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The clean-slate acts of the Hebrew Bible, i.e., the Year of Jubilee in Leviticus 25 and the Šemittah Year and the Law of Slave Release in Deut 15:1-18, are a part of the tradition of clean-slate acts in the ancient Near East. In these acts, those who have become indebted and have loss land and freedom, are given a fresh start. Through comparing the biblical clean-slate acts with the evidence of clean-slate acts in ancient Mesopotamia including the existing Edict of Ammiṣaduqa and fragments of an edict from Samsuiluna, the Holiness Code’s Year of Jubilee and Deuteronomy’s Šhemittah Year and the Law of Slave Release are brought into sharper focus. The goal of this book is to use the lens of the ancient Near Eastern clean-slate acts to better understand not only the biblical acts but the role they play within their respective law codes. Through the clean-slate acts, both the Holiness Code and Deuteronomy set economic justice as a cornerstone of their theology. They serve as a culmination of what it means to be the people of YHWH. Analyzing the biblical clean-slate acts in light of the larger tradition shows that the Year of Jubilee and the Šemittah Year and the Law of Slave Release call the people of Israel to be participants in renewal, blessing, and providing justice for the community.:Table of Contents Abbreviations vii A Note on the Spellings of Names ix Chapter 1: Introduction 1 General Tendencies of the Research 2 Leviticus 25 2 Deuteronomy 15:1-18 5 The Relationship between Lev 25 and Deut 15:1-18 8 Lev 25 and Deut 15:1-18 and the Ancient Near East 12 Ancient Near Eastern Literature and the Hebrew Bible 15 Methodology 17 Chapter 2: From Freedom to Slavery. 20 Introduction 20 Causes of Debt in the Hebrew Bible 21 Loans 22 Taxes and Corvée 23 Consequences of Debt in the Hebrew Bible 25 Oppression of the Poor in the Literary Prophets 27 Debt in Ancient Mesopotamia 32 Interest-Bearing Loans 33 Taxes and Corvée 36 Consequences of Debt in Ancient Mesopotamia 38 Loss of Land 38 Loss of Freedom 39 Conclusion 43 Excursus 1: Debt in Ancient Egypt 44 General Survey 44 Debt-Slavery under Joseph - Genesis 47:13-26 45 Chapter 3: Economic Justice and Clean Slate Traditions in Ancient Mesopotamia 47 Introduction 47 Ur-Namma (regnal years: 2112-2095 B.C.E., Ur): 49 Lipit-Ištar (regnal years: 1934-1924 B.C.E., Isin) 51 Ur-Ninurta (regnal years: 1923-1896 B.C.E., Isin) 53 Sumulael (regnal years: 1880-1845 B.C.E., Babylon) 54 Sabium (regnal years: 1884-1831 B.C.E., Babylon) 54 Hammurabi (regnal years: 1792-1750 B.C.E., Babylon) 55 Samsuiluna (regnal years: 1749-1712 B.C.E., Babylon) 58 Abiešuḫ (regnal years: 1711-1684 B.C.E., Babylon) 63 Ammiditana (regnal years: 1683-1647 B.C.E., Babylon) 63 Date and Attribution Uncertain 64 Ammiṣaduqa (regnal years: 1646-1626 B.C.E., Babylon) 64 Conclusion 71 Chapter 4: Esarhaddon’s Neo-Assyrian Clean-Slate Acts 73 Introduction 73 Sennacherib and Babylonia 73 Esarhaddon’s Restoration of Babylon 77 Conclusion 84 Chapter 5: Dating the Holiness Code and Deuteronomy 87 Introduction 87 Overview 87 Deuteronomy 88 The Holiness Code 90 The Role of the Covenant Code 93 Evidence from Jeremiah 34 98 Authorship 101 Deuteronomy 102 The Holiness Code 106 Conclusion 109 Chapter 6: The Year of Jubilee in Leviticus 25 111 Introduction 111 Textual Issues 112 Land as Subject of Sabbath 112 Meaning of יוֹבֵל and דְּרוֹר 112 Debates 114 Questions of Redaction 119 Pronoun Switching 119 Cities 120 Structure 122 Sabbath and Jubilee 123 The Debt-Spiral and Clean-Slate Remedies 126 Key Issues and Themes 134 Sabbath: Not for the Poor 134 Debt and Debt Relief 135 Cities 136 Theology 137 Particularity 137 The Exodus Event and the Israelites as YHWH’s Slaves 138 The Land is YHWH’s 142 The Jubilee as Holy 144 The Day of Atonement and Created Order 146 In the Context of the Holiness Code 149 Conclusion 150 Chapter 7: The Šemittah Year and Law of Slave Release in Deuteronomy 15:1-18 152 Introduction 152 Šemittah 152 Debates 154 Debt Forgiveness or Deferment 154 Same or Double Work in v. 18 156 Structure 157 The Šemittah Year (15:1-11) 161 The Law of Slave Release (15:12-18) 165 Key Issues and Themes 166 Sabbath Rhythm 166 Generosity 168 Right Attitude 171 חטא in Deuteronomy 172 Particularity 174 Slave Laws in Deuteronomy 15:12-18 and Exodus 21:2-11 175 Theology 179 Care for the Poor Kin 179 The Gift of Land 180 Slavery in Egypt and the Exodus Event 181 Sovereignty of YHWH 182 Šemittah Year, Torah, and Joy 185 Conclusion 186 Excursus 2: A Clean-Slate Act in Nehemiah 5:1-13 187 Introduction 187 The Narrative 188 The Vocabulary 189 Shared Themes 191 The Nehemiah Memoir as Self-Presentation and Propaganda 192 Conclusion 194 Chapter 8: Comparisons and Conclusions 196 Introduction 196 Divine versus Human Agency 197 Sabbath 201 Forward-Looking 204 Provisions for the Future 207 Divine Ownership 209 Exclusivity 209 The Exodus Event 212 The Land and the Promise of Blessing 215 Community Ethics 217 Different Approaches 219 Community in Deuteronomy 221 The Land and YHWH’s Sovereignty in the Holiness Code 224 Conclusions 225 Bibliography 228

