We report contrast measurements of a sodium resonance guide star against the daylight sky when observed through a tuned magneto-optical filter (MOF). The guide star was created by projection of a laser beam at 589.16 nm into the mesospheric sodium layer and the observations were made with a collocated 1.5-m telescope. While MOFs are used with sodium light detecting and ranging systems during the day to improve the signalto- noise ratio of the measurements, they have not so far been employed with laser guide stars to drive adaptive optics (AO) systems to correct atmospherically induced image blur. We interpret our results in terms of the performance of AO systems for astronomy, with particular emphasis on thermal infrared observations at the next generation of extremely large telescopes now being built. (C) 2016 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)

Master of Science / Department of Architectural Engineering and Construction Science / Fred Hasler / Over 26.6 million people suffer from Alzheimer's Disease in the United States, and while no cure exists, how their built environment is illuminated - lamp type, color selection, wavelengths emitted, luminaire specifications, and luminaire layout - may enhance the lives of Alzheimer's patients (APs), their relatives, and caretakers. Research has found mixed results when it comes to selecting the correct lamp, but most researchers agree illumination levels benefit APs quality of life. Achieving higher illumination levels can be achieved by adding more luminaires to the ambient lighting layout, placing additional task lighting in specific locations, or using light therapy. Exposing APs to higher illumination levels can have positive behavioral benefits and help shift the circadian rhythm. Common problems such as aggression, sleepiness, and agitation can be reduced if proper lighting layouts or light therapy is used on a consistent basis. Adding to research, several Alzheimer’s facilities in Kansas and Colorado were contacted to complete questionnaires about their lighting and resident’s behaviors. Upon analysis, these facilities concurred with research about lamp types, daylight, and luminaire layouts showing higher levels of illumination were preferred by APs and also where they displayed their best behaviors. Ninety percent of facilities agreed that APs enjoyed sitting by the windows, and over half agreed APs exhibited better behavior while seated here. Homes with CLFs documented APs were typically more calm and happy than those with tubular fluorescents, but the conclusions made need additional research to support the findings.

Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 145-146). / Natural lighting serves several important functions in buildings. The visual power of a shaft of sunlight penetrating a dark space or the visual beauty of a stained window has long been recognized by architects and designers. The primary focus of this study is a more pragmatic one. Besides strong concern for the qualitative aspects of daylight design, methods of daylight and solar radiation modulation for commercial structures are explored and evaluated to offset electric lighting load or heat load requirements. An investigation into the energy use patterns of these building types - offices, schools, hospitals, warehouses and other "commercial" structures lead to the conclusion, that artificial lighting represents the most significant portion of total electrical energy consumption. This study considers daylight and solar design in several ways: First, it documents daylight and solar radiation fundamentals and their visual and thermal impact on human comfort. It reviews a series of traditional design tools and architectural elements to modulate and control daylight and solar radiation. Second, it proposes and evaluates an innovative daylight introduction system - a particular "lightshelf" configuration integrated as an architectural element - with careful consideration of the following criteria: - acceptance of the full range of seasonal sun altitude angles through a curved configuration of the reflecting lightshelf-surface to redirect incident radiation onto the same "reference-range" of the interior ceiling without and adjustments - modulation of daylight introduction and radiation diffusion for solar storage in distributed mass - penetration of daylight into a space beyond traditional limits of 15 to 20 feet for daylight utilization - design of the light introducing "component" as an architectural element and its integration into a modular window wall consisting of prefabricated lightweight concrete wall elements - evaluation of qualitative and quantitative performance of proposed system· - illumination and solar heat gain tradeoffs - integration of daylight design with dynamic artificial lighting system Third, analytical and experimental methods for daylight design are explored and an entensive daylight model experiment is executed to enable the qualitative and quantitative assessment of the proposed system. Finally, a number of case studies with innovative daylight introduction methods applied in praxis, are documented. / by Hans-Joachim Schlereth. / M.Arch.

