A atração dos seres humanos pelas cores é um fenômeno instintivo. Cores agradáveis em alimentos geram no consumidor a sensação de um produto com características sensoriais mais prazerosas e fornecem a sensação de maior qualidade global. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram verificar quais os alimentos comercializados por uma das maiores redes de supermercados do país que continham corantes na sua formulação, selecionar aqueles que continham o corante artificial tartrazina, estimar a Ingestão Diária Teórica Máxima (IDTM) deste corante e realizar análises laboratoriais para avaliar a quantidade de tartrazina em refrescos em pó e isotônicos. Observou-se que de 3475 alimentos comercializados 28,7% continham pelo menos um corante na formulação e que os mais utilizados foram urucum (presente em 8,43% dos alimentos), caramelo (7,68%), cúrcuma (5,47%), carmim de cochonilha (4,52%) e carotenos (4,23%). O corante Tartrazina (INS 102) ocupa a sexta posição na lista dos corantes alimentícios mais utilizados, com frequencia de uso de 2,62%, sendo o corante artificial mais utilizado nos produtos desse estudo. Por meio do uso dos dados da Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar (POF) 2008-2009, do limite máximo de uso permitido por lei e da prevalência de consumo, observou-se que, considerando o consumo de tartrazina médio per capita, a Ingestão Diária Aceitável (IDA) não foi ultrapassada em nenhuma das distribuições: gêneros, regiões brasileiras, classes de rendas familiares per capita e por grupos de faixas etárias. Mas, quando é considerada a prevalência de consumo alimentar, a (IDMT) foi superior à IDA em alguns casos: para mulheres nas regiões Norte, Centro-Oeste e Nordeste; mulheres nas classes de renda familiar per capita “até R$ 296” e “mais de R$ 296 a R$ 571”; e para as faixas etárias “Adolescentes” (para ambos os sexos) e “Adultos” para “19 anos” e “20 a 24 anos” do sexo feminino. Para os “Adolescentes” de 10 anos a IDMT foi o dobro da IDA. Os produtos da categoria “sucos/refrescos/sucos em pó reconstituídos” apresentaram contribuição expressiva no total de tartrazina consumido ao longo de um dia para todas as distribuições populacionais estudadas. Posteriormente foram analisadas por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE) 34 amostras de refrescos em pó e 8 de isotônicos sendo que todas estavam de acordo com a legislação vigente para o conteúdo de tartrazina (máximo de 10mg/100mL) com exceção de um refresco em pó sabor pêssego que apresentou 20,92mg/100mL, o que representa mais que o dobro da quantidade permitida por lei. Outras amostras também apresentaram conteúdo expressivo de tartrazina: os refrescos em pó sabor maracujá (72,4% do limite máximo permitido por lei), manga (71,1%) e laranja com mamão (65,2%) e os isotônicos sabores frutas cítricas (57,7%) e laranja (49,4%). As análises laboratoriais mostram que não existe uniformidade no uso do corante tartrazina entre os produtos analisados, sendo utilizada em quantidades que variaram de 4% do valor máximo permitido até valores acima de 70%. A partir do exposto, observa-se um uso mais freqüente de corantes naturais em alimentos quando comparado aos artificiais, provavelmente devido à demanda dos consumidores, atualmente mais preocupados com a saúde. Porém, ainda existe um número expressivo de produtos coloridos artificialmente no mercado. Estudos relacionam o uso de corantes alimentícios com potencial efeito tóxico aos seres humanos. Dentre os corantes “azo”, a tartrazina tem enfoque maior para os toxicologistas e alergistas, sendo relacionada com várias reações adversas à saúde. A preocupação de que a IDA seja ultrapassada para alguns compostos é uma realidade quando se utiliza o limite máximo de uso e a prevalência de consumo como aproximação dos cálculos de ingestão. / The attraction of human by the colors is an instinctive phenomenon. Nice colors in foods generate the feeling of a product with more pleasurable sensory characteristics and give the feeling of greater overall quality. The objectives of this work were to assess which foods marketed by one of the largest networks in the country supermarkets containing dyes in its formulation, select those containing the artificial dye tartrazine, estimate the Theoretical Maximum Daily Intake (TMDI) of this dye and perform laboratory tests to assess the amount of tartrazine in powdered soft drinks and isotonic drinks. It was observed that 28.7% of the products (n=3475) contained at least one dye in its formulation and the most used are annatto (present in 8.43%), caramel (7.68%), turmeric (5.47%), carmine cochineal (4.52%) and carotenes (4.23%). The dye Tartrazine (INS 102) ranks sixth in the list of the most used food colors, with frequency of use of 2.62% and it was the most widely used artificial coloring in the product of this study. By using the Family Budget Survey (HBS) 2008-2009 data and the maximum amount permitted by law, it was observed that, considering the average intake per capita of tartrazine, Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) was not exceeded in any of the distributions: gender, Brazilian regions, classes of Family income per capita and age groups. But when considering the prevalence of food consumption, the TMDI was higher than the ADI in some cases: for women in the North, Midwest and Northeast; women in per capita family income classes "up to R$ 296" and "more than R$ 296 to R$ 571"; and for the age groups "Adolescents" (for both sexes) and "Adults" to "19 years" and "20 to 24" female. For the "Adolescents" of 10 years IDMT was twice the ADI. Products category "juices / soft drinks / juices reconstituted powder" had a significant contribution in the amount of tartrazine consumed over a day for all population distributions studied. 34 samples of powdered drinks and 8 samples of isotonic drinks were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). All of them were in accordance with Brazilian law (maximum of 10mg/100mL of tartrazine) with one exception: a peach flavor soft drink that presented 20,92mg/100mL, which is more than the double amount permitted. Other samples also showed expressive content of tartrazine: passion fruit flavor soft drink (72.4% of the maximum extent permitted by law), mango (71.1%) and orange with papaya flavor (65.2%). In addition to these, the isotonic citrus fruits flavors (57.7%) and orange (49.4%). Laboratory tests show that there is no uniformity in the use of the dye tartrazine between analyzed products and it is used in amounts ranging from 4% to values above 70% of the maximum permitted. Therefore, it is observed a more frequent use of natural dyes in foods when compared to artificial, probably due to consumer demand, currently more concerned with health. However, there are still a significant number of artificially colored products on the market. Studies have linked the use of food colors with potential toxic effects in humans. Among the dyes "azo", tartrazine is greater focus on toxicologists and allergists, being related to several adverse reactions to health. Concern that the ADI is exceeded for some compounds is a reality when using the maximum amounts permitted and the prevalence of consumption for the intake calculations.

