The scope of this work is to generate quantifiable measures of sustainability elements that apply to manufactured products in terms of environmental, social and economic benefits. This thesis presents a comprehensive analysis for developing a methodology to compare the costs encountered by a vehicle over its entire life-cycle (Pre-manufacturing, Manufacturing, Use, and Post-use stages), considering two different material scenarios, aluminum versus steel, used in body-in-white (BIW) structures and exterior body panels. The potential benefits of using lighter materials in auto body applications are further evaluated through a Sustainability Scoring method. The proposed six major integral sustainable elements considered in this work are: products environmental impact, societal impact, functionality, resource utilization and economy, manufacturability and recyclability/remanufacturability. Each of these elements has corresponding sub-elements and influencing factors which are categorized as having equal importance to the product.

Spatial segregation among life cycle stages has been observed in many stage-structured species, including species of the flour beetle Tribolium. Patterns have been observed both in homogeneous and heterogeneous environments. We investigate density dependent dispersal of life cycle stages as a mechanism responsible for this separation. By means of mathematical analysis and numerical simulations, we explore this hypothesis using stage-structured, integrodifference equation (IDE) models that incorporate density dependent dispersal kernels.In Chapter 2 we develop a bifurcation theory approach to the existence and stability of (non-extinction) equilibria for a general class of structured integrodifference equation models on finite spatial domains with density dependent kernels. We show that a continuum of such equilibria bifurcates from the extinction equilibrium when it loses stability as the net reproductive number n increases through 1. We give several examples to illustrate the theory.In Chapter 3 we investigate mechanisms that can lead to spatial patterns in two dimensional Juvenile-Adult IDE models. The bifurcation theory shows that such patterns do not arise for n near 1. For larger values of n we show, via numerical simulation, that density dependent dispersal can lead to the segregation of life cycle stages in the sense that each stage peaks in a different spatial location.Finally, in Chapter 4, we construct spatial models to describe the population dynamics of T. castaneum, T. confusum and T. brevicornis and use them to assess density dependent dispersal mechanisms that are able to explain spatial patterns that have been observed in these species.

Orientador: Eliana Maria Zanotti-Magalhães / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T18:40:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno_TreziaIedaBallerini_D.pdf: 6507064 bytes, checksum: 5515a1ea19ac4cfea55f25a3da2f2efa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Experimentalmente, Biomphalaria glabrata pode ser utilizada como hospedeiro intermediário do nematódeo Angiostrongylus costaricensis, responsável pela angiostrongilíase abdominal. Esta zoonose, descrita no Brasil principalmente nos estados sulinos, pode acometer acidentalmente o homem, sendo que a infecção ocorre através da ingestão de moluscos parasitados ou água e alimentos contaminados com larvas de 3° estágio, eliminadas no muco dos moluscos hospedeiros. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o desenvolvimento dos estágios larvais e o comportamento dos hemócitos na hemolinfa de B. glabrata infectada.Um total de 168 moluscos foi infectado com 120 larvas LI de A. costaricensis extraídas das fezes de camundongos Swiss albinos previamente infectados via oral sob tubagem esofágica com 6 larvas L3. Larvas de A. costaricensis foram recuperadas de 45 moluscos B. glabrata após 15, 22 e 29 dias de exposição ao parasita, através do método de Baermann, utilizando tecidos digeridos dos moluscos com solução de pepsina e ácido clorídrico. Constatou-se maior recuperação de larvas de A. costaricensis dos moluscos aos 29 dias de infecção. Para o estudo do desenvolvimento de Ao costaricensis, 60 moluscos infectados foram destinados a recuperação larval durante 30 dias consecutivos. Foi observada a mudança larval de LI para L2 aos 13 dias de infecção e L2 para L3 aos 18 dias de infecção. Hemolinfa de 45 moluscos infectados e não infectados com A. costaricensis foi coletada para verificação da resposta hemocitária durante 4 semanas. Os hemócitos foram distinguidos em hialinócitos e granulócitos. Enquanto nos moluscos não infectados predominaram os hialinócitos, naqueles infectados os granulócitos foram mais evidentes, principalmente entre o 18° ao 25° dia de infecção. Foi confirmada a ocorrência tanto da infecção percutânea como por via oral. Os locais mais parasitados foram: região cefalopodal, a preferida pelo nematódeo, seguida do intestino, rim e pulmão. Todas