Der KONID Survey 2019 ist eine repräsentative Bevölkerungsumfrage für die Wohnbevölkerung ab 16 Jahren in Deutschland und der Schweiz zum Thema Zivilgesellschaft, soziale Identitäten und Religion. Die Studie wird verantwortet vom Team des von DFG und SNF gemeinsam geförderten deutsch-Schweizer Forschungsprojekts 'Konfigurationen individueller und kollektiver religiöser Iden- titäten und ihre zivilgesellschaftlichen Potentiale' (KONID). Der Forschungsbe- richt enthält erste Ergebnisse zur Bedeutung religiöser Identität in der Gegen- wart. Weitere Informationen zum Projekt finden Sie auf der Projekthomepage: https://resic.info.

This paper will examine the transformation dynamics of social change in Kurdish Alevi communities, while mostly focusing on the increasing sociopolitical and religious role of talips. Until the end of the 20th century, the socio-religious structure of Kurdish Alevis was dominated by two hereditary social positions, much like a caste system: on the one hand, the members of the sacred lineages (ocaks), who embody the religious authority, and on the other hand, the talips who are subordinated to the sacred lineages. This socio-religious structure provided a framework for Kurdish Alevi socioreligious organisations.

The Humanities Centre for Advanced Studies “Multiple Secularities – Beyond the West, Beyond Modernities” deals with topics, at least some of which I have myself dealt with throughout my sinological and philosophical life.1 I came to Frankfurt in autumn 1968: fascinated by Frankfurt School, I started studying sociology, but to my surprise this did not mean studying Critical Theory. Instead, it meant going through quite a conventional education in the social sciences, and moreover, it meant studying economics and statistics. This was not quite what I expected and after a few semesters I changed my major to philosophy. In need of a second subject, I chose sinology because of some vague interest in foreign cultures, and also because of the news coming from China at that time. It was the time of the Cultural Revolution that exerted a certain fascination on the German student movement especially since its revolutionary rhetoric differed so remarkably from the ossified language of Eastern European Marxist orthodoxy. So, like many members of my generation, I began to develop an interest in revolutionary China that was definitely not shared by my philosophy teachers – they were skeptical, at least to some extent.2

The KONID Survey 2019 surveyed the significance of religion for social identities in a multi-thematic, country-comparative representative survey of the population in Germany and Switzerland aged 16 and older, paying particular attention to Muslim minorities. In both countries, more than 3,000 people were surveyed from spring to summer 2019. The KONID Survey 2019 surveyed no fewer than 21 possible social identities and placed them in their social and religious contexts.

