heterodera, Xiphinema, Hoplolaimus, and Paratrichodorus. The second study characterized SCN (SCN; Heterodera glycines) virulence phenotypes in ND. A total of 419 soybean fields across 22 counties were sampled during 2015, 2016, and 2017. Among these samples, 73 SCN field populations were successfully virulence phenotyped using the HG type tests. The HG types that were detected and confirmed in ND were HG type 0, 7, 2.5.7, 5.7, 1.2.5.7, and 2.7. The third study developed a new molecular method for detecting and identifying a new Pratylenchus sp. discovered in a soybean field in ND. A species-specific primer set, that can be used in both conventional and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, was designed from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA. Laboratory experiments confirmed that the primers only amplified DNA of the target nematode species but not the non-target species used in the specificity tests. Practically, DNA from as little as a single nematode could be used to specifically identify the new Pratylenchus sp. using the molecular diagnostic methods developed in this study. The fourth study was conducted to ascertain resistance levels of 20 soybean cultivars to the new Pratylenchus sp. Combined results of four trials indicated that seven of the cultivars were moderately resistant, ten were moderately susceptible, four were susceptible, and none of the cultivars tested were resistant. Analysis of the habitat preference of the new Pratylenchus sp., revealed that above or close to 50% of the nematode population resided in roots at nine weeks after planting for a majority of the cultivars evaluated. Results from these studies will be helpful in improving nematode detection and developing management strategies to control plant-parasitic nematodes in ND corn and soybean fields.

The Pneumocystis carinii carinii DNA content in nuclei of trophic forms and cysts (spore cases) containing 2, 4, or 8 intracystic bodies, were compared using quantitative fluorescence image analysis. The nuclear DNA content was found to be lower than the theoretical limits of Feulgen cytophotometry. Several fluorescent DNA dyes provide brighter staining, but these techniques suffer from nonspecific binding to other cellular components, such as RNA. It was demonstrated that the thick glycocalyx surfaces of trophic forms and the cyst walls of P. carinii organisms, as well as the cell wall of S. cerevisiae, bound all fluorescent dyes tested to varying degrees. Hence in this study, measurements were performed on cells in which the outer surfaces of organisms were first removed with lyticase. Two stains that appeared most specific for DNA, DB181 and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), were used for quantitations; lower deviations of fluorescence intensities were observed with DB181. Haploid wild type Saccharomyces cerevisiae and cdc-28 temperature-sensitive mutant cells, accumulated at the restrictive temperature (37°C), were used as quantitative internal standards for estimating the absolute nuclear DNA content of P. carinii. Haploid wild type and mutant nuclei stained with DAPI had the same relative fluorescence intensities. The P. carinii nuclear DNA content of trophic forms and individual intracystic bodies (spores), regardless of life cycle stage, were not different. The mean values obtained were 6.9 and 6.7 fg DNA/nucleus with DB181 and DAPI, respectively (approximately 9.26 and 8.99 Mbp nucleotides, respectively). Since these would include 2C (G-2 phase) and S-phase nuclei, a 1C population of nuclei was selected by histogram distributions of DB181-stained nuclei. Almost all nuclei analyzed in all life cycle stages fell within this population. The 1C mean of 6.55 fg DNA/nucleus (median, 6.62 fg DNA/nucleus) was estimated as representing 8.79 Mbp nucleotides, assuming only A-T binding of the dye and taking into account the G+C content of S. cerevisiae and P. carinii. A 4C (G-2-phase diploid nuclei) population was not detected in histograms of DB181- or DAPI-stained nuclei. The P. carinii nuclear DNA content values obtained in this study were similar to those independently obtained by calculating the total DNA in the organism's chromosomes resolved by electrophoretic techniques. Together, the data on total chromosome numbers and the estimated DNA content of those chromosomes, with our quantitation of nuclear DNA content of different life-cycle stages demonstrate that P. carinii carinii isolated from infected rat lungs are haploid organisms.

Molecular diagnostic assays have been developed and utilized to diagnose and to confirm the diagnoses of many plant-parasitic nematodes. We screened several gene sequences of soybean cyst nematode (SCN) [Heterodera glycines, Ichinohen] for their use as molecular markers. A methodology then was developed to use them to detect and quantify the number of H. glycines directly from Mississippi soil. A novel procedure utilizing multiple databases containing nematode DNA and EST sequences was developed to assist in the selection of SCN primers used in the PCR and qPCR assays. In vitro testing demonstrated that the DNA primers and probes developed from the novel procedure for the qPCR assays could accurately detect the presence of SCN. Subsequent testing resulted in a trend of increasing observed numbers of SCN contributing to increasing estimates by qPCR.

Soybean (Glycine max) yield is significantly affected by soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines, and causes an annual loss of billions of US dollars. In this study, Glycine max xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase gene (Gm-XTH52) was transformed into a nematode susceptible G. max [Williams 82/PI 518671] variety of soybean to test whether the protein expression has a role in resistance to H. glycines, and possible chemical changes the expression may cause in the plant composition. Expression level of the Gm-XTH52 gene was three times higher than in controls. Significant reduction in the number of SCN cysts suggested suppression of H. glycines parasitism upon transformation. While total sugar amounts did not significantly differ between the transformed and control plants, xyloglucan amounts of loosely bound sugars of genetically mosaic plants were significantly lower in comparison to controls. Control plants showed lower molecular weight sugars than the transformed plants not subjected to H. glycines infection.