as larvas encontradas estavam viáveis e rodeadas por reação do tipo granulomatosa, independentes de sua localização / Abstract: Biomphalaria glabrata can be experimentally used as an intermediate host of the nematode Angiostrongylus costaricensis, responsible for abdominal angiostrongyliasis. This zoonosis, found in Brazil mainly in the southem states, can accidentally infect man through the ingestion of parasitized mollusks or contaminated water and food containing third-stage larvae, eliminated in the mucous secretion of the mollusks. The objective of this work was to study the development of larval stages and the behavior of hemocytes in the hemolymph of infected B. glabrata. A total of 168 mollusks were infected with 120 LI larvae of A. costaricensis, extracted ftom excrement of albino Swiss mice previously infected via the oral route by esophageal tube with 6 L3 larvae. The A. costaricensis larvae had been recovered from 45 B. glabrata mollusks at 15, 22 and 29 days after exposure to the parasite, by means of the method of Baermann, using molluscan tissues digested with pepsin and hydrochloric acid solution. A larger recovery of A. costaricensis larvae from the mollusk was found at 29 days after infection. For the study of the development of A. costaricensis, 60 infected mollusks were allocated for larval recovery during a period of 30 consecutive days. It was observed that there was a larval stage change, from L1 to L2, at the 13th day after infection and from L2 to L3 on the 18th day after infection.The hemolymph of 45 mollusks, both infected and not infected with A. costaricensis, was collected for verification of the hemocyte response during 4 weeks. The hemocytes were differentiated into hyalinocytes and granulocytes. While in the non infected mollusks the hyalinocytes had predominated, in those infected granulocytes were more evident, mainly between the 18th and the 25th day after infection. The occurence of infection, both via percutaneous and via oral routes, was confirmed. The most parasitized sites were the cephalopodan mass, preferred by the nematodes, folIowed by the intestines, kidneys and lungs. AlI the larvae found were viable and surrounded by reaction of the granulomatous type, independent of their situation / Doutorado / Mestre em Parasitologia

The Pneumocystis carinii carinii DNA content in nuclei of trophic forms and cysts (spore cases) containing 2, 4, or 8 intracystic bodies, were compared using quantitative fluorescence image analysis. The nuclear DNA content was found to be lower than the theoretical limits of Feulgen cytophotometry. Several fluorescent DNA dyes provide brighter staining, but these techniques suffer from nonspecific binding to other cellular components, such as RNA. It was demonstrated that the thick glycocalyx surfaces of trophic forms and the cyst walls of P. carinii organisms, as well as the cell wall of S. cerevisiae, bound all fluorescent dyes tested to varying degrees. Hence in this study, measurements were performed on cells in which the outer surfaces of organisms were first removed with lyticase. Two stains that appeared most specific for DNA, DB181 and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), were used for quantitations; lower deviations of fluorescence intensities were observed with DB181. Haploid wild type Saccharomyces cerevisiae and cdc-28 temperature-sensitive mutant cells, accumulated at the restrictive temperature (37°C), were used as quantitative internal standards for estimating the absolute nuclear DNA content of P. carinii. Haploid wild type and mutant nuclei stained with DAPI had the same relative fluorescence intensities. The P. carinii nuclear DNA content of trophic forms and individual intracystic bodies (spores), regardless of life cycle stage, were not different. The mean values obtained were 6.9 and 6.7 fg DNA/nucleus with DB181 and DAPI, respectively (approximately 9.26 and 8.99 Mbp nucleotides, respectively). Since these would include 2C (G-2 phase) and S-phase nuclei, a 1C population of nuclei was selected by histogram distributions of DB181-stained nuclei. Almost all nuclei analyzed in all life cycle stages fell within this population. The 1C mean of 6.55 fg DNA/nucleus (median, 6.62 fg DNA/nucleus) was estimated as representing 8.79 Mbp nucleotides, assuming only A-T binding of the dye and taking into account the G+C content of S. cerevisiae and P. carinii. A 4C (G-2-phase diploid nuclei) population was not detected in histograms of DB181- or DAPI-stained nuclei. The P. carinii nuclear DNA content values obtained in this study were similar to those independently obtained by calculating the total DNA in the organism's chromosomes resolved by electrophoretic techniques. Together, the data on total chromosome numbers and the estimated DNA content of those chromosomes, with our quantitation of nuclear DNA content of different life-cycle stages demonstrate that P. carinii carinii isolated from infected rat lungs are haploid organisms.

