Economic globalization is characterized by increased liberalization, privatization and deregulation of national economies, principally imposed via the International Monetary Funds and World Banks structural adjustment programs and poverty reduction strategies. The rationale for these strategies includes reducing the inflation rate, generating income to service debt payments, and increasing growth to combat poverty. Nicaragua, the second poorest country in the Western Hemisphere, has been under structural adjustment and poverty reduction strategies since 1991. Forty-eight percent of the country is under the nationally defined poverty line. Under- and unemployment are a combined 60%. Migration is an oft-used survival strategy, with 7 out of 10 Nicaraguan migrants choosing to go to Costa Rica. The Nicaraguan Migration Network estimates a minimum 350,000 Nicaraguans in Costa Rica at any one time. Women bear a disproportional burden of the health inequalities that globalization- induced, employment-seeking migration causes. While there is already evidence showing that their health is negatively affected, there is no documentation in their own words of how they experience and understand these impacts. A qualitative study using interpretive description conducted 12 interviews and 2 participatory group activity sessions to explore how women understand their migration experiences and its health impacts. Results show structural and personal level causes and both beneficial and harmful effects. Explanations of causes include structural and cultural reasons. Migration affects women in particular ways due to gendered social and cultural roles within a polarized economic environment. It was difficult for participants to identify if the costs of migration were worth the benefits. A document analysis of structural adjustment agreements and poverty reduction strategy papers was also undertaken. Results show consistent limitations on the Nicaraguan governments social spending budget, increased privatization and liberalization requirements, and specific amounts for debt service payments. The countrys currency is regularly devalued and there are limits on tariff barriers. In conclusion, it is clear that women are absorbing the cost of SAPs and PRSs at the household level and that migration is negatively affecting their health.

The purpose in this study is to investigate how the educational system in Tanzania is seen to enable the transformations of globalization in order to develop the economy, society and individuals. I look at how educational development in Tanzania is described, what the purpose of educational development is and under which conditions educational development is seen to enable global transformations. The main perspectives of this study are globalization and governmentality to highlight global transfers and governance of the individual. I interview ten people and scrutinize policies and vision from the area of education. The analyze method is critical discourse analysis to highlight the transferring of ideas or discourses. From the results the purpose with educational development is to develop the individual, the social welfare and the economy to be a part of a competitive and global world but there are a lot of limitations such as poverty, a lack of resources and lack of motivation.

The purpose of this thesis was to study the view of six teachers, working in three different field areas, on ethics questions and ethics teaching in schools, from a global perspective. My second aim was to analyze whether there was any cooperation between these different field areas or between them and others, in order to improve the ethics teaching in schools. My research questions were intended for one teacher in a Swedish school, three teachers in a Brazilian school, one Swedish missionary and one Swedish senior lecturer in ethics. The research questions basically centre on how these teachers would define concepts such as ethics and global ethics, what kind of ethics questions they feel are important for the school to convey and if there is any form of cooperation between teachers in Swedish/Brazilian schools and different organizations, designed to improve the ethics teaching in schools from a global perspective. On the basis of the results of my questionnaires I find the definition of ethics more or less equal among the six teachers. They relate ethics to moral philosophy and other questions such as what is right, wrong, good and evil. The teachers also believe ethics contains a reflection on global matters, like the environment, poverty and peace. Five out of six teachers define global ethics with conceptions like global responsibility, respect for future generations, global consensus, comprehension and tolerance. One of the teachers does not believe in global ethics but in groups that could establish some common values to be achieved. All six teachers feel it is important to bring questions related to Human Rights to the fore in schools. These ethics questions would touch on increased egoism, responsibility, respect for the environment, respect for differences, solidarity, tolerance, attitudes and sexual morals. According to the teachers these matters should be practiced and studied from a micro, macro and gender perspective. My results show that cooperation does exist between the Swedish/Brazilian schools and different organizations and institutions. There is cooperation between The Church of Sweden Mission and Brazilian organizations, but there are no exchanges between Swedish schools and schools outside Europe. One way to improve ethics teaching and facilitate exchanges between schools from a global perspective could be to globalize the curriculum. With a globalized curriculum teachers could give the students the global context they need in global society.

Globalization has developed more and more within the business world as well as private life during the last decades. Globalization has influenced the way companies are conducting business and their approach towards the consumers which can have an influence on their way of purchasing. Consumers nowadays have more than ever the possibility to get involved and gather experiences from abroad, as well as companies are taking advantage of this globalization. Within this thesis the following question will be discussed: Do consumers see the value companies try to create for them with an identical offer the same way in different markets? This idea is based on Theodore Levitt’s theory of globalization which comprises standardization of an offer since consumer needs are homogenizing globally. Douglas & Wind instead state that segmentation with adaptations is necessary to fulfill all consumer needs. Within this elaboration the question whether standardization is accepted and liked by the consumers is discussed and analyzed by including an empirical research. This research is based on Zeithaml’s model of the Perceived Quality Components, which was the fundamental base behind formulating the survey questions. These were submitted in Germany, the Republic of Ireland and Sweden to be able to discuss and visualize how the consumers of these different markets perceive different aspects of a company’s offer. One particular company, which is seen as doing business globally, was chosen as a test object. Based on the test object Lidl - which consumers were questioned about in the survey - it was possible to conduct a comparison of consumers’ general expectations against components of Lidl’s offer such as price, weekly specials, product range, etc. where differences and similarities between the three countries of Lidl’s fulfillment of these expectations were achieved. They were analyzed to discover to which extent globalization is present. Resulting from the comparison it was concluded that nowadays segmentation is important but developing with time globalization seems to increase in significance. Recommendations for further research about topics which were omitted due to limited resources are presented.