A atração dos seres humanos pelas cores é um fenômeno instintivo. Cores agradáveis em alimentos geram no consumidor a sensação de um produto com características sensoriais mais prazerosas e fornecem a sensação de maior qualidade global. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram verificar quais os alimentos comercializados por uma das maiores redes de supermercados do país que continham corantes na sua formulação, selecionar aqueles que continham o corante artificial tartrazina, estimar a Ingestão Diária Teórica Máxima (IDTM) deste corante e realizar análises laboratoriais para avaliar a quantidade de tartrazina em refrescos em pó e isotônicos. Observou-se que de 3475 alimentos comercializados 28,7% continham pelo menos um corante na formulação e que os mais utilizados foram urucum (presente em 8,43% dos alimentos), caramelo (7,68%), cúrcuma (5,47%), carmim de cochonilha (4,52%) e carotenos (4,23%). O corante Tartrazina (INS 102) ocupa a sexta posição na lista dos corantes alimentícios mais utilizados, com frequencia de uso de 2,62%, sendo o corante artificial mais utilizado nos produtos desse estudo. Por meio do uso dos dados da Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar (POF) 2008-2009, do limite máximo de uso permitido por lei e da prevalência de consumo, observou-se que, considerando o consumo de tartrazina médio per capita, a Ingestão Diária Aceitável (IDA) não foi ultrapassada em nenhuma das distribuições: gêneros, regiões brasileiras, classes de rendas familiares per capita e por grupos de faixas etárias. Mas, quando é considerada a prevalência de consumo alimentar, a (IDMT) foi superior à IDA em alguns casos: para mulheres nas regiões Norte, Centro-Oeste e Nordeste; mulheres nas classes de renda familiar per capita “até R$ 296” e “mais de R$ 296 a R$ 571”; e para as faixas etárias “Adolescentes” (para ambos os sexos) e “Adultos” para “19 anos” e “20 a 24 anos” do sexo feminino. Para os “Adolescentes” de 10 anos a IDMT foi o dobro da IDA. Os produtos da categoria “sucos/refrescos/sucos em pó reconstituídos” apresentaram contribuição expressiva no total de tartrazina consumido ao longo de um dia para todas as distribuições populacionais estudadas. Posteriormente foram analisadas por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE) 34 amostras de refrescos em pó e 8 de isotônicos sendo que todas estavam de acordo com a legislação vigente para o conteúdo de tartrazina (máximo de 10mg/100mL) com exceção de um refresco em pó sabor pêssego que apresentou 20,92mg/100mL, o que representa mais que o dobro da quantidade permitida por lei. Outras amostras também apresentaram conteúdo expressivo de tartrazina: os refrescos em pó sabor maracujá (72,4% do limite máximo permitido por lei), manga (71,1%) e laranja com mamão (65,2%) e os isotônicos sabores frutas cítricas (57,7%) e laranja (49,4%). As análises laboratoriais mostram que não existe uniformidade no uso do corante tartrazina entre os produtos analisados, sendo utilizada em quantidades que variaram de 4% do valor máximo permitido até valores acima de 70%. A partir do exposto, observa-se um uso mais freqüente de corantes naturais em alimentos quando comparado aos artificiais, provavelmente devido à demanda dos consumidores, atualmente mais preocupados com a saúde. Porém, ainda existe um número expressivo de produtos coloridos artificialmente no mercado. Estudos relacionam o uso de corantes alimentícios com potencial efeito tóxico aos seres humanos. Dentre os corantes “azo”, a tartrazina tem enfoque maior para os toxicologistas e alergistas, sendo relacionada com várias reações adversas à saúde. A preocupação de que a IDA seja ultrapassada para alguns compostos é uma realidade quando se utiliza o limite máximo de uso e a prevalência de consumo como aproximação dos cálculos de ingestão. / The attraction of human by the colors is an instinctive phenomenon. Nice colors in foods generate the feeling of a product with more pleasurable sensory characteristics and give the feeling of greater overall quality. The objectives of this work were to assess which foods marketed by one of the largest networks in the country supermarkets containing dyes in its formulation, select those containing the artificial dye tartrazine, estimate the Theoretical Maximum Daily Intake (TMDI) of this dye and perform laboratory tests to assess the amount of tartrazine in powdered soft drinks and isotonic drinks. It was observed that 28.7% of the products (n=3475) contained at least one dye in its formulation and the most used are annatto (present in 8.43%), caramel (7.68%), turmeric (5.47%), carmine cochineal (4.52%) and carotenes (4.23%). The dye Tartrazine (INS 102) ranks sixth in the list of the most used food colors, with frequency of use of 2.62% and it was the most widely used artificial coloring in the product of this study. By using the Family Budget Survey (HBS) 2008-2009 data and the maximum amount permitted by law, it was observed that, considering the average intake per capita of tartrazine, Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) was not exceeded in any of the distributions: gender, Brazilian regions, classes of Family income per capita and age groups. But when considering the prevalence of food consumption, the TMDI was higher than the ADI in some cases: for women in the North, Midwest and Northeast; women in per capita family income classes "up to R$ 296" and "more than R$ 296 to R$ 571"; and for the age groups "Adolescents" (for both sexes) and "Adults" to "19 years" and "20 to 24" female. For the "Adolescents" of 10 years IDMT was twice the ADI. Products category "juices / soft drinks / juices reconstituted powder" had a significant contribution in the amount of tartrazine consumed over a day for all population distributions studied. 34 samples of powdered drinks and 8 samples of isotonic drinks were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). All of them were in accordance with Brazilian law (maximum of 10mg/100mL of tartrazine) with one exception: a peach flavor soft drink that presented 20,92mg/100mL, which is more than the double amount permitted. Other samples also showed expressive content of tartrazine: passion fruit flavor soft drink (72.4% of the maximum extent permitted by law), mango (71.1%) and orange with papaya flavor (65.2%). In addition to these, the isotonic citrus fruits flavors (57.7%) and orange (49.4%). Laboratory tests show that there is no uniformity in the use of the dye tartrazine between analyzed products and it is used in amounts ranging from 4% to values above 70% of the maximum permitted. Therefore, it is observed a more frequent use of natural dyes in foods when compared to artificial, probably due to consumer demand, currently more concerned with health. However, there are still a significant number of artificially colored products on the market. Studies have linked the use of food colors with potential toxic effects in humans. Among the dyes "azo", tartrazine is greater focus on toxicologists and allergists, being related to several adverse reactions to health. Concern that the ADI is exceeded for some compounds is a reality when using the maximum amounts permitted and the prevalence of consumption for the intake calculations.