Thesis (M.Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: p. 199-203. / by James E. Rosen. / M.Arch.

He, Zhengjun. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 125-129). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.i / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.iv / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.v / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.vii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.xi / NOMENCLATURE --- p.xii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Issues and problems --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Objectives --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Methodology --- p.3 / Chapter 1.4 --- Significance and benefits --- p.5 / Chapter 1.5 --- Organization of the thesis --- p.5 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2 --- Daylight data measurement --- p.7 / Chapter 2.3 --- Satellite-based models to derive illuminance --- p.9 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Irradiance derived from satellite pixel values to illuminance (indirect approaches) --- p.9 / Chapter 2.3.1.1 --- Heliosat algorithms --- p.10 / Chapter 2.3.1.2 --- Perez et al. model --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3.1.3 --- Uetani model --- p.24 / Chapter 2.3.1.4 --- Gautier et al. model --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3.1.5 --- Janjai et al. model --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3.1.6 --- Comparison of different models --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.1.7 --- Irradiance to illuminance using luminous efficacy models --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Satellite pixel values to illuminance (direct approaches) --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4 --- CIE standard skies --- p.37 / Chapter 2.5 --- Sky luminance distribution and sky types prediction using meteorological data --- p.40 / Chapter 2.6 --- Sky types and sky luminance distribution prediction using satellite images --- p.48 / Chapter 2.7 --- The needs for deriving daylight data from satellite images in Subtropical southern China --- p.51 / Chapter 2.8 --- General climate information of Hong Kong --- p.52 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- USING SATELLITE-BASED METHODS TO PREDICT DAYLIGHT ILLUMINANCE --- p.55 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2 --- Data --- p.56 / Chapter 3.3 --- Methodology --- p.62 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Satellite pixel value to cloud index --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Cloud index to global illuminance: indirect approach --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Cloud index to global irradiance --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Global irradiance to global illuminance --- p.73 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Cloud index to global illuminance: direct approach --- p.75 / Chapter 3.4 --- Model precision and results --- p.79 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Irradiance model precision --- p.79 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Illuminance models precision --- p.80 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Model performance under different seasons --- p.85 / Chapter 3.5 --- Conclusions --- p.87 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- USING SATELLITE-BASED METHOD TO PREDICT SKY TYPES --- p.89 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.89 / Chapter 4.2 --- Data --- p.90 / Chapter 4.3 --- CIE Standard General Sky --- p.92 / Chapter 4.4 --- Sky type prediction --- p.93 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Sample data --- p.93 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Assessment of other approaches --- p.97 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Formulation of a method to predict sky conditions under subtropical context --- p.101 / Chapter 4.5 --- Model precision and results --- p.105 / Chapter 4.6 --- Conclusions --- p.116 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- CONCLUSION --- p.117 / Chapter 5.1 --- Research summary --- p.117 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- The indirect approach to derive global illuminance --- p.117 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- The direct approach to derive global illuminance --- p.118 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Sky types prediction --- p.118 / Chapter 5.2 --- Conclusion and discussion --- p.119 / Chapter 5.3 --- Research contributions and limitations --- p.122 / Chapter 5.4 --- Needs for further research --- p.123 / BIBLIOGRAPHY / APPENDIX

