Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A presente dissertação busca, através da análise das teorias sobre o crime e o desvio disponíveis, encontrar um caminho de pesquisa que responda a seguinte pergunta: Por que alguns jovens e não outros se envolvem em atividades ligadas ao tráfico de drogas nas favelas do Rio de Janeiro? Este é, portanto, essencialmente um trabalho de revisão bibliográfica, tanto da literatura brasileira quanto da literatura norte-americana sobre o tema. O objetivo principal é levantar questões para uma pesquisa futura que incorpore tanto os pontos fortes da produção acadêmica nacional quanto da produção estrangeira, incorporando metodologias essencialmente quantitativas e qualitativas. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho defende o desenvolvimento de análises que enfatizem a capacidade de agência dos indivíduos, através da observação dos efeitos de suas aspirações e expectativas de futuro sobre suas trajetórias de vida; sem, contudo, perder de vista que a conformação de tais expectativas depende da estrutura e das interações sociais que os circundam / Through the analysis of available theories of crime and deviance, this paper searches to find a path of research that accounts for the following question: Why some young people engage in illegal activities related to drug dealing in the Rio de Janeiros slums while others do not? This is, therefore, essentially a revision of the concerning theories in Brazil and in the United States. The main purpose is to raise questions for future research that bring together the cardinal points of both academic productions, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. In this context, the present paper stands for the development of an analysis that emphasizes the agency of individuals through the observation of their aspirations and expectations effects on their life trajectories. Nevertheless, such a perspective should not ignore the role played by the social structure and the social interactions in the constitution of the same aspirations and expectations

Background: The banking industry is today evolving in a mature market, with a strong competition. Banks’ situation is forcing them to constantly innovate in order to keep their customers and to stay attractive for prospects. This environment is particularly true in Sweden. Purpose: All long this research the authors have explored the way Swedish banks are innovating today. Comparing their practices to customers’ opinions on how they would like their banks to implement innovations, the authors mainly focused on innovation strategies for banks in order to satisfy their customers. Method: First of all the authors have made a literature review in order to explore previous researches conducted on innovation strategies and customers satisfaction. This has firstly been used in order to make hypotheses, then in order to build the interviews guides for banks as well as the quantitative questionnaire for customers. Then, a comparison has been made between customers’ opinions and banks’ practices, all of this combined with the theoretical part in order to draw conclusions on the topic. Results and conclusions: Results of this research have shown a difference of point of view from both parts. This difference is not very strong, but could be at the origin of innovation success for Swedish banks understanding it

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A presente dissertação busca, através da análise das teorias sobre o crime e o desvio disponíveis, encontrar um caminho de pesquisa que responda a seguinte pergunta: Por que alguns jovens e não outros se envolvem em atividades ligadas ao tráfico de drogas nas favelas do Rio de Janeiro? Este é, portanto, essencialmente um trabalho de revisão bibliográfica, tanto da literatura brasileira quanto da literatura norte-americana sobre o tema. O objetivo principal é levantar questões para uma pesquisa futura que incorpore tanto os pontos fortes da produção acadêmica nacional quanto da produção estrangeira, incorporando metodologias essencialmente quantitativas e qualitativas. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho defende o desenvolvimento de análises que enfatizem a capacidade de agência dos indivíduos, através da observação dos efeitos de suas aspirações e expectativas de futuro sobre suas trajetórias de vida; sem, contudo, perder de vista que a conformação de tais expectativas depende da estrutura e das interações sociais que os circundam / Through the analysis of available theories of crime and deviance, this paper searches to find a path of research that accounts for the following question: Why some young people engage in illegal activities related to drug dealing in the Rio de Janeiros slums while others do not? This is, therefore, essentially a revision of the concerning theories in Brazil and in the United States. The main purpose is to raise questions for future research that bring together the cardinal points of both academic productions, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. In this context, the present paper stands for the development of an analysis that emphasizes the agency of individuals through the observation of their aspirations and expectations effects on their life trajectories. Nevertheless, such a perspective should not ignore the role played by the social structure and the social interactions in the constitution of the same aspirations and expectations