A atração dos seres humanos pelas cores é um fenômeno instintivo. Cores agradáveis em alimentos geram no consumidor a sensação de um produto com características sensoriais mais prazerosas e fornecem a sensação de maior qualidade global. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram verificar quais os alimentos comercializados por uma das maiores redes de supermercados do país que continham corantes na sua formulação, selecionar aqueles que continham o corante artificial tartrazina, estimar a Ingestão Diária Teórica Máxima (IDTM) deste corante e realizar análises laboratoriais para avaliar a quantidade de tartrazina em refrescos em pó e isotônicos. Observou-se que de 3475 alimentos comercializados 28,7% continham pelo menos um corante na formulação e que os mais utilizados foram urucum (presente em 8,43% dos alimentos), caramelo (7,68%), cúrcuma (5,47%), carmim de cochonilha (4,52%) e carotenos (4,23%). O corante Tartrazina (INS 102) ocupa a sexta posição na lista dos corantes alimentícios mais utilizados, com frequencia de uso de 2,62%, sendo o corante artificial mais utilizado nos produtos desse estudo. Por meio do uso dos dados da Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar (POF) 2008-2009, do limite máximo de uso permitido por lei e da prevalência de consumo, observou-se que, considerando o consumo de tartrazina médio per capita, a Ingestão Diária Aceitável (IDA) não foi ultrapassada em nenhuma das distribuições: gêneros, regiões brasileiras, classes de rendas familiares per capita e por grupos de faixas etárias. Mas, quando é considerada a prevalência de consumo alimentar, a (IDMT) foi superior à IDA em alguns casos: para mulheres nas regiões Norte, Centro-Oeste e Nordeste; mulheres nas classes de renda familiar per capita “até R$ 296” e “mais de R$ 296 a R$ 571”; e para as faixas etárias “Adolescentes” (para ambos os sexos) e “Adultos” para “19 anos” e “20 a 24 anos” do sexo feminino. Para os “Adolescentes” de 10 anos a IDMT foi o dobro da IDA. Os produtos da categoria “sucos/refrescos/sucos em pó reconstituídos” apresentaram contribuição expressiva no total de tartrazina consumido ao longo de um dia para todas as distribuições populacionais estudadas. Posteriormente foram analisadas por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE) 34 amostras de refrescos em pó e 8 de isotônicos sendo que todas estavam de acordo com a legislação vigente para o conteúdo de tartrazina (máximo de 10mg/100mL) com exceção de um refresco em pó sabor pêssego que apresentou 20,92mg/100mL, o que representa mais que o dobro da quantidade permitida por lei. Outras amostras também apresentaram conteúdo expressivo de tartrazina: os refrescos em pó sabor maracujá (72,4% do limite máximo permitido por lei), manga (71,1%) e laranja com mamão (65,2%) e os isotônicos sabores frutas cítricas (57,7%) e laranja (49,4%). As análises laboratoriais mostram que não existe uniformidade no uso do corante tartrazina entre os produtos analisados, sendo utilizada em quantidades que variaram de 4% do valor máximo permitido até valores acima de 70%. A partir do exposto, observa-se um uso mais freqüente de corantes naturais em alimentos quando comparado aos artificiais, provavelmente devido à demanda dos consumidores, atualmente mais preocupados com a saúde. Porém, ainda existe um número expressivo de produtos coloridos artificialmente no mercado. Estudos relacionam o uso de corantes alimentícios com potencial efeito tóxico aos seres humanos. Dentre os corantes “azo”, a tartrazina tem enfoque maior para os toxicologistas e alergistas, sendo relacionada com várias reações adversas à saúde. A preocupação de que a IDA seja ultrapassada para alguns compostos é uma realidade quando se utiliza o limite máximo de uso e a prevalência de consumo como aproximação dos cálculos de ingestão. / The attraction of human by the colors is an instinctive phenomenon. Nice colors in foods generate the feeling of a product with more pleasurable sensory characteristics and give the feeling of greater overall quality. The objectives of this work were to assess which foods marketed by one of the largest networks in the country supermarkets containing dyes in its formulation, select those containing the artificial dye tartrazine, estimate the Theoretical Maximum Daily Intake (TMDI) of this dye and perform laboratory tests to assess the amount of tartrazine in powdered soft drinks and isotonic drinks. It was observed that 28.7% of the products (n=3475) contained at least one dye in its formulation and the most used are annatto (present in 8.43%), caramel (7.68%), turmeric (5.47%), carmine cochineal (4.52%) and carotenes (4.23%). The dye Tartrazine (INS 102) ranks sixth in the list of the most used food colors, with frequency of use of 2.62% and it was the most widely used artificial coloring in the product of this study. By using the Family Budget Survey (HBS) 2008-2009 data and the maximum amount permitted by law, it was observed that, considering the average intake per capita of tartrazine, Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) was not exceeded in any of the distributions: gender, Brazilian regions, classes of Family income per capita and age groups. But when considering the prevalence of food consumption, the TMDI was higher than the ADI in some cases: for women in the North, Midwest and Northeast; women in per capita family income classes "up to R$ 296" and "more than R$ 296 to R$ 571"; and for the age groups "Adolescents" (for both sexes) and "Adults" to "19 years" and "20 to 24" female. For the "Adolescents" of 10 years IDMT was twice the ADI. Products category "juices / soft drinks / juices reconstituted powder" had a significant contribution in the amount of tartrazine consumed over a day for all population distributions studied. 34 samples of powdered drinks and 8 samples of isotonic drinks were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). All of them were in accordance with Brazilian law (maximum of 10mg/100mL of tartrazine) with one exception: a peach flavor soft drink that presented 20,92mg/100mL, which is more than the double amount permitted. Other samples also showed expressive content of tartrazine: passion fruit flavor soft drink (72.4% of the maximum extent permitted by law), mango (71.1%) and orange with papaya flavor (65.2%). In addition to these, the isotonic citrus fruits flavors (57.7%) and orange (49.4%). Laboratory tests show that there is no uniformity in the use of the dye tartrazine between analyzed products and it is used in amounts ranging from 4% to values above 70% of the maximum permitted. Therefore, it is observed a more frequent use of natural dyes in foods when compared to artificial, probably due to consumer demand, currently more concerned with health. However, there are still a significant number of artificially colored products on the market. Studies have linked the use of food colors with potential toxic effects in humans. Among the dyes "azo", tartrazine is greater focus on toxicologists and allergists, being related to several adverse reactions to health. Concern that the ADI is exceeded for some compounds is a reality when using the maximum amounts permitted and the prevalence of consumption for the intake calculations.