Introdução: Dado que a trajetória socioeconômica pode influenciar na saúde individual durante a vida, nosso objetivo foi testar um modelo de efeitos socioeconômicos do curso de vida na perda dentária, doenças crônicas e qualidade de vida relacionada a saúde bucal. Método: Este estudo de base populacional (n=433) foi realizado em Porto Alegre entre 2010 e 2012 com os usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) com 18 anos de idade ou mais. As variáveis observadas utilizadas foram: sexo, idade, fumo e número de dentes presentes. As variáveis latentes utilizadas foram Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP), Posição Social na Infância (SESC), Posição Social na Vida Adulta (SESA) e Doença Crônica (CD). A análise estatística foi realizada utilizando-se o modelo de equações estruturais (SEM) com o software Mplus. No modelo final foram mantidas as associações significativas (p<0,30). Resultados: O modelo final apresentou um ajuste adequado: RMSA 0,039, CFI 0,972, TLI 0,969 e WRMR 1.199. O efeito da SESC na SESA foi forte β= 0,59 (p<0,01). O efeito direto da SESC na perda dentária foi β= -0,08 (p= 0,19), e nas doenças crônicas foi β= -0,14 (p= 0,10). O efeito direto da SESA na perda dentária foi β= -0,20 (p<0,01), e no OHIP foi β= -0,14 (p= 0,05). O efeito indireto de SESC na perda dentária foi β= -0,12 (p= 0,02), e no OHIP foi β= -0,14 (p= 0,01). O efeito indireto da SESA no OHIP foi β= -0,02 (p= 0.3). SESC tem um efeito indireto sobre OHIP e perda dentária via SESA, apoiando a teoria da cadeia de efeitos. SESC e SESA tem efeitos independentes na perda dentária, apoiando a teoria do acúmulo de risco. SESC tem um efeito direto nas doenças crônicas apoiando a teoria do período crítico. Conclusão: Investigações com base no curso de vida relacionada à saúde bucal usando SEM são necessárias para melhor compreender os mecanismos que ligam fatores sociais à saúde das pessoas causando inequidades. / Introduction: Since the socioeconomic trajectory can influence on individual health during the life course, we aimed to test a model of life course socioeconomic effects on tooth loss, chronic disease and Oral Health Related to Quality of Life. Method: This population-based study (n = 433) was held in Porto Alegre between 2010 and 2012 with the Public Health (PH) users aged 18 or over. The observable variables were: gender, age, smoking and number of teeth. Latent variables were Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP), Socioeconomic Status in Childhood (SESC) Socioeconomic Status in Adulthood (SESA) and Chronic Disease (CD). Statistical analysis was performed using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with Mplus software. For the final model only significant associations were kept (p<0.30). Results: The final model presented an adequate fit: RMSA 0.039, CFI 0.972, TLI 0.969 and WRMR 1.199. The effect of SESC on SESA was strong β = 0.59 (p<0.01). The direct effect of SESC on tooth loss was β = -0.08 (p = 0.19), and on chronic diseases was β = -0.14 (p = 0.10). The direct effect of SESA on tooth loss was β = -0.20 (p <0.01), and on OHIP was β = -0.14 (p = 0.05). The indirect effect of SESC on tooth loss was β = -0.12 (p = 0.02), and on OHIP was β = -0.14 (p = 0.01). The indirect effect of SESA on OHIP was β = -0.02 (p = 0.3). SESC has an indirect effect on OHIP and tooth loss via SESA, supporting the chain of effects theory. SESC and SESA have independent effects on tooth loss, supporting the accumulation theory. SESC has a direct effect on chronic diseases supporting the critical period theory. Conclusion: Investigations based on the life course approach relating to the oral health using SEM are necessary to understand the mechanisms and social determinants of health, causing inequalities.