The infection of plants by Heterodera glycines, commonly known as soybean cyst nematode (SCN), is a serious agricultural problem of worldwide extent. Meanwhile, it provides an excellent experimental model to study basic aspects of how cells function, in particular, during biotic challenge. Heterodera glycines challenges plant cells by initiating, developing and sustaining an interaction that results in the formation of a nurse cell from which the nematode derives nourishment. The presented experiments examine (1) how a cell can be de-differentiated and reprogrammed to perform a much different biological role and (2) how a cell’s immune responses can be engaged or suppressed to accomplish that goal. The observation of alpha soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein (alpha-SNAP) expression, its location within the rhg1 locus and known involvement in the vesicular transport machinery relating to defense made it a strong candidate for further functional analysis. Functional studies demonstrated that overexpression of alpha-SNAP in the susceptible G. max[Williams 82/PI 518671] genotype that lacks its expression results in the partial suppression of H. glycines infection. This indicated that the vesicles could be delivering cargo to the site of infection to engage a defense response. High levels of expression of a cell wall modifying gene called xyloglucan endotransglycosylase also occur during defense. XTHs associate with vesicles, act in the apoplast outside of the cell, and have a well-known function in cell wall restructuring. These observations indicated that alterations in the cell wall composition of nurse cells could be important for the successful defense response. Overexpression of a G. max xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (Gm-XTH) in the susceptible G. max[Williams 82/PI 518671] genotype resulted in a significant negative effect on H. glycines as well as R. reniformis parasitism. The results, including preliminary experiments on components of the vesicle transport system, identify a potent mechanism employed by plants to defend themselves from two types of plant-parasitic nematodes.

INTRODUCTION: The diagnosis and treatment of endodontic infections is a multi-step fact gathering process, with the gold standard of periapical lesion diagnosis being histological biopsy. With common diagnoses, such as periapical granulomas and radicular cysts, representing the bulk of biopsies, the possibility of a less invasive method of lesion identification ought to be examined. In recent years Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) imaging has been proposed as a potential diagnostic tool for periapical diagnosis, but this theory requires further testing and data in order to verify its appropriateness. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate six criteria used for assessing periapical lesions of teeth seen on CBCT scan from the textbook Oral Radiology White and Pharoah. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Three blinded endodontists observed radiographic features of oral periapical lesions of teeth previously diagnosed as either radicular cysts or periapical granulomas via histological biopsy. All lesions had previously been scanned via CBCT, and endodontic apical surgery was performed allowing for a pathology sample of the lesion. The observers viewed 40 CBCT and 40 corresponding periapical (PA) radiographic images, all randomized, and reported which of the six criteria (Location- apex of tooth, periphery- corticated border, shape- curved or circular, internal structure- radiolucent, effects on surrounding structures- displace or resorb roots, corticated plate perforation- present) were present in the scans. Data was analyzed using a Logistical Regression Fleiss Kappa statistic with a 95% confidence level. RESULTS: CBCT cyst showed no agreement between examiners criteria selected to statistical significance. The most selected criteria by all examiners were shape and internal structure. PA radiographic Cyst showed moderate agreement for ‘Location’ and ‘Periphery’ and substantial agreement on ‘none’ criteria. The most selected criteria by all examiners were internal structure and location. CBCT Granuloma showed moderate agreement for ‘location’ and perfect agreement for ‘none’. The most selected criteria by all examiners were shape, location, and internal structure. PA radiographic Granuloma showed substantial agreement for ‘periphery’ and moderate agreement for internal structure (radiolucency). The most selected criteria by all examiners were location, and occasionally shape and internal structure. Logistic regression of selected criteria shows with each additional criteria present on each lesion the chance of the lesion being a granuloma decreases 24.9% on PA radiographs and 33.9% on CBCT images. CONCLUSION: The current study shows an inter-examiner agreement of moderate to perfect kappa statistic does not align with the most commonly selected criteria among examiners, showing poor examiner agreement among lesions. / 2024-06-21T00:00:00Z

<p>  <em>Heterodera glycines</em> or soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is one of the most yield-limiting soybean plant pathogens. The HG (<em>Heterodera glycines</em>) type test is a greenhouse test to determine the virulence of SCN populations to seven soybean “indicator” lines. Since there has not been a survey of SCN virulence phenotypes in Indiana in over a decade, a total of 124 samples were collected, and all tested positive for SCN. Of 42 selected populations for the HG type test, 88% were virulent to the soybean breeding line PI 88788, from which most SCN-resistant cultivars derive their resistance. All populations were virulent to at least one indicator line, including PI 548402 (‘Peking’), which pose problems for the future of soybean breeding for SCN. <em>Meloidogyne</em> spp. or root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are extremely damaging to agriculture, especially to specialty crops. RKN species are attracted by plant root exudates. The gene expression of <em>M. javanica</em> second-stage juveniles was determined after exposure to tomato root exudates, and the differentially expressed genes were analyzed.</p>