The aim with this study was to gain an understanding for teaching as an profession, and get a bigger knowledge about the certification of teaching and what it means for the teaching occupations status. To get an answer for this study two methods were used. The first method was a survey with questions that were sent out to working high school teachers in the North of Sweden. The second method was a document analysis of articales from three Swedish dailynewspapers. To analyse the results from this study a theory about professions is used troughout the whole paper. This studies resluts shows that profession as an definition is hard to undestand. On some level working teachers recognise there occupation as an profession, an analyis between one definition of profession and the results from this survey shows that teachers sees them selfves beeing in an semiprofession. The fakt that teaching is aknowledged as an profession from those outside the occupations could not be answered from this study, when the analyse from newspaperarticals shows that profession together with teaching occupation is something that is unusual. Furthermore, the results from the survey shows that working teachers feel that the certification of teachers had not had the expected effects on the teachers status. From the analysis of the newspaper articales it is hard to say if the certification has had any effect whatsoever, when the results points to both a positive change in status and no change at all in status. But the certification of a teacher is still a new process and is not expected to be completed until 1 july 2015, that means that there is still a chance that it will have an effect.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar o processo de profissionalização de atletas praticantes de Handebol de um time do Rio Grande do Sul considerando, sobretudo, suas narrativas acerca do que entendem sobre ser profissional do Handebol. Sua fundamentação teórico-metodológica está ancorada na História Oral cuja forma de captação de informações está centrada na realização de entrevistas com pessoas significativas ao contexto analisado. Considerando que o lócus da investigação foi a equipe APAHAND/UCS/Prefeitura de Caxias do Sul, sediada na cidade de Caxias do Sul, foram realizadas entrevistas com todas as atletas da equipe além de seu preparador físico. Com o objetivo de ampliar o quadro empírico também foram entrevistados quatro pessoas cuja história de vida está relacionada ao Handebol regional e nacional. A análise dessas entrevistas foi realizada considerando os objetivos da pesquisa e o referencia teórico que a fundamenta de onde emergiram dois eixos temáticos: como se dá o processo de profissionalização das atletas envolvendo suas narrativas sobre essa profissionalização e o esporte espetáculo no qual discuto aspectos relacionados à patrocínios, a relação com a mídia, a visibilidade da modalidade e a presença de público nos espaços de competição. A partir das análises foi possível verificar apesar do Brasil obter conquistas significativas e do Rio Grande do Sul apresentar uma equipe consolidada e reconhecida, o Handebol praticado por mulheres vive de uma pseudoprofissionalização cuja estrutura oferta condições ainda precárias para que as atletas possam viver do esporte. / This paper has as a goal to analyze the professionalization process of the handball female athletes in a team from Rio Grande do Sul, considering specially its issues about what is being a handball professional in their opinion. Its methodology is based in the oral history, that were collected by interviews with people who are connected to the context analyzed. Considering that the center of the investigation were the APAHAND/UCS/Prefeitura de Caxias do Sul team, located in Caxias do Sul city, the interviews were realized with all the team athletes, and their coach. To enrich the research, four more people - who their life stories are connected with the local and national handball history – were also interviewed. The analysis of the results considered the target of this study and the theoretical reference, that brings to light two issues: how the process of athletes professionalization happens, involving its narratives about the professionalization and the sport’s show, where I discuss aspects related to sponsors, the relation with media, the handball visibility and the audience during the competitions. With the analysis, it was possible to identify that despite Brazil’s team had good results, and Rio Grande do Sul had a recognized team, the Handball practiced for women lives a pseudo-professionalization, with conditions that don’t permit the female athletes have the sport as a way of live.