It is estimated that over 30 million people are exposed to arsenic from drinking contaminated groundwater in Bangladesh. Furthermore, due to the use of contaminated water for irrigation purposes, arsenic and other toxic elements are entering the food chain of Bangladeshis. In this thesis, the total levels of toxic elements (As, Cd, Pb) and essential elements (Mn, Se, Zn) in 1,120 samples of Bangladeshi foods (including rice, vegetables, fish) and non-foods (betel quid and baked clay) imported into the United Kingdom were determined. From this analysis, it is concluded that Bangladeshis are exposed to high levels of toxic elements. Inorganic arsenic levels in Bangladeshi rice can be very high, especially from regions with high arsenic in groundwater. However, there is a lack of studies in the literature regarding arsenic levels in rice from regions in Bangladesh with relatively low levels of arsenic in the groundwater. Therefore, rice from one such region (Sylhet district) was analysed. The results indicated that boro (mean 71.7 µg/kg) and aman (mean 85.7 µg/kg) rice from Sylhet contained between 2 to 4-fold lower levels of arsenic, compared to other regions of Bangladesh thus far reported in the literature. Arsenic speciation was carried out on a selection of rice (aromatic and non-aromatic) from Sylhet region and this revealed 70% (mean value) as inorganic arsenic (AsIII and AsV), which is similar to rice grown in other regions of Bangladesh. Importantly, it was found that the arsenic levels of aromatic rice (mean 48.5 µg/kg) from Sylhet region was over 40% lower than that of non-aromatic rice (mean 81 µg/kg). The aromatic rice also contained higher levels of essential elements (such as Se and Zn). It was calculated that for an individual consuming 0.5 kg of rice per day, switching from consumption of non-aromatic rice to aromatic rice would increase Se and Zn intake by 46% and 23% respectively. Arsenic speciation was also carried out on other Bangladeshi food and non-food items, including fish, betel quid and baked clay, to obtain a better insight into exposure to toxic arsenic species. High levels of arsenic (range 3.8-13.1 mg/kg) and lead (range 21-26.7 mg/kg) were detected in the baked clay samples, which are consumed by some Bangladeshi women in an ancient practice known as geophagy. The efficiency of arsenic extraction from baked clay was 33% of the total arsenic present and the main arsenic species present was inorganic AsV (100%); AsIII was not detected in these samples. Millions of Bangladeshis chew betel quid and this contained predominantly AsIII species (extraction efficiency was 100%). Arsenic and lead intake from eating baked clay could exceed the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) by 2- and 5-fold respectively. For the first time, arsenic speciation in Bangladeshi fish is reported. Hilsha, which is a very popular fish in Bangladesh, contained 2.55 mg/day (mean value) of total arsenic. Extraction efficiencies (%) were 59 – 89 for fish flesh, over 69% of arsenic present in the extract was dimethyl arsenic acid (DMA) species with about 11% arsenobetaine (AsBet) and 19% arsenosugar. These studies reveal that rice, betel quids and baked clay can be a significant source of exposure to inorganic arsenic and DMA in Bangladeshis. Exposure to cadmium is linked with kidney disease and over 20 million people in Bangladesh suffer from chronic kidney disease. Results obtained showed that the daily intake of cadmium by the Bangladeshi population from baked clay (mean 17 µg/day), rice (mean 18.6 µg/day) and certain leafy vegetables (mean 12 µg/day) was higher total daily intake compared to other countries. Surprisingly, puffed rice, which is commonly consumed by Bangladeshis, contained much higher levels of cadmium (mean 67.9 µg/kg) and lead (mean 98 µg/kg), compared to uncooked rice (cadmium, 37.2 µg/kg; lead, 18.9 µg/kg). This may be related to the illegal practice of using urea for whitening puffed rice in Bangladesh. Exposure to manganese in the Bangladeshi population through drinking water has been previously highlighted as a possible health problem, although the intake from foods and non-food has not been reported. The daily manganese intake by Bangladeshis was calculated to be 20.3 mg/day, which is higher than any other country in the world thus far reported. Betel quid components have high levels of manganese and this was reflected by higher urinary manganese the mean urinary Mn levels in chewers (1.93 µg/L, SD 1.8) was significantly higher (3.1 fold; P = 0.009) compared to non-chewers (0.62 µg/L, SD 0.4). Bangladeshi women who eat baked clay and chew betel quids are likely to be exposed to high levels of arsenic, lead and other toxic elements. This is particularly of concern for pregnant women as these metals can be transferred to the unborn baby through the placenta. For assessing the risk of exposure to toxic elements versus intake of essential elements from the same foods, a Food Toxicity Scale (FTS) was devised in order to identify foods that are beneficial or harmful. FTS values were obtained by calculating the toxic elements : essential elements ratio (As:Se, As:Zn etc) and the value obtained subsequently multiplied by toxic element concentration and the quantity of the particular food consumed per day. The higher the FTS value, the greater the risk of exposure to harmful elements. Rice and leafy vegetables had the highest FTS values, partly because large quantities of these foods are consumed. However, lentils and animal products (such as small fish) had relatively lower FTS values compared to other foods. Total daily intake of arsenic (306 µg/day), selenium (90.4 µg/day), cadmium (34.6 µg/day), lead (74.4 µg/day), manganese (20.3 mg/day) and zinc (11.2 mg/day) in the Bangladeshi population was calculated. The intake of arsenic and manganese exceeds the PMTDI for these elements. Water was the highest source of arsenic exposure in Bangladeshis followed by rice. For cadmium and lead, rice and leafy vegetables were the key contributors to the daily intake. The results presented in this thesis show that Bangladeshis are exposed to high levels of toxic elements and how modifications can be made to their diet to not only reduce their exposure to toxic elements but also increase the intake of essential elements. This could be achieved by a combination of the following: (i) reducing the intake of rice (by about 50%); (ii) switching to eating aromatic rice; (iii) increasing the intake of animal products (meat, fish etc.); (iv) decreasing the intake of certain leafy vegetables; and (v) stopping or reducing the practice of eating baked clay and chewing betel quid.