Drawing on the Network Theory, this research had the objective to analyse the influence of networks within the life cycle stages of a Born Global company. By developing a framework that consisted of a pre-inception phase, start-up phase and the growth phase, the study proposed to identify which types of networks were used within the development of the BG, and how they influenced on the internationalisation speed. By conducting an in-depth interview, data has been collected to be analysed as a single-case study. Our findings indicate that the company made active use of networks in every phase of its life cycle in terms of acquiring market knowledge, financial support and access to customers in which directly influenced in its internationalisation process and speed. Moreover, we observed that the characteristics of the entrepreneur, the product and also the mechanism of networking contributed to both of the development within the life cycle stages of the company as the internationalisation speed.

Introdução: Dado que a trajetória socioeconômica pode influenciar na saúde individual durante a vida, nosso objetivo foi testar um modelo de efeitos socioeconômicos do curso de vida na perda dentária, doenças crônicas e qualidade de vida relacionada a saúde bucal. Método: Este estudo de base populacional (n=433) foi realizado em Porto Alegre entre 2010 e 2012 com os usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) com 18 anos de idade ou mais. As variáveis observadas utilizadas foram: sexo, idade, fumo e número de dentes presentes. As variáveis latentes utilizadas foram Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP), Posição Social na Infância (SESC), Posição Social na Vida Adulta (SESA) e Doença Crônica (CD). A análise estatística foi realizada utilizando-se o modelo de equações estruturais (SEM) com o software Mplus. No modelo final foram mantidas as associações significativas (p<0,30). Resultados: O modelo final apresentou um ajuste adequado: RMSA 0,039, CFI 0,972, TLI 0,969 e WRMR 1.199. O efeito da SESC na SESA foi forte β= 0,59 (p<0,01). O efeito direto da SESC na perda dentária foi β= -0,08 (p= 0,19), e nas doenças crônicas foi β= -0,14 (p= 0,10). O efeito direto da SESA na perda dentária foi β= -0,20 (p<0,01), e no OHIP foi β= -0,14 (p= 0,05). O efeito indireto de SESC na perda dentária foi β= -0,12 (p= 0,02), e no OHIP foi β= -0,14 (p= 0,01). O efeito indireto da SESA no OHIP foi β= -0,02 (p= 0.3). SESC tem um efeito indireto sobre OHIP e perda dentária via SESA, apoiando a teoria da cadeia de efeitos. SESC e SESA tem efeitos independentes na perda dentária, apoiando a teoria do acúmulo de risco. SESC tem um efeito direto nas doenças crônicas apoiando a teoria do período crítico. Conclusão: Investigações com base no curso de vida relacionada à saúde bucal usando SEM são necessárias para melhor compreender os mecanismos que ligam fatores sociais à saúde das pessoas causando inequidades. / Introduction: Since the socioeconomic trajectory can influence on individual health during the life course, we aimed to test a model of life course socioeconomic effects on tooth loss, chronic disease and Oral Health Related to Quality of Life. Method: This population-based study (n = 433) was held in Porto Alegre between 2010 and 2012 with the Public Health (PH) users aged 18 or over. The observable variables were: gender, age, smoking and number of teeth. Latent variables were Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP), Socioeconomic Status in Childhood (SESC) Socioeconomic Status in Adulthood (SESA) and Chronic Disease (CD). Statistical analysis was performed using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with Mplus software. For the final model only significant associations were kept (p<0.30). Results: The final model presented an adequate fit: RMSA 0.039, CFI 0.972, TLI 0.969 and WRMR 1.199. The effect of SESC on SESA was strong β = 0.59 (p<0.01). The direct effect of SESC on tooth loss was β = -0.08 (p = 0.19), and on chronic diseases was β = -0.14 (p = 0.10). The direct effect of SESA on tooth loss was β = -0.20 (p <0.01), and on OHIP was β = -0.14 (p = 0.05). The indirect effect of SESC on tooth loss was β = -0.12 (p = 0.02), and on OHIP was β = -0.14 (p = 0.01). The indirect effect of SESA on OHIP was β = -0.02 (p = 0.3). SESC has an indirect effect on OHIP and tooth loss via SESA, supporting the chain of effects theory. SESC and SESA have independent effects on tooth loss, supporting the accumulation theory. SESC has a direct effect on chronic diseases supporting the critical period theory. Conclusion: Investigations based on the life course approach relating to the oral health using SEM are necessary to understand the mechanisms and social determinants of health, causing inequalities.

