Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Univ., 2001. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Introdução: Distúrbios dos canais iônicos cardíacos potencialmente letais, como a síndrome de Brugada (SBr), a síndrome do QT longo congênito (SQTL) e a taquicardia ventricular polimórfica catecolaminérgica (TVPC) podem ser responsáveis por pelo menos um terço do total de casos de morte súbita que permanecem inexplicados. Estes pacientes, por vezes, não obtêm tratamento odontológico e analgesia adequados devido à falta de informações na literatura em relação à dose e tipo de anestésico local recomendado, e ao risco potencial de eventos cardíacos ameaçadores à vida e instabilidade hemodinâmica. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo piloto, randomizado, duplo-cego e cruzado com portadores de canalopatias cardíacas submetidos a tratamento odontológico restaurador em duas sessões, realizadas com intervalo mínimo de sete dias (wash-out) entre ambas, sendo o paciente seu próprio controle. Na primeira sessão, por randomização, o paciente recebeu uma das soluções anestésicas: lidocaína 2% sem vasoconstritor (LSA) ou lidocaína 2% com adrenalina 1:100.000 (LCA), originando duas condições: sem adrenalina e com adrenalina; na segunda sessão recebeu o outro anestésico. Todos foram monitorados com Holter por 28 horas, contadas a partir de uma hora antes do procedimento, nas duas sessões do estudo. Durante o atendimento odontológico, foram feitos registros pontuais em três momentos por meio de eletrocardiograma de 12 derivações, esfigmomanômetro digital para pressão arterial e escala de mensuração da ansiedade. Resultados: Sessenta e dois procedimentos restauradores foram realizados em 31 pacientes: 16 (51,6%) tinham SQTL, 12 (38,7%) SBr e três (9,7%) TVPC, dentre os quais 12 (38,7%) eram portadores de cardiodesfibrilador implantável. A idade média dos pacientes foi 45,2+15,8 anos, sendo 21 (67,7%) do sexo feminino. Os valores médios da frequência cardíaca máxima se mostraram aumentados com o uso de LCA no período da anestesia (84,4 x 80,4 bpm; p=0,005) com diferença estatisticamente significante entre as duas condições, assim como o QTc em pacientes com SQTL (465,4 x 450,1; p=0,009). Valores de pressão arterial e mensuração da ansiedade não mostraram diferença estatisticamente significante. Não foram observadas arritmias ventriculares ameaçadoras à vida durante os procedimentos. Conclusões: O uso da anestesia local com lidocaína, independente do uso de vasoconstritor, não resultou em arritmias ameaçadoras à vida e foi considerado seguro nos pacientes selecionados. Estes resultados preliminares devem ser confirmados em uma população maior, em um estudo multicêntrico / Background: Ion channel disorders, such as Brugada syndrome (BS), long QT syndrome (LQTS), and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), may account for at least one-third of unexplained sudden cardiac deaths. These patients often do not receive adequate dental treatment and analgesia owing to the lack of information in the literature regarding the dose and type of local anesthetic recommended, and due to the potential risk of life-threatening cardiac events. Methods: This is a randomized, double-blind pilot trial in patients with cardiac CCh underwent to restorative dental treatment in two sessions, with a wash-out period of 7 days (crossover trial). In the first session, by randomization, the patient received one of the anesthetic solutions: 2% lidocaine without vasoconstrictor (LSA) or 2% lidocaine with epinephrine 1: 100,000 (LCA), making two conditions: without epinephrine and with epinephrine; and in the second session received the other anesthetic. Twenty-eight-hour Holter monitoring was performed in all patients, initiated one hour before the procedure, in the two study sessions. During the dental treatment, additional specific monitoring including 12-lead electrocardiography (ECG), digital sphygmomanometry and anxiety scale assessments was also applied at three time points. Results: Sixty-two dental procedures were performed in 31 patients with CCh: 16 (51.6%) had LQTS, 12 (38.7%) had BS and three (9.7%) had CPVT; 12 (38.7%) patients had an implantable defibrillator. The mean age was 45.2+15.8 years, and 