Grandes extensões de áreas vêm sendo afetadas por metais pesados em concentrações que podem representar perigo ambiental. Em decorrência do aumento da atividade industrial e à agricultura altamente tecnificada, torna-se fundamental o monitoramento dos níveis de metais pesados nos solos, pois as plantas se comportam como mecanismo de transferência de contaminantes do solo para níveis mais altos da cadeia trófica. A ingestão de vegetais contendo elevadas concentrações de metais pesados é uma das principais vias de acesso desses elementos ao organismo. No corpo humano, os metais pesados depositam-se no tecido ósseo e gorduroso, causando possíveis efeitos nocivos à saúde humana. Lentamente liberados no organismo, podem provocar uma série de doenças. O projeto foi dividido em duas etapas, cada qual com um objetivo específico: 1ª determinar as concentrações de zinco, cobre, ferro e manganês em vegetais frequentemente consumidos no Estado de São Paulo e compará-las com os limites estabelecidos na legislação brasileira; calcular a ingestão diária de metais pesados essenciais para estimar o risco à saúde humana; 2ª avaliar os teores de zinco em hortaliças e nos solos dos campos de produção; identificar a cultura que apresentou maior potencial de translocação de zinco para a cadeia alimentar. As amostras vegetais foram coletadas na Companhia de Entrepostos e Armazéns Gerais de São Paulo e a concentração de metais pesados foi determinada por espectrometria de absorção atômica. Todos os vegetais analisados apresentaram concentrações de zinco e cobre muito abaixo do limite tolerável estabelecido pela legislação brasileira. Até o momento, não há nenhuma recomendação estabelecida de limite máximo de tolerância para ferro e manganês no Brasil. Quanto ao hábito de consumo da população do Estado de São Paulo, a ingestão diária de metais pesados está abaixo da máxima permitida, consequentemente o consumo desses alimentos pode ser considerado seguro, pois não estão em excesso. Porém, os valores reportados nesse estudo não atingiram a ingestão dietética recomendada (RDA) para homens e mulheres, o que poderia demonstrar um caso de deficiência nutricional nos indivíduos que fazem uso desse tipo de dieta. Algumas áreas agrícolas do Estado de São Paulo apresentaram teores totais zinco nos solos acima do valor de referência de qualidade, porém nenhuma área estudada atingiu os valores de prevenção e intervenção, estabelecidos pela CETESB. As hortaliças cultivadas nesses locais apresentaram teores de zinco inferiores ao limite máximo de tolerância, estabelecido pela ANVISA. A rúcula foi a hortaliça que mais acumulou zinco na parte comestível / Large areas have been affected by heavy metals in concentrations which may pose environmental hazard. Due to increased industrial activity and highly technical agriculture, it becomes critical to monitor the levels of heavy metals in soil, because plants behave as a mechanism for transfer of contaminants from soil to higher levels of the food chain. Ingestion of vegetables containing high concentrations of heavy metals is one of the main ways in which these elements enter the human body. Once in human body, heavy metals are deposited in the bone and fat tissues, causing potential harmful effects to human health. Slowly released into the body, heavy metals may cause an array of diseases. The project was divided in two stages, each one with a specific objective: 1st) to determine the concentrations of zinc, copper, iron and manganese in the most frequently consumed foodstuff in the São Paulo State, Brazil and to compare the heavy metal contents with the permissible limits established by the Brazilian legislation; to calculate the daily intake of heavy metals essential to estimate the risk to human health; 2nd) to evaluate the zinc content in leafy vegetables and soils at crop fields; to identify crop with the greatest potential for translocation of zinc into food chain. The vegetable samples were collected at São Paulo General Warehousing and Centers Company, and heavy metal content was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. All vegetables sampled presented average concentrations of zinc and copper lower than the permissible limits established by the Brazilian legislation. So far, the Brazilian legislation has not established a permissible limit for iron and manganese contents. Regarding the consumption habit of the population in the São Paulo State, the daily ingestion of heavy metals is below the oral dose of reference, therefore, the consumption of these vegetables can be considered safe, because they are not in excess. However, the values reported in this study did not reach the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for men and women, which could prove a case of nutritional deficiency in individuals who use this type of diet. Some agricultural areas of the São Paulo State showed soil total Zn concentrations above the benchmark of quality, but none of studied area reached prevention and intervention values, established by CETESB. The vegetables grown in these locations had Zn levels below the tolerance limits established by ANVISA. The rocket plant was the vegetables that more Zn accumulated in the edible part

There is a challenge to feed an increasing world population. Simultaneously, as more people rely on food production, ensuring a sustainable food production becomes more important. In two of the United Nations’ seventeen sustainable development goals food is mentioned, and one of the more specific targets regards making public procurements more sustainable. There are however challenges with regards to how to reduce a Swedish public procurement’s environmental impacts. This is due to some fundamental principles every Swedish public procurement must follow. This thesis examines the environmental impacts of two public procurements of food, regarding global warming, acidification and eutrophication. It also examines whether calculating food’s environmental impacts per serving or per kg is the more representative approach. Lastly, this thesis examines how the environmental impacts of a public procurements of food can be reduced. Consequently, a methodology of how to minimize the environmental impacts of a procurement is presented. Firstly, the results show that the environmental impacts per servings and per kg differ. One procurement has approximately 50-60% higher environmental impacts compared to the other when measured per serving, but approximately 2-9% lower impacts when measured per kg. The authors argue that representing the environmental impacts per serving is more accurate, since it is more correlated to nutritional values. Secondly, the results show that the environmental impacts for minimizing each environmental impact category differs.