Introdução: Dado que a trajetória socioeconômica pode influenciar na saúde individual durante a vida, nosso objetivo foi testar um modelo de efeitos socioeconômicos do curso de vida na perda dentária, doenças crônicas e qualidade de vida relacionada a saúde bucal. Método: Este estudo de base populacional (n=433) foi realizado em Porto Alegre entre 2010 e 2012 com os usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) com 18 anos de idade ou mais. As variáveis observadas utilizadas foram: sexo, idade, fumo e número de dentes presentes. As variáveis latentes utilizadas foram Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP), Posição Social na Infância (SESC), Posição Social na Vida Adulta (SESA) e Doença Crônica (CD). A análise estatística foi realizada utilizando-se o modelo de equações estruturais (SEM) com o software Mplus. No modelo final foram mantidas as associações significativas (p<0,30). Resultados: O modelo final apresentou um ajuste adequado: RMSA 0,039, CFI 0,972, TLI 0,969 e WRMR 1.199. O efeito da SESC na SESA foi forte β= 0,59 (p<0,01). O efeito direto da SESC na perda dentária foi β= -0,08 (p= 0,19), e nas doenças crônicas foi β= -0,14 (p= 0,10). O efeito direto da SESA na perda dentária foi β= -0,20 (p<0,01), e no OHIP foi β= -0,14 (p= 0,05). O efeito indireto de SESC na perda dentária foi β= -0,12 (p= 0,02), e no OHIP foi β= -0,14 (p= 0,01). O efeito indireto da SESA no OHIP foi β= -0,02 (p= 0.3). SESC tem um efeito indireto sobre OHIP e perda dentária via SESA, apoiando a teoria da cadeia de efeitos. SESC e SESA tem efeitos independentes na perda dentária, apoiando a teoria do acúmulo de risco. SESC tem um efeito direto nas doenças crônicas apoiando a teoria do período crítico. Conclusão: Investigações com base no curso de vida relacionada à saúde bucal usando SEM são necessárias para melhor compreender os mecanismos que ligam fatores sociais à saúde das pessoas causando inequidades. / Introduction: Since the socioeconomic trajectory can influence on individual health during the life course, we aimed to test a model of life course socioeconomic effects on tooth loss, chronic disease and Oral Health Related to Quality of Life. Method: This population-based study (n = 433) was held in Porto Alegre between 2010 and 2012 with the Public Health (PH) users aged 18 or over. The observable variables were: gender, age, smoking and number of teeth. Latent variables were Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP), Socioeconomic Status in Childhood (SESC) Socioeconomic Status in Adulthood (SESA) and Chronic Disease (CD). Statistical analysis was performed using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with Mplus software. For the final model only significant associations were kept (p<0.30). Results: The final model presented an adequate fit: RMSA 0.039, CFI 0.972, TLI 0.969 and WRMR 1.199. The effect of SESC on SESA was strong β = 0.59 (p<0.01). The direct effect of SESC on tooth loss was β = -0.08 (p = 0.19), and on chronic diseases was β = -0.14 (p = 0.10). The direct effect of SESA on tooth loss was β = -0.20 (p <0.01), and on OHIP was β = -0.14 (p = 0.05). The indirect effect of SESC on tooth loss was β = -0.12 (p = 0.02), and on OHIP was β = -0.14 (p = 0.01). The indirect effect of SESA on OHIP was β = -0.02 (p = 0.3). SESC has an indirect effect on OHIP and tooth loss via SESA, supporting the chain of effects theory. SESC and SESA have independent effects on tooth loss, supporting the accumulation theory. SESC has a direct effect on chronic diseases supporting the critical period theory. Conclusion: Investigations based on the life course approach relating to the oral health using SEM are necessary to understand the mechanisms and social determinants of health, causing inequalities.