Syfte: I dagens samhälle har det blivit mer intressant att bygga med en miljö-certifiering, detta leder till att byggentreprenörer ställs inför tekniska svårigheter vid både projektering och produktion för att kraven ska uppfyllas. I denna rapport kommer svårigheterna med solvärmelast och dagsljus behandlas då de kan vara ett problem. Målet med denna rapport är att ”Belysa hur kraven på dagsljus och solvärmelast enligt miljöcertifieringssystemet Miljöbyggnad kan lösas”. Metod: Kvalitativ data samlades in via intervjuer för att få svar på frågeställningarna. Intervjuerna genomfördes i huvudsak på plats hos respektive persons företag. En hög validitet uppnåddes genom att intervjufrågorna strukturerades och hade koppling till frågeställningar och mål. Reliabiliteten stärktes genom att intervjuerna spelades in och det gick att hitta samband mellan svaren. Resultat: Kravnivåerna i Miljöbyggnad är BBR:s krav i grunden för de flesta indikatorer vilket motsvarar BRONS-nivån i Miljöbyggnad. För indikatorn dagsljus skulle SILVER vara lite bättre än BRONS och för GULD krävs datorsimuleringar samt enkätundersökning eller egendeklaration. För Indikatorn solvärmelast finns inget grundkrav i BBR då det endast står att solvärmetillskottet ska begränsas. När kravnivåerna för solvärmelast togs fram användes persienner för att ta reda på rimliga nivåer. Det kan uppstå problem med att uppfylla kraven för solvärmelast och dagsljus om arkitekten inte har tillräcklig kunskap om Miljöbyggnad. Placering av byggnader och fönster är också problematiskt eftersom byggnader inte bör ligga för nära varandra för att tillräckligt med dagsljus ska komma in i byggnaden. Mycket fönster i söderriktning kan innebära mycket solinstrålning vilket kan ge problem med att klara solvärmelasten. De lösningar som denna rapport har fått fram är att det ska finnas en dialog mellan ansvariga i projekten för att hitta pareto-optimala lösningar. Det går att sänka kravet på en indikator och höja kravet på en annan för att sammanlagt få det byggnadsbetyg som önskas. Solvärmelastens krav kan lösas med hjälp av olika sorters solskydd. Det går även att ändra fönstrets typ, storlek eller antal. Konsekvenser: Den slutsats som går att dra efter att arbetet blivit färdigställt, är att fönster påverkar indikatorerna solvärmelast och dagsljus mest. För att båda de kraven ska bli uppfyllda och få ett högt betyg, är det lämpligt att använda solskydd för att minska solvärmelasten. En rekommendation är också att beställarens arkitekt detaljberäknar indikatorerna innan förfrågningsunderlaget går ut, då det oftast är i början av byggprocessen som de större problemen kan undvikas. Begränsningar: Arbetet begränsas till att behandla indikatorerna solvärmelast och dagsljus i miljöcertifieringssystemet Miljöbyggnad. Lösningar för kravnivåerna detaljstuderas inte. Undersökningsstrategin begränsas till att bara innehålla en kvalitativ metod. Nyckelord: Dagsljus, Fönster, Miljöbyggnad, Solvärmelast / Purpose: Society has become more interested in building with an environmental certification system, which leads to that building engineers are facing technical difficulties in both planning and production to meet the requirements. This thesis addresses the technical difficulties with solar heat load and daylight in the environmental certification system Miljöbyggnad. The purpose of this thesis is to “Illustrate how the demands of daylight and solar heat load in Miljöbyggnad can be solved”. Method: Qualitative data were collected through interviews to obtain answers concering the issues. The interviews essentially took place at each person’s company. High validity was achieved by the interview questions that were structured and linked to the issues and the purpose of this thesis. To increase the reliability, interviews were recorded and it was possible to find correlations between the answers. Findings: The BRONZE level in Miljöbyggnad is basically BBR:s requirements for most of the indicators. The SILVER level for the indicator daylight were supposed to be better than BRONZE and GOLD requires simulations and pleased residents. It is not possible to find requirements for solar heat load in BBR. When the requirements for this indicator in Miljöbyggnad was set, sun-blinds were used. There may be problems in meeting the requirements for solar heat load and daylight if the architects do not have the sufficient knowledge of Miljöbyggnad. The placement of buildings and windows are also problematic because the distance between the buildings can affect daylight problems. If there are a lot of windows in the south direction, the solar gain may cause difficulty to solve the requirements for solar heat load. The solutions this thesis submits are, to have a dialogue between the involving people in the projects to find pareto-optimal solutions. It is possible to reduce the require-ments for one indicator and raise the requirements for another to get the total building-rating as required. The requirements for solar heat load can be solved by using different kinds of shading devices. It is possible to change the type of windows, size of the windows and the amounts of windows. Implications: The conclusions are that the windows affect the indicators solar heat load and daylight very much. To solve the requirements and get a high rating on both indicators, it is appropriate to use any kind of shading devices. We also recommend that the architect calculates the indicators in detail before the tender document is ready, to avoid major problems. Limitations: To limit the extensive work it was necessary to focus on the indicators solar heat load and daylight in the environmental certification system Miljöbyggnad. The solutions for the indicators levels were not studied in details. The investigation method was limited to only use qualitative interviews. Keywords: Daylight, Miljöbyggnad, Solar heat load, Windows