The integrity of financial markets is threatened by a number of harmful practices. These are often generally described as ‘market abuse’. Market abuse comprises two practices: insider dealing and market manipulation. This thesis mainly explores market manipulation and the relevant Saudi law. Market manipulation was first regulated in 2003.1 It is therefore possible and useful for the purposes of this thesis, to distinguish between the pre- and post- enactment periods. This study has four main objectives. First, it will define market manipulation and describe its most common forms. Secondly, it will assess the application of Saudi civil and criminal law to market manipulation prior to the enactment of the Capital Market Law 2003. Thirdly, it will critically evaluate the application of this law to the different forms of market manipulation. Finally, it will assess how well the 2003 law is enforced. Different methodologies have been used to achieve these objectives with a focus on critical analysis and comparative study. The author has used the well-established US Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) and the UK Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 to evaluate the Capital Market Law 2003. Prior to the enactment of this law, there were almost no regulations dealing with market manipulation. The 2003 law is applicable to most forms of market manipulation with the exception of security price stabilization and forms manipulation. Penalties under Saudi civil law tend to be more lenient compared to the US and the UK and this may inhibit its deterrent effect. Also, Saudi judges generally tend to lack the necessary understanding of manipulative practices to enforce the law effectively. Therefore, the success of the 2003 law in deterring and punishing manipulative practices should be reassessed in a few years’ time, when there is more data to make an accurate evaluation.

The article analyzes the involvement of seven university students in drug dealing in Metropolitan Lima. This qualitative study based its analysis on semi-structured interviews and seven-month fieldwork.The article evidences that the experience as recreational drug users allows them to grasp basic routines related to the market: who, where and how to buy drugs. Based on that previous experience, students get involved in marijuana exchanges because: (i) they want to sell it in order to smoke for free / (ii) they have a good connection with and become a broker for their friends, or (iii) they are interested in generating extra-money to maintain a lifestyle associated with recreational consumption in middle-class university contexts (going to parties, going on trips, buying other drugs, among others).Subsequently, students emphasize their interest in generating monetary incomes and begin to sell marijuana more frequently and in greater quantities. This escalation does not lead to the development of and identity as a ‘drug-dealer’, nor an involvement in other criminal activities. / El artículo analiza el involucramiento de siete jóvenes universitarios en la venta de marihuana en Lima Metropolitana. Este estudio cualitativo basó su análisis en entrevistas semiestructuradas y en un trabajo de campo de siete meses. Se identifica que la experiencia como consumidores recreacionales de drogas permite que los jóvenes aprehendan rutinas básicas referidas al mercado: quién, dónde y cómo comprar drogas. Sobre la base de esa experiencia previa, los jóvenes se involucran en los intercambios de marihuana porque: (i) quieren vender para fumar gratis / (ii) tienen una buena conexión y se convierten en intermediarios de sus amigos, o (iii) tienen interés en generar un dinero adicional para para solventar un estilo de vida asociado al consumo recreacional en contextos universitarios de clase media-alta (salir a fiestas, irse de viaje, comprar otras drogas, entre otras). Posteriormente, enfatizan su interés en generar ingresos monetarios y empiezan a vender marihuana con más frecuencia y en mayores cantidades, sin que dicho escalamiento signifique un desarrollo de una identidad como «microtraficante» ni un involucramiento hacia otras actividades delictivas.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Insider dealing on the basis of inside information has been identified as an action against the principle of equal access to information for all those who need such information to make investment decisions. This thesis examines the regulation of insider dealing in financial markets. It analyses in particular the problem of the regulation of insider dealing in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), the shortcomings of this regulation and how it can be improved. The primary objective of the thesis is to offer reasonable recommendations for the reform of insider dealing in the UAE. There have been controversies regarding whether insider dealing should be regulated, the basis of such regulation and the form in which the law should intervene. This thesis has attempted to provide its own approach to the problem of insider dealing. This approach forwards the proposition that allowing insider dealing on the basis of inside information is against the principle of equal access to information and it is detrimental to market transparency. Based on this proposition, the thesis investigates the shortcomings of the current regulation of insider dealing in the UAE. Following this the applied study, which consists of a questionnaire and interviews conducted in the UAE, provides a clearer picture of the current regulation in the country. The study aims at measuring opinions and attitudes of investors and other experts towards the basis and effectiveness of the regulation of insider dealing in local markets in the UAE. This is followed by a legal comparative study. This is both a ‘macro-comparison’ and a ‘micro-comparison’ between the regulation of insider dealing in the jurisdictions of the US, the UK and the Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC). The ‘macro-comparison’ draws conclusions from comparing the broader systems of regulation in the three jurisdictions. The ‘micro-comparison’ concentrates on a functional comparison between the specific rules related to insider dealing. The legal comparative study is combined with the information generated by the applied study. Together these provide solutions (represented as recommendations) for the reform of the UAE larger system of regulation, and amendments to the rules related to insider dealing.