Orientadores: Ricardo Jannini Sawaya, Denise de Cerqueira Rossa Feres / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T18:39:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CorreaFilho_DecioTadeu_M.pdf: 2723996 bytes, checksum: 128827025a31fdb66d41e2abeb742135 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Anfíbios anuros possuem ciclo de vida complexo e as fases larvais e adultas podem ocupar ambientes totalmente distintos. Isso faz com que cada uma das fases esteja sujeita a diferentes pressões ambientais. Desta forma, girinos e adultos podem seguir caminhos evolutivos diferentes, ainda que apresentem as mesmas relações filogenéticas. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os aspectos ecológicos e evolutivos que atuam na estruturação de uma metacomunidade de anuros nas fases adulta e larval. Realizamos o estudo em uma região de Cerrado no sudeste do Brasil. O trabalho está dividido em dois capítulos. No primeiro, testamos se as comunidades de adultos e girinos são concordantes, e analisamos a influência das variáveis ambientais e espaciais na abundância e composição de espécies em cada fase ontogenética. No segundo capítulo, verificamos como a diversidade fenotípica se distribui ao longo da filogenia e como os corpos d'água influenciam a diversidade fenotípica e filogenética das espécies. Além disso, verificamos a evidência de filtros ambientais na montagem das comunidades estudadas a partir da associação entre atributos fenotípicos, relações filogenéticas e variáveis ambientais. Nossos resultados do primeiro capítulo indicam que as comunidades de adultos e girinos são concordantes, ou seja, são distribuídas de maneira similar entre os habitats. As variáveis ambientais foram mais importantes do que as espaciais, sendo a área da superfície e o hidroperíodo dos corpos d'água as características que melhor explicaram a distribuição dos adultos e girinos entre os corpos d'água. A maioria das espécies esteve associada aos habitats temporários de média a longa duração. Locais temporários não apresentam predadores importantes como peixes e retém água por tempo suficiente para a metamorfose dos girinos. No segundo capítulo, verificamos que os atributos fenotípicos nos adultos são mais conservados do que nos girinos. A diversidade fenotípica dos adultos é concentrada em poucos nós da filogenia, enquanto que nos girinos é dispersa pela filogenia. A metacomunidade de adultos é estruturada por filtros ambientais relacionados principalmente aos microhabitats de vocalização. Espécies da família Hylidae que vocalizam empoleiradas, por exemplo, são associadas aos locais com maior diversidade de vegetação na margem dos corpos d'água. Para os girinos não foi observada evidência de filtro ambiental. Além disso, não houve relação clara entre os atributos fenotípicos dos girinos e características ambientais como observado para os adultos. Entretanto, a maioria dos girinos esteve associada a locais que podem oferecer maior disponibilidade de recursos alimentares e menor risco de predação, como corpos d'agua temporários, de dossel aberto e com muita vegetação em seu interior. Concluímos que os adultos determinam a distribuição dos girinos nas comunidades. Entretanto, a escolha do habitat de reprodução é baseada em parte pelos atributos dos adultos, mas também ponderada por locais de melhor desenvolvimento e sobrevivência de sua larva. Nossos resultados ressaltam a complexidade da organização das comunidades de anuros, principalmente no que diz respeito às relações entre as fases ontogenéticas, e contribuem de forma inédita para melhor compreensão da organização de comunidades de animais de ciclo de vida complexo como os anuros / Abstract: Anuran amphibians have complex life cycles, and the larval and adult stages can occupy completely different environments. Thus, each stage is subject to different environmental pressures. Tadpoles and adults can follow different evolutionary paths even though they show the same phylogenetic relationships. The aim of this study was to investigate the ecological and evolutionary aspects structuring an anuran metacommunity in both larval and adult stages. We conducted this study in a savanna region in southeastern Brazil. The study comprises two chapters. In the first, we tested if tadpole and adult communities show community concordance. Then we analyzed the influence of environmental and spatial variables on the abundance and composition of species in each ontogenetic