The relationship between health and globalization may be constructed on improving public health through the flow of personnel, the import of medication, the quality improvement of drinking water, the utility of new medical technology, and the use of new medication on patients. Some scholars have pointed out that globalization may affect life expectancy from four aspects as income, education, nutrition, and public health. Unlike the existing literature primarily focuses on the correlation between health expenditure and GDP (gross domestic product), we examine to see whether a cointegration relationship between GDP and health expenditure exists under the impact of globalization by applying the panel cointegration test of Pedroni (1999, 2004) which allows heterogeneous data analysis and the Fully Modified OLS test. This paper mainly conducts a cross-continental comparison by using the data in the period from 1995 to 2004 of an estimate sample of 87 developing countries which consists of 12 European countries, 21 Central and South American countries, 20 Asian countries, and 34 African countries. The result shows that the existence of a cointegration relationship between GDP and health expenditure in both the overall developing countries and the cross-continental sample countries. Generally, investment of health and a fast pace of globalization progress boost GDP; especially in Europe and Asia, globalization is a very important factor in influencing the effectiveness of health expenditure upon GDP. In central and south America, the effect of globalization on the effectiveness of GDP to health expenditure is the most significant. The findings of this paper offer future researchers a different aspect for viewing and studying the correlation between health expenditure and GDP.

In recent years, Small- and Medium-sized Enterprises (hereafter called SMEs) have emerged to become an important factor for Vietnam¡¦s rapid economic growth. The environments in which these SMEs operate are speedily changing with the internationalization of the Vietnamese economy. Prompt changes have brought both opportunities and threats for the fragile SMEs section in Vietnamese economy. The purpose of this research is to answer ¡§What are the solutions for Vietnamese SMEs after going in the globalization process?¡¨ This paper indicates solutions (chiefly financial solutions) for challenges lie ahead if the plans for further trade liberalization and internationalization are realized. The basis of this paper¡¦s analysis is a database on the activities of some Vietnamese SMEs in a period of 2007-2009, with quantitative data about various aspects of company operations, as well as qualitative information about the entrepreneurs¡¦ perceptions of the current business environment and expectations about the future. In the survey¡¦s results, I have found a model of the internationalization of SMEs has been created which includes some elements: financial keys, governmental role, and other supporting organization. In which, access in finance has appealed as a key element for small and medium enterprise regarding the scope research of the survey. I believe they are main considerations for the Vietnamese SMEs to maintain, survive and develop their business operation after going globalization. Optimize financial solutions as suitable way to entry foreign market, government support; determine own Competitive advantage, positioning, decision-making and controlling.

This study has taken the historical development, characteristics and students¡¦ backgrounds and life experiences of Tainan City into consideration. The researcher has chosen the Fogarty¡¦s webbed curriculum integration model to blend in ¡§glocolization¡¨ theme into the teaching curriculum. A ¡§glocolization¡¨ curriculum (consisting of a total of six units) suitable for the fourth grade students was constructed with the hope to help the students to walk out from their own life experiences to re-experience the relationship between global and local living space. A qualitative research was adopted by this study, and the fourth grade students from a class in a certain school that the researcher teaches was taken as the research subjects to implement a year of curriculum teaching. Relevant data were collected through observation, content analysis, interview, documentation, reflective notes, etc., and the data were then sorted, analyzed and cross-examined. After summarizing the research results, the paper has obtained the following conclusions and suggestions: 1. From time-space perspective, the curriculum integration design and implementation outcomes of ¡§The stories of Tainan City¡¨ are: (1) To understand the correlation between the local historical and global events; (2) the teachers must possess the abilities to self-compile and support the historical teaching materials; (3) the effectiveness and limitations on the application of Google Earth software and electronic whiteboard; (4) the use of old photographs, old maps and animation is beneficial to historical teaching; and (5) to adopt multiple assessment method to evaluate the students¡¦ awareness on historical aspect. 2. From environmental perspective, the curriculum integration design and implementation outcomes of ¡§The stories of Tainan City¡¨ are: (1) To combine the environmental issues of ¡§local¡¨ characteristics and ¡§globalization¡¨; (2) as affective are hard to evaluate, they need long-term follow-up observations; (3) field investigation is able to simulate students to care about the environment, strengthen the research depth and further enhance the students¡¦ motivation in learning; (4) to combine the community resources by inviting relevant people to perform cooperative teaching; (5) to blend in the school¡¦s major activities into the curriculum; and (6) the scaffolding learning sheet is beneficial to learners to comprehend, apply and stay focus in thinking. 3. From living perspective, the curriculum integration design and implementation outcomes of ¡§The stories of Tainan City¡¨ are: (1) Tainan¡¦s snacks have its ingenuity and cultural diversity; (2) to introduce a model of transitional Taiwan snack ¡V Zhou¡¦s Shrimp Rolls; and (3) to broadcast and review the advertising images are beneficial to help students to analyze the transformation of ¡§globalization¡¨ to ¡§glocolization¡¨. 4. From cultural perspective, the curriculum integration design and implementation outcomes of ¡§The stories of Tainan City¡¨ are: (1) The students are able to deepen their impressions on local cultural customs through physical exhibitions and sharing of personal experiences; (2) learn to respect the cultural diversity; (3) YouTube, Digital Archives, Council for Cultural Affairs and other Internet resources are beneficial to carry out teaching activities; (4) the local cultures have encountered two major crises; and (5) in response to globalization, we must begin to promote local identity first. Finally, based on the aforesaid research findings, the study has proposed relevant suggestions to educational administrative organizations, teacher training institutes, schools and future follow-up studies on curriculum design and implementation of ¡§glocolization¡¨ theme perspective. This aims to serve as a reference for educators and curriculum researchers to use in developing and integrating the ¡§glocolization¡¨ curriculum.