Para avaliar os possíveis efeitos que os corantes artificiais podem causar à saúde, é de grande importância possuir dados relativos à exposição a estas substâncias. O fato de diversos estudos apontarem problemas de saúde relacionados ao consumo do corante artificial Amarelo Crepúsculo (AC) justifica a necessidade de verificar se a ingestão desta substância, através do consumo de alimentos industrializados, ultrapassa a Ingestão Diária Aceitável (IDA). O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar e caracterizar a ingestão de AC pela população brasileira. Para isso, primeiramente foram verificados quais os alimentos comercializados por uma das maiores redes de supermercados do país que continham AC na sua formulação. Foi avaliada a ingestão média destes alimentos utilizando as Pesquisas de Orçamento Familiar (POF, 2008-2009) e determinada a Ingestão Diária Máxima Teórica (IDMT) de AC, através dos valores estipulados pela legislação brasileira para a concentração máxima permitida deste corante nos diferentes grupos de alimentos. Posteriormente foram realizadas analises, através de Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE), para avaliar o teor de Amarelo Crepúsculo em refrescos em pó, refrigerantes, bebidas isotônicas, gelatinas e balas, e verificar as faixas de utilização deste corante e a adequação à legislação vigente. Através dos dados obtidos, verificou-se que a IDMT para AC, considerando o consumo médio per capita de alimentos, não supera a IDA para nenhuma das distribuições populacionais estudadas. No entanto, ao considerar a prevalência de consumo alimentar, a IDMT é superior à IDA para adolescentes de 10 a 18 anos (277% da IDA), adultos (181% da IDA) e idosos (140% da IDA) das áreas urbanas e rurais e nas cinco regiões do país Em relação às amostras analisadas, pode-se constatar que, considerando-se as médias obtidas, os produtos que mais contêm AC são na ordem: Refrigerantes (7,91 mg/100 mL); Bebidas Isotônicas (6,22 mg/100 mL); Refrescos em pó (5,96 mg/100 mL); Gelatinas (5,92 mg/100 mL) e Balas (menor que 1,25 mg/100 g). Através da realização deste trabalho, conclui-se que considerando o consumo médio per capita a ingestão diária representa entre 14 e 31% da IDA, não representando risco à saúde. No entanto, verificou-se que alguns indivíduos de todos os grupos populacionais podem estar ingerindo o corante em quantidades superiores às recomendadas. Cabe destacar que a POF (2008-2009), utilizada como fonte de dados nesta pesquisa, entrevistou crianças a partir dos 10 anos de idade. Visto que neste estudo o consumo de AC aumentou ao diminuir a faixa etária, é provável que esta tendência se aplique para crianças com menos de 10 anos. Diante do exposto, torna-se necessário um maior rigor no emprego e na fiscalização do uso de Amarelo Crepúsculo em produtos alimentares, visto que o consumo elevado deste corante pode ocasionar reações adversas aos seus consumidores. / To evaluate the possible effects that artificial dyes can cause health is very important to have data on exposure to these substances. The fact that several studies suggest health problems related to the consumption of artificial dye Sunset Yellow (SY) justifies the need to verify that the ingestion of this substance through consumption of processed foods, exceeds the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI). The aim of this study was to evaluate and characterize the SY intake by the Brazilian population. For this, they were first checked which foods marketed by one of the country's largest supermarket chains containing SY in its formulation. the average intake of these foods using the Household Budget Surveys were evaluated (HBS 2008-2009) and determined the Theory Maximum Daily Intake (TMDI) SY, through the values set by the Brazilian legislation for the maximum permitted concentration of the dye in the different groups of food. Later analyzes were performed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to evaluate the Yellow Twilight content in powdered drinks, soft drinks, isotonic drinks, gelatins and candy, and check the use of bands of this dye and the adequacy of legislation current. Through the data, it was found that the TMDI for SY, considering the average per capita consumption of food does not exceed the ADI for any of the studied population distributions. However, when considering the prevalence of food consumption, the TMDI is higher than the ADI for adolescents 10-18 years (277% of ADI), adults (181% of ADI) and the elderly (140% ADI) in urban areas and rural and in five regions of the country. Regarding the samples, it can be seen that, considering the averages, the products that contain SY are in order: Soft drinks (7.91 mg/100 mL); Isotonic drinks (6.22 mg/100 mL); powdered drinks (5.96 mg/100 mL); Gelatins (5.92 mg/100 mL) and candy (below 1,25 mg/100 g) Through this work, it is concluded that considering the average consumption per capita daily intake is between 14 and 31% of ADI and do not represent a health risk. However, it was found that some individuals of all population groups may be ingesting the dye in amounts greater than those recommended. It should be noted that the HBS (2008-2009), used as a data source in this research, interviewed children from 10 years old. Since in this study the use of SY increased by reducing the age, it is likely that this trend will apply to children under 10 years. Given the above, it is necessary a greater rigor in applying and monitoring the use of Sunset Yellow in food products, as the high consumption of this dye can cause adverse reactions to their consumers.