stage. In the second chapter, we verified how the phenotypic diversity is distributed throughout the phylogeny, and how water bodies affect phenotypic and phylogenetic diversity of species. Additionally, we verified the evidence of environmental filters acting in the community assembly based on the association among phenotypic traits, phylogeny, and environmental variables. Our results in the first chapter indicated that communities of adults and tadpoles are concordant, because they have a similar distribution across the set of water bodies. Environmental variables were more important than space, because area and hydroperiod of the water bodies were the variables that best explained the distribution of species for both ontogenetic stages. Most species were associated with medium and long-term temporary habitats. Temporary habitats have no important predators like fish and could retain water long enough for tadpoles to achieve metamorphosis. In the second chapter, we find that adult traits are more conserved, which was not observed for tadpoles. The phenotypic diversity of adults is concentrated in a few nodes, while in tadpoles it is widespread throughout phylogeny. The adult metacommunity is regulated by environmental filters related to vocalization microhabitats. Hylidae species that vocalize perched on vegetation, for instance, are associated with greater vegetation diversity on the edge of the water body. Tadpoles were not affected by environmental filters. Furthermore, there was not clear relationship between tadpole traits and environmental characteristics as observed for adults. However, most of the tadpoles were associated with sites that may offer greater availability of food resources and low predation risk, such as open canopy and temporary water bodies with vegetation inside. We conclude that adults determine the distribution of tadpoles. However, even if environmental filters affect adults, the choice of the breeding habitat is based in part by adult traits and also weighted for habitats that promote better development and survival of their larvae. Our results underscore the complexity involved in frog community assembly, particularly regarding the relationship between ontogenetic stages, and thus, contribute to a better understanding of the assembly of complex life cycle communities / Mestrado / Ecologia / Mestre em Ecologia

Building Information Modelling (BIM) has the potential to become a technology which will help to use a holistic information repository to generate and represent relevant information in different building life-cycle stages (BLCS) to dedicated groups of stakeholders. However, the scope of model components of BIM data (e.g., IFC meta-data) is limited and some parts of it are not modelled in a manner that supports the diversity of engineering use cases. This paper aims to address this deficit by identifying the capability to formulate inference rules as one of the major benefits in the ontology-based information modelling approach. However, before one can formulate inferencing rules a detailed and in-depth understanding is required on how stakeholder information needs are defined in different BLCS and on how available, open-BIM meta-data models support these information requirements. Therefore, the research progressed initially on existing definitions for Level of Detail (LOD) and selected process-modelling standards (BLCS). In the subsequent part, different renovation Activities and the Stakeholder involvements are analysed. Use cases are defined and used as a grouping mechanism for selected scenarios. Based on these grouping mechanisms, a methodology of how components of a BIMmodel could be classified to support automated inferencing in the future. The outcome of this research is an established 6-dimensional intercommunication framework (LOD, BLS, Scenarios, Stakeholders, Use Cases, BIM model data) based on the Linked Building Data approach and focusing on renovation processes optimization. Based on the framework, a renovation Product-Process Modelling ontology is developed to connect existing components and to support new interoperable applications.:Abstract 1 Introduction and Backgroung 2 Renovation Framework 2.1 Level of Detail (LOD) 2.2 Building Life-Cycle Stage 2.3 Activity and Stakeholder 2.4 BIM Object (Product Information) 2.5 Use Cases 3 Product-Process Ontology 3.1 Activity – BIM Data – LOD 3.2 BLCS – Activity – Stakeholder 4 Validation 5 Conclusion 6 Future Work References