21 (67.7%) patients were female. The maximum heart rate was increased after the use of epinephrine during the anesthesia period (84,4 x 80,4 bpm, p=0.005), as well the corrected QT in LQTS patients (465,4 x 450,1; p=0,009). Blood pressure and anxiety measurements showed no statistically significant differences. No life-threatening arrhythmias occurred during the dental treatment. Conclusions: The use of local dental anesthesia with lidocaine, regardless of the use of a vasoconstrictor, did not result in life-threatening arrhythmias and was considered safe in these selected patients with channelopathies. These preliminary findings need to be confirmed in a larger population study, in a multicenter study

Abstract The incidence of sudden cardiac death (SCDs) in the western countries is 50 – 100 in a population of 100,000. The most common disease causing SCDs is coronary heart disease. A large proportion of the victims are unaware of the underlying cardiac disease or only mildly symptomatic. Many SCDs could be prevented with therapies targeted to the underlying cardiac disease and with implantable cardioverter defibrillators. However, current protocols identify only patients at highest risk and only a minority of SCDs occur in this group. Thus, markers for identifying subjects at risk for SCD are needed. The aim of this thesis was to study the roles of abnormalities in the electrocardiogram (ECG), obesity, and diabetes in SCD risk stratification. The prevalence and prognostic significance of the location of QRS transition zone (the chest lead in the ECG in which R wave amplitude ≥ S wave amplitude) and abnormal P terminal force in lead V1 of the ECG were assessed. In addition, the value of ECG abnormalities in SCD risk stratification in subjects with different relative weights were studied. These topics were assessed in a cohort of 10,000 middle-aged Finnish subjects followed over 30 years from national registers. Delayed QRS transition (occurring at V4 or leftwards) occurred in 16.4% of subjects and a markedly delayed QRS transition (at V5 or leftwards) occurred in 1.3% of subjects. Delayed QRS transition was associated with an increased risk of death and SCD and the risk of SCD was over 1.5-fold among those with markedly delayed QRS transition. An abnormal PTF (≥ 0.04mm∙s) was present in 4.8% of subjects and a markedly abnormal PTF (≥ 0.06mm∙s) in 1.2% of subjects. A markedly abnormal PTF was associated with an almost 2-fold risk of death and atrial fibrillation, but it did not predict SCDs. Both obesity and diabetes were associated with an increased risk of SCD, but the proportion of SCDs of all cardiac deaths did not increase in subjects with either of these conditions. ECG abnormalities provided most value in SCD risk stratification among normal weight subjects with a low level of risk factors. Overall, these studies provide information on the predictive value of some ECG risk markers and cardiovascular risk factors. However, the definite role of these risk markers in predicting the risk of SCD in general population at an individual level remains indecisive. / Tiivistelmä Sydänperäisten äkkikuolemien ilmaantuvuus länsimaissa on 50 – 100 tapausta 100000 ihmisen väestössä vuodessa. Suurin osa näistä kuolemista kohdistuu henkilöihin, joilla ei ole todettu sydänsairautta tai jotka ovat vähäoireisia. Yleisin sydänperäisen äkkikuoleman taustasairaus on sepelvaltimotauti. Näitä kuolemia voidaan ehkäistä sydänsairauksien hoidolla ja rytmihäiriötahdistimilla, mutta vain suurimman riskin potilaat tunnistetaan nykymenetelmin. Toimivia riskimarkkereita tarvitaan, jotta lisää potilaita saataisiin prevention piiriin. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoite oli tutkia 12-kytkentäisestä EKG:sta määritettävien QRS-transitioalueen (rintakytkentä, jossa R-aallon amplitudi ≥ S-aallon amplitudi) ja poikkeavan P terminal forcen (PTF) yleisyyttä ja yhteyttä sydänperäisiin äkkikuolemiin. Lisäksi tavoitteena oli tutkia lihavuuden ja diabeteksen vaikutusta sydänperäisen äkkikuoleman riskiin ja EKG-muutosten ennustearvoa eri painoisilla henkilöillä sydänperäisen äkkikuoleman riskiarviossa. Tutkimusaineistona käytettiin yli 10000:n keski-ikäisen suomalaisen väestökohorttia, jota seurattiin kansallisista rekistereistä. QRS-transitio tapahtui myöhään (V4:ssä tai siitä vasemmalle) 16.4 %:lla tutkituista ja huomattavan myöhään (V5:ssä tai siitä vasemmalle) 1.3 %:lla tutkituista. Myöhäinen QRS-transitio liittyi kuoleman ja sydänperäisen äkkikuoleman riskiin. Sydänperäisen äkkikuoleman riski oli yli 1.5-kertainen henkilöillä, joilla oli huomattavan myöhäinen QRS-transitio. Poikkeava PTF (≥ 0.04 mm∙s) todettiin 4.8 %:lla väestöstä ja huomattavan poikkeava PTF (≥ 0.06 mm∙s) 1.2 %:lla väestöstä. Huomattavan poikkeavaan PTF:en liittyi lähes kaksinkertainen kuoleman ja eteisvärinän riski, mutta ei äkkikuolemariskiä. Lihavuuteen ja diabetekseen liittyi kohonnut sydänperäisen äkkikuoleman riski. Toisaalta lihavilla ja diabeetikoilla myös ei-äkillisten sydänkuolemien riski oli suurentunut, eikä äkillisten kuolemien osuus sydänkuolemista korostunut. Sydänperäisen äkkikuoleman riskiin liitetyt EKG-muutokset paransivat riskiarviota eniten normaalipainoisilla henkilöillä, joilla oli vähemmän sydän- ja verisuonitautien riskitekijöitä. Kokonaisuutena nämä tutkimukset luovat uutta tietoa EKG-riskimarkkereista, lihavuudesta ja diabeteksesta sydänperäisen äkkikuoleman riskiarviossa. Näiden biomarkkereiden lopullinen rooli yksilötasolla perusväestössä vaatii kuitenkin vielä lisätutkimuksia.

Vinte e seis pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertrófica e fatores de risco de morte súbita, foram submetidos a implante de cardioversor-desfibrilador implantável de dupla-câmara, com seguimento médio de 19 meses. Observou-se quatro choques em arritmias letais, 4 pacientes apresentaram TVNS e 5 taquiarritmias supraventriculares. Ocorreu um óbito.Conclusões: Observamos: TPSV em 19,2%; TVNS em 15,4% e TVS/FV em 15,4%. Nenhuma variável clínica ou demográfica, discriminou o comportamento clínico ou funcional pós-implante de CDI; a recorrência de síncope pós implante de CDI, não se associou à presença de eventos arrítmicos e a hipertrofia maior que 30 mm se associou à choque precoce do CDI (p=0,003). / During 19 months of average follow-up period, we followed 26 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and high risk for sudden death, all treated by dual chamber implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. 4 patients had received appropriate ICD discharge, 4 patients with NSVT and 5 supraventricular arrhythmias. One death had occurred. Conclusions: we observed: supraventricular arrhythmias in 19,2%; NSVT in 15,4% and VT/VF in 15,4%. The clinical or demographic outcomes did not suggest any clinical or functional results after ICD implantation; syncope may occur after ICD implantation and no arrhythmias recordered by intracardiac electrograms and left-ventricular-wall thickness greater than 30 mm is associated with early ICD shocks (p=0,003).

Vinte e seis pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertrófica e fatores de risco de morte súbita, foram submetidos a implante de cardioversor-desfibrilador implantável de dupla-câmara, com seguimento médio de 19 meses. Observou-se quatro choques em arritmias letais, 4 pacientes apresentaram TVNS e 5 taquiarritmias supraventriculares. Ocorreu um óbito.Conclusões: Observamos: TPSV em 19,2%; TVNS em 15,4% e TVS/FV em 15,4%. Nenhuma variável clínica ou demográfica, discriminou o comportamento clínico ou funcional pós-implante de CDI; a recorrência de síncope pós implante de CDI, não se associou à presença de eventos arrítmicos e a hipertrofia maior que 30 mm se associou à choque precoce do CDI (p=0,003). / During 19 months of average follow-up period, we followed 26 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and high risk for sudden death, all treated by dual chamber implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. 4 patients had received appropriate ICD discharge, 4 patients with NSVT and 5 supraventricular arrhythmias. One death had occurred. Conclusions: we observed: supraventricular arrhythmias in 19,2%; NSVT in 15,4% and VT/VF in 15,4%. The clinical or demographic outcomes did not suggest any clinical or functional results after ICD implantation; syncope may occur after ICD implantation and no arrhythmias recordered by intracardiac electrograms and left-ventricular-wall thickness greater than 30 mm is associated with early ICD shocks (p=0,003).