This study investigates the risk of arsenic (As) exposure from staple diet to the communities in rural Bengal, even when they have been supplied with As safe drinking water. The results indicate that average accumulation of As in rice grain increases with decrease of grain size [extra-long slender (ELS): 0.04 mg kg-1; long slender (LS): 0.10 mg kg-1; medium slender (MS): 0.16 mg kg-1 and short bold (SB): 0.33 mg kg-1], however people living in the rural villages mostly prefer brown colored SB type of rice because of its lower cost. Among the vegetables generally consumed in rural villages, the accumulation of As is highest in the leafy type of vegetables (0.21 mg kg-1), compared to non-leafy (0.07 mg kg-1) and root  vegetables (0.10 mg kg-1). Arsenic predominantly accumulates in rice (&gt;90%) and vegetables (almost 100%) in inorganic species [As(III &amp; V)]. The estimates of exposure via dietary and drinking water routes show that when people are consuming water with As concentration &lt;10 μg L-1, the total daily intake of inorganic As (TDI-iAs) exceeds the previous provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI) value of 2.1 μg day-1 kg-1 BW, recommended by World Health Organization (WHO) in 35% of the cases due to consumption of rice. Considerably high concentration of As in urine and saliva despite drinking of As safe water (&lt;10 μg L-1) further supports that dietary intake of As, mainly through consumption of rice could be alternative pathway of As exposure among the population. When the level of As concentration in drinking water is above 10 μg L-1, the TDI-iAs exceeds the previous  PTDI for all the participants. These results imply that when rice consumption is a significant contributor to the TDI-iAs, supplying water with As concentration at current national drinking water standard for India and Bangladesh (50 μg L-1) would place many people above the safety threshold of PTDI. When As concentration in drinking water exceeds 50 μg L-1 As exposure through drinking water largely predominates over the exposure through dietary intake. It is found that the consumption of vegetables in rural Bengal does not pose  significant health threat to the population independently. It is also revealed that cooking of rice with high volume of As safe (&lt;10 μg L-1) water can decrease both total and inorganic As content in cooked rice. However, the assessment of As exposure risk indicates that despite such lowering in As concentrations, still consumption of cooked rice is a significant pathway of As exposure to the population in rural Bengal. This study suggests that any effort to mitigate the As exposure of the villagers in Bengal must consider the risk of As exposure from rice consumption together with drinking water. / <p>QC 20130919</p> / EAECA-EURINDIA 2009-1665

Para avaliar os possíveis efeitos que os corantes artificiais podem causar à saúde, é de grande importância possuir dados relativos à exposição a estas substâncias. O fato de diversos estudos apontarem problemas de saúde relacionados ao consumo do corante artificial Amarelo Crepúsculo (AC) justifica a necessidade de verificar se a ingestão desta substância, através do consumo de alimentos industrializados, ultrapassa a Ingestão Diária Aceitável (IDA). O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar e caracterizar a ingestão de AC pela população brasileira. Para isso, primeiramente foram verificados quais os alimentos comercializados por uma das maiores redes de supermercados do país que continham AC na sua formulação. Foi avaliada a ingestão média destes alimentos utilizando as Pesquisas de Orçamento Familiar (POF, 2008-2009) e determinada a Ingestão Diária Máxima Teórica (IDMT) de AC, através dos valores estipulados pela legislação brasileira para a concentração máxima permitida deste corante nos diferentes grupos de alimentos. Posteriormente foram realizadas analises, através de Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE), para avaliar o teor de Amarelo Crepúsculo em refrescos em pó, refrigerantes, bebidas isotônicas, gelatinas e balas, e verificar as faixas de utilização deste corante e a adequação à legislação vigente. Através dos dados obtidos, verificou-se que a IDMT para AC, considerando o consumo médio per capita de alimentos, não supera a IDA para nenhuma das distribuições populacionais estudadas. No entanto, ao considerar a prevalência de consumo alimentar, a IDMT é superior à IDA para adolescentes de 10 a 18 anos (277% da IDA), adultos (181% da IDA) e idosos (140% da IDA) das áreas urbanas e rurais e nas cinco regiões do país Em relação às amostras analisadas, pode-se constatar que, considerando-se as médias obtidas, os produtos que mais contêm AC são na ordem: Refrigerantes (7,91 mg/100 mL); Bebidas Isotônicas (6,22 mg/100 mL); Refrescos em pó (5,96 mg/100 mL); Gelatinas (5,92 mg/100 mL) e Balas (menor que 1,25 mg/100 g). Através da realização deste trabalho, conclui-se que considerando o consumo médio per capita a ingestão diária representa entre 14 e 31% da IDA, não representando risco à saúde. No entanto, verificou-se que alguns indivíduos de todos os grupos populacionais podem estar ingerindo o corante em quantidades superiores às recomendadas. Cabe destacar que a POF (2008-2009), utilizada como fonte de dados nesta pesquisa, entrevistou crianças a partir dos 10 anos de idade. Visto que neste estudo o consumo de AC aumentou ao diminuir a faixa etária, é provável que esta tendência se aplique para crianças com menos de 10 anos. Diante do exposto, torna-se necessário um maior rigor no emprego e na fiscalização do uso de Amarelo Crepúsculo em produtos alimentares, visto que o consumo elevado deste corante pode ocasionar reações adversas aos seus consumidores. / To evaluate the possible effects that artificial dyes can cause health is very important to have data on exposure to these substances. The fact that several studies suggest health problems related to the consumption of artificial dye Sunset Yellow (SY) justifies the need to verify that the ingestion of this substance through consumption of processed foods, exceeds the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI). The aim of this study was to evaluate and characterize the SY intake by the Brazilian population. For this, they were first checked which foods marketed by one of the country's largest supermarket chains containing SY in its formulation. the