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar o processo de profissionalização de atletas praticantes de Handebol de um time do Rio Grande do Sul considerando, sobretudo, suas narrativas acerca do que entendem sobre ser profissional do Handebol. Sua fundamentação teórico-metodológica está ancorada na História Oral cuja forma de captação de informações está centrada na realização de entrevistas com pessoas significativas ao contexto analisado. Considerando que o lócus da investigação foi a equipe APAHAND/UCS/Prefeitura de Caxias do Sul, sediada na cidade de Caxias do Sul, foram realizadas entrevistas com todas as atletas da equipe além de seu preparador físico. Com o objetivo de ampliar o quadro empírico também foram entrevistados quatro pessoas cuja história de vida está relacionada ao Handebol regional e nacional. A análise dessas entrevistas foi realizada considerando os objetivos da pesquisa e o referencia teórico que a fundamenta de onde emergiram dois eixos temáticos: como se dá o processo de profissionalização das atletas envolvendo suas narrativas sobre essa profissionalização e o esporte espetáculo no qual discuto aspectos relacionados à patrocínios, a relação com a mídia, a visibilidade da modalidade e a presença de público nos espaços de competição. A partir das análises foi possível verificar apesar do Brasil obter conquistas significativas e do Rio Grande do Sul apresentar uma equipe consolidada e reconhecida, o Handebol praticado por mulheres vive de uma pseudoprofissionalização cuja estrutura oferta condições ainda precárias para que as atletas possam viver do esporte. / This paper has as a goal to analyze the professionalization process of the handball female athletes in a team from Rio Grande do Sul, considering specially its issues about what is being a handball professional in their opinion. Its methodology is based in the oral history, that were collected by interviews with people who are connected to the context analyzed. Considering that the center of the investigation were the APAHAND/UCS/Prefeitura de Caxias do Sul team, located in Caxias do Sul city, the interviews were realized with all the team athletes, and their coach. To enrich the research, four more people - who their life stories are connected with the local and national handball history – were also interviewed. The analysis of the results considered the target of this study and the theoretical reference, that brings to light two issues: how the process of athletes professionalization happens, involving its narratives about the professionalization and the sport’s show, where I discuss aspects related to sponsors, the relation with media, the handball visibility and the audience during the competitions. With the analysis, it was possible to identify that despite Brazil’s team had good results, and Rio Grande do Sul had a recognized team, the Handball practiced for women lives a pseudo-professionalization, with conditions that don’t permit the female athletes have the sport as a way of live.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar o processo de profissionalização de atletas praticantes de Handebol de um time do Rio Grande do Sul considerando, sobretudo, suas narrativas acerca do que entendem sobre ser profissional do Handebol. Sua fundamentação teórico-metodológica está ancorada na História Oral cuja forma de captação de informações está centrada na realização de entrevistas com pessoas significativas ao contexto analisado. Considerando que o lócus da investigação foi a equipe APAHAND/UCS/Prefeitura de Caxias do Sul, sediada na cidade de Caxias do Sul, foram realizadas entrevistas com todas as atletas da equipe além de seu preparador físico. Com o objetivo de ampliar o quadro empírico também foram entrevistados quatro pessoas cuja história de vida está relacionada ao Handebol regional e nacional. A análise dessas entrevistas foi realizada considerando os objetivos da pesquisa e o referencia teórico que a fundamenta de onde emergiram dois eixos temáticos: como se dá o processo de profissionalização das atletas envolvendo suas narrativas sobre essa profissionalização e o esporte espetáculo no qual discuto aspectos relacionados à patrocínios, a relação com a mídia, a visibilidade da modalidade e a presença de público nos espaços de competição. A partir das análises foi possível verificar apesar do Brasil obter conquistas significativas e do Rio Grande do Sul apresentar uma equipe consolidada e reconhecida, o Handebol praticado por mulheres vive de uma pseudoprofissionalização cuja estrutura oferta condições ainda precárias para que as atletas possam viver do esporte. / This paper has as a goal to analyze the professionalization process of the handball female athletes in a team from Rio Grande do Sul, considering specially its issues about what is being a handball professional in their opinion. Its methodology is based in the oral history, that were collected by interviews with people who are connected to the context analyzed. Considering that the center of the investigation were the APAHAND/UCS/Prefeitura de Caxias do Sul team, located in Caxias do Sul city, the interviews were realized with all the team athletes, and their coach. To enrich the research, four more people - who their life stories are connected with the local and national handball history – were also interviewed. The analysis of the results considered the target of this study and the theoretical reference, that brings to light two issues: how the process of athletes professionalization happens, involving its narratives about the professionalization and the sport’s show, where I discuss aspects related to sponsors, the relation with media, the handball visibility and the audience during the competitions. With the analysis, it was possible to identify that despite Brazil’s team had good results, and Rio Grande do Sul had a recognized team, the Handball practiced for women lives a pseudo-professionalization, with conditions that don’t permit the female athletes have the sport as a way of live.