Bakgrunden till denna rapport ligger i hur arkitekturkonsten genom tiden behandlat dagsljuset med största precision för att på bästa sätt ta tillvara på dess kvalitéer, och hur den tekniska revolutionen med artificiell belysning idag påverkat vårt sätt att behandla dagsljus. Syftet med studien är att bidra till kunskapen om hur dagsljusinsläppet påverkar upplevelsen av ett rum. Målet är att klargöra hur dagsljusinsläppets proportioner och placering påverkar hur det infallande ljuset uppträder i rummet och hur det inverkar på hur rummet upplevs. Studien är tänkt att kunna användas av planerare för att i trivsamhetssyfte skapa ett så bra dagsljusinsläpp som möjligt. Följande frågeställningar formulerades: Hur påverkar placeringen av dagsljusinsläppen upplevelsen av ett rum? Hur påverkar proportionerna av dagsljusinsläppen upplevelsen av ett rum? Hur mycket ljus kommer in i rummet med hänsyn till proportioner och placering av dagsljusinsläppen? Undersökningen inleddes med ett förexperiment där fönsterutformningar observerades i en modell för att sedan testas i ett fullskaleexperiment. Under experimentet gjordes enkätundersökningar på en urvalsgrupp om 20 personer som fick svara på frågor om rumsupplevelse, och därefter gjordes ljusmätningar i samtliga fyra experimentrum. Resultatet visar att stora dagsljusinsläpp ger en hög ljusnivå men bidrar till låg rumslighet, försämrade kontrastförhållanden och ökad risk för bländning. Mindre, lågt placerade horisontella dagsljusinsläpp ger i princip samma ljusnivå men skapar en bättre rumslighet och minskar risken för bländning. Med högt placerade horisontella dagsljusinsläpp visar resultatet en försämring av rumsupplevelsen då rummet upplevs slutet och instängt. Det har visat sig att fönsterytans area påverkar, men inte varit avgörande för hur dagsljusinsläppet påverkar upplevelsen av rummet, det ser ut som att placeringen istället haft mycket större påverkan på rumsupplevelsen. Det visar också att de mörkare rummen har högre rumslighet än de ljusare. Studien visar att testpersonerna trivdes bäst i rummet med lågt horisontellt placerade dagsljusinsläpp. / The background to this report is based on how architectural art through times been treating daylight with greatest precision to take advantage of its good quality, and how the technical revolution with artificial lighting affects our way of working with daylighting today. The purpose of the study is to contribute to the knowledge how the daylight opening affects the perception of a room. The aim is to clarify how proportions and placement affects how the incident light occurs in the room and how that affects on how the room is perceived. The study is meant to be used by lighting planners, and in terms of pleasantness, be able to create the best possible daylight environment. The following questions were formulated: How do the positions of daylight openings affect the perception of a room? How do the proportions of daylight openings affect the perception of a room? How much light enters the room as a result of proportions and placements of daylight openings? The investigation began with a pre-experiment where window configurations were observed in a scale model and then tested in a full-scale experiment. During the experiment surveys were made in a sample group of twenty people who had to answer questions about spatial experience, followed by lighting calculations that were made in all four experimental settings. The result shows that large daylight openings provide a high level of light but contribute to low spatiality, deterioration of contrasts and increased risk of glare. Smaller, low-set horizontal daylight openings tend to give the same levels of light but create a better sense of space and reduce glare. With high positioned horizontal daylight openings the result shows a deterioration of spatial experience and the room is perceived closed and stuffy. A vertical daylight opening is shown to make the room feel small and high, and the level of light is low, the contrast ratio and the completeness experienced worsening. The result shows that the window surface area affects the experience but is not essential how the daylight openings affect the perception of the room, it looks like the matter of placement have greatest impact on the room experience. It also shows that the darker rooms have higher spatiality than the lighter ones. The study shows that the test group liked the room with low-set horizontal daylight openings better.