average intake of these foods using the Household Budget Surveys were evaluated (HBS 2008-2009) and determined the Theory Maximum Daily Intake (TMDI) SY, through the values set by the Brazilian legislation for the maximum permitted concentration of the dye in the different groups of food. Later analyzes were performed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to evaluate the Yellow Twilight content in powdered drinks, soft drinks, isotonic drinks, gelatins and candy, and check the use of bands of this dye and the adequacy of legislation current. Through the data, it was found that the TMDI for SY, considering the average per capita consumption of food does not exceed the ADI for any of the studied population distributions. However, when considering the prevalence of food consumption, the TMDI is higher than the ADI for adolescents 10-18 years (277% of ADI), adults (181% of ADI) and the elderly (140% ADI) in urban areas and rural and in five regions of the country. Regarding the samples, it can be seen that, considering the averages, the products that contain SY are in order: Soft drinks (7.91 mg/100 mL); Isotonic drinks (6.22 mg/100 mL); powdered drinks (5.96 mg/100 mL); Gelatins (5.92 mg/100 mL) and candy (below 1,25 mg/100 g) Through this work, it is concluded that considering the average consumption per capita daily intake is between 14 and 31% of ADI and do not represent a health risk. However, it was found that some individuals of all population groups may be ingesting the dye in amounts greater than those recommended. It should be noted that the HBS (2008-2009), used as a data source in this research, interviewed children from 10 years old. Since in this study the use of SY increased by reducing the age, it is likely that this trend will apply to children under 10 years. Given the above, it is necessary a greater rigor in applying and monitoring the use of Sunset Yellow in food products, as the high consumption of this dye can cause adverse reactions to their consumers.

Os corantes são substâncias adicionadas para conferir ou intensificar a cor dos alimentos. Sendo a aparência dos alimentos fundamental para a escolha do consumidor, a indústria justifica o uso de corantes como forma de melhorar a aparência dos mesmos e aumentar o consumo. Os corantes artificiais adquiriram seu espaço no mercado por terem a vantagem de ser mais estáveis ao processamento, possuírem maior poder tintorial e serem mais baratos do que os naturais. Contudo, estudos ao longo dos anos têm apontado que corantes alimentares artificiais podem estar relacionados a problemas de saúde, principalmente em crianças. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo visou verificar qual a percepção da população do Rio Grande do Sul (RS) em relação a esse tipo de aditivo, através de um questionário online de opinião. Além disso, a pesquisa também procurou estudar o consumo de corantes artificiais por crianças residentes no Rio Grande do Sul. No estudo de percepção (n = 531) foi verificada uma baixa percepção de benefício e alta percepção de perigo dos corantes artificiais, principalmente por pessoas do gênero feminino, pessoas com filho e pessoas de maior faixa etária. Contudo, apesar da sua opinião sobre corantes artificiais, o consumidor não parece afetar o seu padrão de consumo, uma vez que os respondentes afirmaram consumir produtos com esse tipo de aditivo Foi verificado também uma alta desconfiança por parte do público quanto a regulamentação da área de alimentos e falta de conhecimento do consumidor em relação aos rótulos dos alimentos. No estudo de consumo de corantes artificiais por crianças (n = 218), os resultados demonstraram que embora a maioria das crianças (~90%) consuma corantes em quantidades inferiores aquelas estipuladas como seguras, algumas extrapolam o consumo em níveis que podem acarretar em risco à saúde. Em média, os corantes mais consumidos com relação à IDA foram: o Bordeaux (~29% da IDA), Amarelo crepúsculo (~6,5% da IDA), Amarelo Tartrazina (~3,1% da IDA) e Azul Brilhante (~2,8% da IDA). O corante Bordeaux foi o que apresentou maior porcentagens de crianças que ultrapassaram a sua IDA (7,3%). O principal alimento responsável pelo consumo é o refresco em pó. O estudo demonstrou que algumas crianças estão colocando em risco sua saúde ao consumir quantidades elevadas de corantes artificiais. / Dyes are added substances to confer or intensify the color of food. As the appearance of food is fundamental to consumer’s choice, the industry justifies its use as a way to improve their appearance and increase consumption. Artificial dyes have acquired their space in the market because they have the advantage of being more stable to the processing, possessing greater color power and being cheaper than the natural ones. However, studies over the years have pointed out that artificial food colorings may be related to health problems, especially in children. In this context, the present study aimed to verify the perception of the population of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) in relation to this type of additive, through an online opinion questionnaire. In the study of perception (n = 531), a low perception of benefit and a high perception of the risk of artificial dyes were observed, mainly by people of the female gender, people with children and people of greater age. However, in spite of his opinion about artificial colors, the consumer does not seem to affect his consumption pattern, since the respondents stated that they consume products with this type of additive There was also a high public distrust regarding the regulation of the food area and lack of consumer knowledge about food labels. In the study of artificial colorants consumption by children (n = 218), the results showed that although most children (~ 90%) consume dyes in amounts lower than those stipulated as safe, some extrapolate consumption to levels that may be at risk the health. On average, the most consumed dyes with respect to IDA were: Bordeaux (~ 29% of IDA), Sunset Yellow (~ 6.5% of IDA), Yellow Tartrazine (~ 3.1% of IDA) and Bright Blue ~ 2.8% of the ADI). The Bordeaux dye showed the highest percentage of children who exceeded their ADI (7.3%). The main food that is responsible for consumption is soft drink powder. The study showed that some children are putting their health at risk by consuming high amounts of artificial colorants.