La professionnalisation de l’armée engagée par l’Etat (Gabon) au début des années 1999s’inscrit dans le prolongement des réformes institutionnelles issues de la démocratisation de lasociété et de la refondation de l’Etat. En effet, après la crise de frustration à l’origine duputsch de 1964 et les politiques clientélistes initiées par le monopartisme à tous les niveaux del’institution militaire, jusqu’en 1990 l’armée gabonaise s’inscrivait dans le schéma classiquede certaines armées d’Afrique noire dites énormes appareils bureaucratiques chargées desurveiller et de punir. Transformée en une armée prétorienne, l’armée gabonaise fut séparéede l’Etat son employeur. Soumise à l’épreuve de la professionnalisation, elle se réorganise, serestructure et se rationnalise adoptant ainsi une nouvelle posture aux côtés de l’Etat auprèsduquel elle s’affirme progressivement comme un acteur sociopolitique. Cette recherches’appuie sur des documents stratégiques, des faits concrets et des données empiriques pouranalyser la transformation d’une institution étatique, son nouveau rôle aux côtés de l’Etat, laSociété et la Nation / In the 1990’s, Gabon started the army’s professionalization. It was the continuation of theinstitutional reforms that came from the society democratization and the reform of the State.Indeed, after the frustration crisis and the 1964’s putsch which ensues from it, the single-partysystem introduced nepotism at all levels of the gabonese army. This army was since, and until1999, in the classic pattern of the « huge bureaucracy in charge of spying and crackingdown » like many black african armies. Turned into a pretorian army, the gabonese army wasseparated from the State, its former employer. Subject to the profesionalization, the gabonesearmy is now reorganizing, restructuring and rationalizing itself. So adopting a new positionbesides the State, the gabonese army is progressively affirming itself as a sociopolitical actor.This research work relies on strategic documents, concrete facts and empirical data to analyzethe transformation (structural and organisational) of a state institution and of its new rolebesides State, Society and Nation.

In this study, I analyze a discourse that emerged during the 1970s and 1980s in German nursing. At that time, the German healthcare system underwent dramatic changes and economic reorganization, which can be understood as the emergence of the neoliberal rationale in Germany. The argument of cost explosion was used to restructure hospitals into enterprises that were to operate based on the logic of the market. At the same time, the nursing process was introduced into German nursing. The nursing process is a cybernetic, problem-solving cycle containing distinct steps of assessing the patient, planning nursing goals, executing and documenting nursing interventions, and evaluating performance. German nurses valued the nursing process as a central component of the professionalization of the nursing vocation. However, in neoliberalism, professions are seen as obstacles to free competition in marketized areas, and thus strategies such as accounting mechanisms were implemented to decrease their power. Using the historical approach of the history of the present, the perspective of governmentality and insights from critical accounting, this study analyzes the impact of the nursing process on the German nursing vocation. The nursing process needs to be understood as an accounting tool and hence, as a component of neoliberal strategies to make formerly intangible fields of work like nursing service calculable. As an accounting tool, the nursing process does not represent reality in a neutral manner but affects the areas to which it is applied in a constitutive way. As this study shows, the implementation of the nursing process led to reconstituting the nursing vocation into a calculable entity. And while German nurses valued the potential that the call for increased accountability and transparency in nursing care held for their professionalization, the findings suggest that a newly constituted accountable nursing vocation can instead be considered as de-professionalizing.

Thesis advisor: Penelope Ismay / This dissertation explores medical professionalization, public health, and vaccination in England, India, and Jamaica in the nineteenth century. England was the site of the most sustained anti-vaccination agitation of any British possession in the second half of the nineteenth century. Yet by the early twentieth century, the medical profession was a trusted authority and vaccination enjoyed wide public support. In India and Jamaica, we find the opposite. India and Jamaica did not have organized resistance to vaccination on the scale of England, yet vaccination and public health floundered in both areas. In England and the Empire, doctors had a trust problem. New technology and expanding health legislation sparked backlash against the medical community. How doctors responded to that backlash shaped public health and influenced medical authority into the twentieth century. By analyzing the role of trust in the process of medical professionalization in a comparative framework, my dissertation allows us to analyze how medical authority is created and functions in society. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2021. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: History.