The background to this report is based on how architectural art through times been treating daylight with greatest precision to take advantage of its good quality, and how the technical revolution with artificial lighting affects our way of working with daylighting today. The purpose of the study is to contribute to the knowledge how the daylight opening affects the perception of a room. The aim is to clarify how proportions and placement affects how the incident light occurs in the room and how that affects on how the room is perceived. The study is meant to be used by lighting planners, and in terms of pleasantness, be able to create the best possible daylight environment.

The purpose of this study was to assess maternal attitudes toward daylight-saving time within three stages of the family life cycle. General maternal attitudes were also assessed toward daylight-saving time. other variables such as size of family, sex of children, education of mother, occupation of father, and age of mother Here used to determine if there was any association between these variables and attitudes of mothers toward daylight-saving time. A Likert-type scale capable of measuring maternal attitudes toward daylight-saving time was developed for this study. A checklist of 41 items was also developed to determine or identify reasons why mothers either like or dislike daylight-saving time. The sample consisted of 60 mothers selected in a random fashion from those who had children enrolled in the Child Development Laboratory School at Utah State University. The findings indicated that attitudes of mothers were significantly different between Stages 3 and 4. Mothers in Stage 3 liked daylight-saving time and mothers in Stage 4 disliked daylight-saving time. There was a significant difference in general maternal attitudes; small families liked daylight-saving time, large families disliked daylight-saving time. In Stage 4, the size of family made no difference as these mothers had negative attitudes. Attitudes of mothers differed significantly between families who had a small or large number of boys, with negative attitudes when there was a large number of boys, and no difference as to number of girls. There was a significant difference between professional and skilled occupation of husband. Positive attitudes prevailed if husband was a professional; negative if husband had skilled work. Reasons as to causation of the findings were also discussed.

Mexico has invested many resources in education ever since the enactment of the 1917 Constitution, where the government committed to providing quality education to every Mexican. Investment has increased over time (INEGI, 1994), but the results have not shown the level of commitment, since Mexico is ranked 32nd out of 34 members in the 2021 OECD Education indicators report (OECD, 2021) as well as falling behind in education level and quality (CONEVAL, 2022). This study focuses on the schools by Juan O’Gorman in 1932 and the Daylight conditions. Considering his methodology and theory adapted to the historical context around him, and the uses required for the building type. This thesis centers on two typical classrooms used in the schools built by Juan O’Gorman. The main goal of this thesis is to answer the question, Do the classrooms following the Functional Modular System by Juan O’Gorman perform as an efficient place to provide education? Does it fulfill the “basic daylight needs” of a primary school? How do the schools use the Functional Modular System performance in today’s context using current international lighting standards? The analysis of the 1933 schools by O’Gorman, showed that there is a need to adjust the codes to match the geographic location of Mexico. Since the results obtained showed that the minimum required levels in sDA, UDI and ASE are met with minimum effort, but the higher thresholds are exceeded. Special attention to glare and direct Sunlight is required to prevent the negative effects of daylight in work and study spaces such as eyestrain, and veiling reflections caused by reading surfaces (Dubois et al., 2019). Further studies are required to analyze the perception of the space, and the academic performance of the users to find the possible consequences of the high glare and contrast levels found in this thesis.