In 2001 the IT industries in the world were in a recession and world top companies were in a deficit storm, but Samsung Electronics(SEC) still could make huge income. The success factors of SEC includes leadership, company culture, recruiting, huge investment, e-business, and sports marketing, etc. This thesis tries to do case study about Samsung Group, one of the representative Jaebol(Korean big companies) of Korea, and the main objects of study are SEC and electronic-related subsidiary companies like SDI, SEM etc., to study Samsung Group¡¦s innovation strategy and R&D management. Firstly, this thesis divided the contents of SEC¡¦s Digital Convergence goal and strategy into B to B and B to C, and named as up-stream innovation and down-stream innovation respectively. As one of the main success factors of electronic industries is R&D, I empathize SEC¡¦s unusual technology learning or R&D strategy in the first part, that is R&D history of semiconductor, mobile phone, and TFT-LCD, and its R&D organization. Secondly is the so-called innovation strategy, and this thesis define it to be consisted of four main factors, that is domestic up-stream innovation, international down-stream innovation, domestic down-stream innovation, and international up-stream innovation, which is its innovation process. Finally, I analyzed SEC¡¦s financial ratio, to prove the above non-financial factors more specifically. As a result, Samsung invested huge money to R&D, which is needed for Digital Convergence product, like semiconductor, TFT-LCD, mobile phone etc, based on the vertical integration of group organization, growing to multinational company throughout the innovation strategy.

In the previous time, the grand occasion of Taiwanese money flooding over the foot, which means the plenty of jobs were offered everywhere and money were absolutely easy to be earned in Taiwan, no longer exists nowadays. Moreover, along with mainland China emerging advantageously as playing the role of the world factory, the small and medium-scale Taiwanese enterprises, once reached the peak in issuing the economic miracle, have either closed the business, or moved out to other countries. Furthermore, the part of Taiwanese enterprises which still defends tenaciously in Taiwan, even including the Hi-Tech star's industry, has to conduct the business cautiously with frightened under Chinese market dramatic rising. That is to prove, it is certain to conclude that the small and medium-scale Taiwanese enterprises should make their effort carefully as well. It is fortunately for me to work for this sort of Taiwanese traditional small and medium- scale enterprise that is under the global economic overbearing tide seriously. Thus, from the specific experience of my service, I found the most essential concerned factor of regarding to plow Taiwan deeply or enter the mainland is frequently for survival besides seeking the development of enterprises. Within the fast change of the economic circumstance nowadays, the purpose of this study is to analyze the cause and effect of enterprises in accordance with economic environment of globalization and those fierce change. Additionally, this study also attempts to discovery a set of decision logic, which is suitable for the medium and small-scale industry according to the analysis. Initially, the chapter 2, literature review, tries to analyze the motivation and strategic module of Taiwanese traditional medium and small-scale industry proceeding globalization through reviewing the theory of economics and management. Moreover, the chapter 4, the strategy analysis of a case industry, intends to discovery the advantage and disadvantage of globalization by data analysis. One is to examine the impact and threaten on enterprises¡¦ operation and the other is to find opportunities brought under the wave of globalization from the operator¡¦s view of enterprises. Eventually, the chapter 6, revolution and conclusion, approaches to provide specific suggestions about the strategic operation for that case industry as well as to conclude with the influence of globalization on Taiwanese traditional medium and small-scale industry. Overall, due to the economic environment having the rapid change constantly, framing and executing the enterprise¡¦s conducting strategy must do some prediction to the future economic circumstance in addition to solve the problem which has been discovered. However, the focus point of prediction is not on the degree of accuracy but mainly on the direction. Thus, it can be illustrated in the other way, no matter whether the enterprise changes or not at present that is all for variable situations in the future. In conclusion, the basic principle of enterprises conducting continuously forever is only to control the direction and adjust their organization

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