The development of Massively Parallel Sequencing (MPS) has enabled more accurate and less time-consuming DNA sequencing. Although MPS technologies are theoretically applicable to all samples and species, the majority of studies on microorganisms have been conducted on those able to be isolated and cultivated in laboratories. In the field of metagenomics, DNA from uncultivated environmental samples is analyzed. Whole genome sequencing of such complex samples poses difficult computational challenges due to the characteristics of metagenomic data, where one major challenge lies in determining the true origin of high similarity reads. In addition, the short-range information acquired from MPS reveals little about how reads from DNA sequencing fit together. Consequently, producing genome drafts from reads generated by MPS remains difficult. Here, the linked-read sequencing technology DB-Seq has been applied to bacterial samples in order to assess its potential in metagenomics. Specifically, its performance in retaining long-range information in de novo whole genome assembly has been tested. The results obtained in this initial study show great potential of DB-Seq in genome assembly, with significantly more contiguous results than conventional methods generate. / Utvecklingen av Massiv Parallel Sekvensering (MPS) har möjliggjort mer korrekt och mindre tidskrävande DNA sekvensering. Trots att MPS teoretiskt sett kan appliceras på alla provtyper och arter, har majoriteten av de studier som utförts på mikroorganismer varit fokuserade på de som kan isoleras och odlas i laboratorium. Inom ämnet metagenomik analyseras DNA från orörda miljöprover. Helgenomssekvensering av sådana prover ger upphov till komplicerade utmaningar för data-analys, där ett av de största problemen är att bestämma ursprunget av snarlika sekvenseringsresultat. Ytterligare komplikationer uppstår på grund av den data som erhålls från MPS, då denna ej ger information om hur sekvenseringsdata bör placeras i förhållande till varandra. Följdaktligen är det svårt att producera hopsatta genom utifrån MPS-data. I detta projekt har "linked-read"-sekvenseringsteknologin DB-Seq applicerats på bakterieprover för att undersöka metodens potential i metagenomik. Specifikt har metodens förmåga att bibehålla information om ursprungspositionen av sekvenseringsdata testats i de novo sammansättning av genom. De erhållna resultaten i denna förstagångsstudie tyder på stor potential för DB-Seq i genomsammansättning, med signifikant mer sammanhängande resultatsekvenser än vad konventionella metoder uppvisar.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第21843号 / 農博第2356号 / 新制||農||1069(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H31||N5215(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 宮川 恒, 教授 三芳 秀人, 教授 森 直樹 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Seeds from the desert shrub Simmondsia chinensis (jojoba) are one of the only known natural plant sources to store a majority of its oil in the form of liquid wax esters (WE) instead of triacylglycerols (TAGs) and these oils account for ~55% of the seed weight. Jojoba oil is highly valued as cosmetic additives and mechanical lubricants, yet despite its value much is still unknown about its neutral lipid biosynthetic pathways and lipid droplet packaging machinery. Here, we have used a multi-"omics" approach to study how spatial differences in lipid metabolites, gene expression, and lipid droplet proteins influence the synthesis and storage of jojoba lipids. Through these studies mass spectrometry analyses revealed that WEs are compartmentalized primarily in the cotyledonary tissues, whereas TAGs are, surprisingly, localized to the embryonic axis tissues. To study the differences in gene expression between these two tissues, a de novo transcriptome was assembled from high throughput RNAseq data. Differential gene expression analysis revealed that the Jojoba Wax Synthase, which catalyzes the formation of wax esters, and the Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase1, which catalyzes the final acylation of triacylglycerol synthesis, were differentially expressed in the cotyledons and embryonic axis tissues, respectively. Furthermore, through proteomic analysis of lipid droplet proteins from lipid droplets of the cotyledons and embryonic axis, it was estimated that each of these tissues contains a different proportion of the major lipid droplet proteins, oleosins, steroleosins, caleosins, and lipid droplet associated proteins. The Jojoba Olesosin1, Lipid Droplet Associated Protein 1, and Lipid Droplet Associated Protein 3, were identified as potential lipid droplet proteins that could be important for storage of wax esters. The coding sequences of these genes were transiently expressed in N. benthamiana leaves individually, and with co-expression of Mus musculus diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2, and in all cases were able to induce neutral lipid accumulation. These data also suggest a Lipid Droplet Associated Protein 1 has a specialized role for wax ester accumulation in the cotyledons, whereas Lipid Droplet Associated Protein 3 may have a more generalized role for the storage of triacylglycerols. These differences in compartmentation suggests that the cotyledons and embryonic axis of jojoba have evolved tissue-specific sets of genes for neutral lipid assembly and lipid droplet accumulation. It may be important to consider this tissue context for genetic engineering strategies designed to introduce genes from jojoba into other oilseed crops.