The profession of landscape architecture has not managed to sufficiently build a  body of solid knowledge through research, which weakens the profession in terms of justifying its practice. In order to investigate why the profession has not built its knowledge-base sufficiently, this dissertation collected first-hand empirical data on the use and need of research in current landscape architecture practice, as well as the perceptions about research among landscape architects. Four questions were asked in this study:  1) What are the concerns of landscape architecture practice? 2) What is the significance of research in landscape architecture? 3) How do landscape architects perceive the need of research? 4) How are research findings disseminated in landscape architecture? To answer the questions, an online survey was given to randomly sampled ASLA members (adjusted response rate = 31%, n=239). The data was then analyzed through descriptive statistics, comparative statistics, and dimension analysis. Modern professions are expected not only to successfully perform professional actions, but also to justify these actions with rational explanations. To meet this expectation, the scope of landscape architecture knowledge has expanded from design knowledge into systems knowledge. While design knowledge concerns how to do design, systems knowledge concerns why certain design actions should be taken. Meanwhile, with expanding systems knowledge, research becomes more and more important to landscape architecture practice. Sixty-seven percent of landscape architects are using research findings often in making design decisions. However, results indicates that landscape architects expect research to generate  rational solutions based on solid understanding of the phenomena and problems involved in design. Based on a review of literature, this expectation is unrealistic. The profession, if it expects to build a research-oriented practice, needs to change its perceptions about research, and advance its knowledge through studies and evaluations of built design work. Despite the increasing use of research, this study also found that landscape architects today still make their design decisions largely based on a body of tacit knowledge, such as professional experience and intuition. This body of tacit knowledge is often learned in an apprentice manner between practitioners in their workplace, and is rarely shared in the whole profession. While practitioners do not share much beyond their workplace, educators primarily share within academia, which limits the profession from improving its work in a fast changing world. The profession should encourage practitioners to do research by promoting the examples of practicing researchers, and offer places to share knowledge. The profession should also encourage educators to share knowledge beyond academia and to be more aware of the potential implications of their research findings. / Ph. D.

Yes / We explore the process of professionalization pre- and post- buyout (MBO) or buyin (MBI) of former private family firms using longitudinal evidence from six UK family firms undergoing an MBO/I in 1998. Professionalization behaviour was monitored up to 2014. Previous studies have conceptualized professionalization as a threshold to be attained. We demonstrate that professionalization is a complex process occurring in waves, triggered by changes in firm ownership and management. Waves of professionalization converge during the MBO/I process. Buyouts provide a funnelling mechanism enabling diverse control systems to be standardized. Post-MBO/I, divergence in the professionalization process reoccurs contingent on firm-specific contexts. Professionalization focuses on operations when stewardship relationships predominate, but on agency control mechanisms when there is increased potential for agency costs. Buyout organizational form is an important transitory phase facilitating the professionalization process. Professionalization is not a once for all development stage. / The Enterprise Research Centre is an independent research centre which focusses on SME growth and productivity. ERC is a partnership between Warwick Business School, Aston Business School, Imperial College Business School, Strathclyde Business School and Birmingham Business School. The Centre is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC); the Department for Business, Innovation & Skills (BIS); Innovate UK; and, through the British Bankers Association (BBA), by the Royal Bank of Scotland PLC; HSBC Bank PLC; Barclays Bank PLC and Lloyds Bank PLC. The support of the funders is acknowledged. The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the funders.

The aim of this thesis is to examine the impact of new public management (NPM) reforms on teacher professionalism in Swedish ethnic segregated schools. As a result of the various NPM reforms implemented in the education sector, the work of teachers has changed considerably in the last twenty years. The introduction of the new form of control has intensified the work load of professional teachers and led to standardization of teaching. Some scholars argue that NPM has led to professional losing control of their work resulting in de-professionalization of teachers while others argue that professional might acquire new skills that enhance their professionalism leading to re-professionalization. The theoretical basis for the thesis is Evetts (2009) occupational and organizational professionalism which is used to investigate the links between NPM and professionalism in the contexts of the public services professionals. The empirical study consists of five semi structured interviews with teachers working in four ethnic segregated schools. The findings show that teachers working in ethnic segregated schools encounter a challenging teaching environment that affects their teaching quality and diminish their professional autonomy. The result indicates the expansion of organizational professionalism and the demise of occupational professionalism. The only aspect of occupational professional that is apparent in this study is collegial relations. Moreover the findings of this study indicate the tendency towards de-professionalization.