Culpa in Contrahendo Resumé The aim of this degree work is to introduce the institute of pre-contractual liability and its practical application. The work focuses on the position of this institute in the Czech legislation, its classification in the system of laws before the recodification of civil law, and its express regulation in Act No. 89/2012 Coll., Civil Code. Much attention is devoted to rulings of the Supreme Court of the Czech Republic and its approach to the application of pre-contractual liability in specific cases. The degree work is divided into seven chapters. The first chapter defines the term 'Culpa in contrahendo', describes its origin in the work of a German jurist of genius, Rudolf von Jhering, and outlines the origin of the institute in Roman law. In this chapter is also a description of the first case of pre-contractual liability, 'Linoleumfall', which was resolved by the Imperial Court. The chapter also contains an overview of instances of pre-contractual liability embodied in foreign judicial codes. The second chapter describes the regulation of pre-contractual liability in the Czech body of laws before the recodification of civil law with illustrations of individual facts in issue formerly contained in Act No. 40/1964 Coll., Civil Code, and Act No. 513/1991 Coll., Commercial Code....

Pre-Contractual Liability (Culpa in Contrahendo) Summary The purpose of my thesis is to analyse the issue of pre-contractual liability from the microcomparative perspective which subsequently serves as the tool to characterise the main features of pre-contractual liability in the realm of Czech Civil and Commercial Codes. The reason for my research is to prove the existence and importance of pre-contractual liability in the Czech legal order as well as in the sphere of the European Union in the light of its respective case laws. The thesis is composed of five chapters, each of them dealing with different aspects of negotiation stage and pre-contractual liability. Chapter One is introductory and defines basic terminology, methodology used in the thesis, scope, and aims. Chapter Two examines chosen foreign legal regulations of pre-contractual liability. The essential attention is given to Germany, Austria, and Switzerland as those legal systems are very close to the Czech one (historically and geographically). The French view is also considered because legislators seek to prepare the reform of obligation laws. Finally, common law of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America is discussed and challenged because of its adverse approach to pre-contractual liability....

Self-Dealing within a Joint-Stock Company and a Limited Liability Company Martin Pástor The main aim of this thesis is to analyze the regulation of self-dealing in Czech law with a brief regard to theoretical fundamentals that influence the legal approach to such regulation and further to compare it with Slovak regulation of self-dealing and the future regulation of self-dealing after the recodification of private law in the Czech Republic. The regulation of self-dealing is provided for in section 196a of the Commercial Code. This highly controversial provision causes many interpretation difficulties and strongly influences the legal certainty of entrepreneurs and non- entrepreneurs in the Czech Republic. As I mention in the introduction of this thesis, the legislator incorporated this provision into the Commercial Code due to negative experience of Czech society with so-called tunneling after the change of regime to capitalistic and with an intent to regulate transactions with conflicts of interests, in particular transactions carried out between a corporation and related persons. The second chapter briefly describes the agency problems, meaning the conflicts arising among particular persons involved in a corporation, problems of which are the theoretical foundation of self-dealing regulations....