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In many countries, cancer is one of the biggest threats for citizens’ health, especially among aged people. Genomic mutations play a crucial role in cancer cell development. In previous decades, cancer research has been mainly focused on mutations in coding regions. These mutations can directly change the encoded protein sequences and influence their functions. In recent years, as the function of non-coding regions has been gradually understood, a growing number of studies have focused on the role of non-coding mutations in cancer. Transcription factor (TF) is an important group of gene regulatory factors. These factors only bind to specific sequences called transcription factor binding motifs (TFBMs) in the genome. Mutations in these motifs can disrupt the TF binding and thus influence gene regulation. A framework called funMotifs was made to predict and annotate functional TFBMs in the human genome. And a research has been made to intersect the mutation information from Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) to motifs in funMotifs, aiming to give a general view of influence of cancer-related mutations on functional TF motifs. But the research only focused on the existing motifs that were identified previously from the normal genome, while de novo motifs that could be potentially created by mutations were disregarded. An instance near the TERT promoter has been found, showing that mutations create a de novo ETS binding site and up-regulate the TERT expression.  My study aims to extend the borderline of funMotifs, from existing motifs to de novo motifs created by cancer-related mutations. I extended the original motifs in funMotifs database and merged the overlapping motifs into longer regulatory elements. Then I mutated these elements according to the mutation data from PCAWG. Next I scan through the mutated elements and identify TF motifs. These motifs were then intersected with original motifs in funMotifs database to remove the redundant results. After intersection and filtering, 2,525,771 de novo motifs were retained. These motifs mainly come from C2H2 zinc finger factors, tryptophan cluster factors, STAT domain factors, fork head/winged helix factors, MADS box factors and homeo domain factors. Even though the de novo motifs I found in this study still need further verification and analysis, for example the change of information content in the mutated sites of the motifs, the result I obtained can be a useful data source for further research on regulatory impact from cancer-related mutations. / <p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p>

L’analyse de données de transcriptomique par le biais du séquençage d’ARN messagers (RNAseq) offre une perspective globale de la régulation de l’expression génique au cours d’un évènement biologique. Dans cette thèse, nous avons exploité cette technique dans le but de comprendre les mécanismes moléculaires qui régulent la transition morphologique réversible levure-mycélium qui est une caractéristique souvent liée au pouvoir pathogène chez les champignons. Dans un premier temps, par le biais de comparaisons de données de transcriptomique entre sept espèces fongiques dimorphiques, nous avons observé une certaine conservation des processus biologiques associés au changement de morphologie chez des champignons issus de branches très éloignées de l’arbre phylogénétique fongique. Dans un second temps, nous nous sommes concentrée sur notre modèle d’étude principal, Ophiostoma novo-ulmi, le champignon pathogène responsable de la maladie hollandaise de l’orme. Par l’analyse comparée des gènes exprimés en phases levure et mycélienne, nous avons défini les facteurs moléculaires qui sont spécifiques à chacune des phases chez O. novo-ulmi et établi une distinction claire entre les deux phases d’un point de vue du contenu en gènes exprimés. Par la suite, nous avons affiné notre étude en nous focalisant sur l’évènement de transition levure-mycélium afin déterminer les gènes dont l’expression était modulée au cours du temps dans le processus de changement morphologique. Nous avons mis en évidence plusieurs facteurs potentiellement impliqués dans la transition, notamment des gènes liés à la cascade de phosphorylation des MAPKs, connues pour jouer un rôle clé dans le dimorphisme chez plusieurs espèces fongiques. Finalement, dans le but d’évaluer plus précisément le niveau de conservation des processus biologiques liés au dimorphisme chez des espèces non modèles éloignées, nous avons comparé la régulation de l’expression génique au niveau des gènes orthologues entre O. novo-ulmi et l’espèce basidiomycète, Pseudozyma flocculosa. Nous nous sommes concentrée sur les gènes qui étaient différentiellement exprimés entre les phases de germination et de filamentation. Dans l’ensemble, les processus associés aux gènes pour lesquels la régulation de l’expression est conservée chez les deux espèces portent sur des fonctions essentielles du développement fongique. Ainsi, cette comparaison a permis de définir ce qui semble constituer la « base minimale » génique commune nécessaire à la transition asexuée levure-mycélium chez des espèces phylogénétiquement éloignées. / Large-scale transcriptomic analyses via messenger RNA sequencing (RNAseq) give access to the information on expression regulation of all the genes present in a sample at a given time and in a given experimental condition. In this thesis, we took advantage of this technology in order to investigate the molecular mechanisms that regulate the reversible yeast-to-hypha morphological switch which is a characteristic often linked to virulence in fungal pathogens. To begin with, we compared transcriptomic data among seven dimorphic fungi and found conserved biological processes associated with the morphological switch among species from very distant branches of the fungal phylogenetic tree. Later, we focused on our model species, Ophiostoma novo-ulmi, the causal agent of Dutch elm disease. We first compared the gene expression levels in yeast and mycelium growth phases. We defined the molecular factors that are specific to each growth phase and highlighted a clear molecular distinction between the two phases in terms of expressed gene contents. We further narrowed down our analysis by focusing on the yeast-to-hypha transition in a time course experiment. We determined the set of genes for which the expression was regulated during the morphological switch, thus potentially involved in the yeast-to-hypha transition. In particular, we identified genes that could be related to the MAPK cascade, known to play a crucial role in the dimorphic switch in many fungal species. Finally, in order to address the level of conservation in the biological processes linked to dimorphism in highly divergent non-model species, we compared the gene expression regulation of the orthologous genes between O. novo-ulmi and the basidiomycete Pseudozyma flocculosa. We focused on the genes that were differentially expressed between the germination and the filamentation phases. We identified several factors for which the regulation of expression seems conserved during the switch from germinating spore to filamentous growth. Overall, these genes are associated with biological processes that play essential roles in fungal development. Hence, our comparison here highlighted core components necessary for the yeast-to-hypha transition in phylogenetically distant species.