Die Theorien, die in dieser Arbeit verglichen werden sollen, stammen von exponierten Vordenkern der CSR. Sowohl Thomas E. Lawson und Robert N. McCauley als auch Harvey Whitehouse stellen eine stark um das Thema Ritual kursierende Religionstheorie vor, deren Fundamente von kognitionswissenschaftlichen und evolutionären Prämissen geprägt sind.:1. Einleitung 04 2. Die Ritualtheorie von R. N. McCauley und E. Thomas Lawson 05 2.1 Ziele der Theorie 06 2.2 Die Theorie der Kompetenz religiöser Rituale 07 2.3 Das System zur Repräsentation von Handlungen 10 2.4 Religiöse Rituale vs. religiöse Aktivitäten 11 2.4.1 Akteure, Handlungen und Objekte 12 2.4.2 Die zwei Profile von Ritualen 13 2.5 Wiederholbarkeit, Reversibilität und Variabilität 15 2.6 Strukturelle Tiefe und Zentralität 16 2.7 Epidemiologie 17 2.8 Stimulation und Frequenz 18 3. Die Religions-Theorie von Harvey Whitehouse 19 3.1 Erinnerung und Motivation 21 3.2 Der doktrinale Religionsmodus 22 3.2.1 Semantisches Wissen, religiöse Führer und Orthodoxie 22 3.2.2 Repitition, implizites Gedächtnis und Rituale 23 3.2.3 Anonymität und Verbreitung 24 3.3 Der imagistische Religionsmodus 25 3.3.1 Erregung, episodisches Gedächtnis und Reflexion 25 3.3.2 Diversität und Führungslosigkeit 26 3.3.3 Kohäsion und Verbreitung 27 3.4 Identity Fusion und Group Identification 29 3.4.1 Psychologische Mechanismen bei Identity Fusion 30 3.4.2 Psychologische Mechanismen bei Group Identification 31 3.5 Empirische Einordnung und Ursprünge 31 4. Interner Vergleich der beiden Theorien 33 4.1 Lawson/McCauley: Kritik an der Ritual Frequency Hypothesis 34 4.1.1 Lawson/McCauley: Beobachtung vs. Teilnahme 35 4.1.2 Definition: Teilnahme 35 4.1.3 Lawson/McCauley: Keine Frequency Hypothesis ohne Ritual Form 36 4.2 Whitehouse: Form und Frequenz 37 4.2.1 Whitehouse: Ritual Form als Hybrid 37 4.2.2 Whitehouse: Erinnerung und Motivation 38 4.2.3 Whitehouse: Semantisches Wissen vs. kognitive Prozesse 39 3 5. Anwendung der beiden Theorien 40 5.1 Die Lawson/McCauley-Theorie am Beispiel jüdischer Rituale 41 5.1.1 Beschneidung 42 5.1.2 Konversion 43 5.1.3 Kommentar zu Tamás Biró 45 5.2 Die Lawson/McCauley-Theorie am Beispiel von Nonnen im Theravada Buddhismus 46 5.2.1 Buddha als CPS-Akteur 48 5.2.2 Die Ordinierung als special agent-Ritual 48 5.2.3 Kommentar zu Slone und Mort 50 5.3 Religiöse Modi am Beispiel der Nazareth Baptist Church 51 5.3.1 Der sakrale Tanz 51 5.3.2 Heilungsgeschichten 52 5.3.3 Die Kirchenspaltung 53 5.3.4 Kommentar zu Echtler 54 5.4 Frequenzen und Profile bei Ritualen der Qumran-Bewegung 55 5.4.1 Rituelle Reinigung 56 5.4.2 Sabbat 58 5.4.3 Mahl und Studium 59 5.4.4 Kommentar zu Jokiranta 60 6. Die Methoden der Cognitive Science of Religion 61 6.1 Die Lawson/McCauley-Theorie im experimentellen Versuch 63 6.1.1 Die Variablen 63 6.1.2 Die Durchführung 64 6.1.3 Vorhersagen 66 6.1.4 Diskussion 66 6.2 Die Theorie religiöser Modi am Beispiel von eHRAF-Daten 69 6.2.1 Das Erstellen einer Datenbank für die modes-Theorie 70 6.2.2 Die Methode 71 6.2.3 Diskussion 72 7. Religionswissenschaftliche Reflexion 73 7.1 Alternative kognitive Modelle 74 7.2 Kritikpunkt: tedium-Effekt 76 7.3 Mentale Repräsentationen 78 8. Schlussbetrachtung 80 Literatur Quellen

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Der Aufsatz untersucht das Niederkirchenwesen, insbesondere Aspekte des spätmittelalterlichen Alltagslebens, anhand von Suppliken der päpstlichen Pönitentiarie aus dem Bistum Naumburg. Die Darstellung setzt dabei drei thematische Schwerpunkte: Benefizienwesen, Gewalt zwischen Klerikern und Laien sowie 'Niederkleriker und ihre Kinder'.