William Brigance in his Speech, Its Techniques and Disciplines in a Free Society reports the German psychologist Zillig’s experiment wherein ten pupils were apparently selected at random, placed in front of their classmates, and asked to follow simple instructions, i.e., “Raise your right hands.” The other members of the class were instructed to carefully judge each performing student on his ability to follow directions. In actuality, the selection of the ten students had been determined some weeks prior to the experiment when a secret vote had been conducted among members of the class to identify the “most liked” and “least liked” students. The ten pupils who were “selected at random” were in reality two groups, the five “most liked” and five “least liked” as identified by the votes of their classmates. Shortly before the experiment the five “most liked” students were instructed to behave exactly opposite to the instructions given. So when ordered to lift their right hands the five most popular students elevated their left hands while the “least liked'' group followed the order correctly. A number of similar procedures followed and then the observing students rated the performers of their direction following ability. Even though the five “most liked” students had been 100 percents wrong in their actual behavior, “When class scores were totaled, it was found that the best liked students had been graded higher than the least liked.” In summary, rhetoricians have recognized that the circumstances of the speech situation tend to highlight the speaker as a person and thus the personal impact (ethod) of the speaker can greatly influence the effect of his remarks upon the audience. Granting the importance of ethos, any study casting further light on this vital portion of rhetorical theory would be of value to the overall knowledge of public address. The general purpose of the study to follow is to conduct such an investigation. More particularly the following pages will present an attempt to use the theory and method of contemporary personality research in an effort to more fully explain the nature and functions of ethos in an actual speech situation, The remainder of this initial chapter will be given over to a review of rhetorical thought concerning ethos, and examination of five major contributions to the literature of personality theory (specifically that portion of personality theory dealing with the “authoritarian personality”), and a synthesis of these two fields of thought which will lead to the formulation of a hypothesis concerning the nature of ethos and its relation to personality.

Argumentativeness, or the predisposition “to advocate positions on controversial issues and to attack verbally the positions which other people take on these issues” (Infante & Rancer, 1982, p.72), has been associated with a number of positive outcomes. Research among student populations indicates that compared to people who are low in argumentativeness, people high in argumentativeness display higher ability to learn, higher self esteem, greater ability to creatively manage conflict, and higher ability to see both sides of a situation (Barden & Petty, 2008; McPherson Frantz & Seburn, 2003; Rancer, Whitecap, Kosberg, & Avtgis, 1997). Promoting argumentativeness among college students should prepare students to effectively handle conflict and enhance their overall communicative competence, thus setting students up for increased success in life (Rancer et al., 1997). Although much research exists on increasing argumentativeness, none could be found that specifically looked at content in the college level public speaking course in relation to increasing argumentativeness. Specifically, this researcher sought to determine whether instruction in Elaboration Likelihood Model as part of the persuasion unit in a college public speaking course increases student argumentativeness more than instruction in Toulmin’s model of reasoning/argument. Students in seven public speaking courses at a large Southeastern college were asked to complete the Argumentativeness Survey by Infante and Rancer (1982) after receiving instruction in either Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion or Toulmin’s model iii of reasoning/argument. Overall results did not indicate any difference between scores for students that received instruction in the two different content areas

This thesis contains three chapters. Chapter One provides an analysis of Carter's campaign for president. Carter's battle with Kennedy in the Democratic primary is examined. Additionally, an analysis of Carter's acceptance speech at the Democratic convention and an overview of the fall campaign is provided. Chapter Two has two foci. First, to present a holistic analysis of the debate, this chapter presents an analysis of the questions which were posed to the debaters. Moreover, it argues that Carter's debate preparation books enabled Carter to ignore certain questions and to recite a pre-written answer which reflected the overall strategy of his campaign. The second portion of this chapter delineates Carter's debate tactics, and in the closing portion of this analysis, it will become evident that Carter attempted to use the debate to appeal to specific segments of the population as well as to deny Reagan the "credibility threshold." It will be argued that Carter's debate strategy was fundamentally guided by this concept. Chapter Three will demonstrate that Carter did not achieve either of his debate objectives: Carter was unable to make a persuasive case to blue-collar males, and he was unable to deny Reagan the "credibility threshold." Finally, this chapter evaluates the relative success of Reagan and Carter in achieving their primary debate objectives. / Master of Arts

La presente investigación busca comprender la construcción de espacios acotados dentro de las campañas presidenciales en la que convergen diferentes actores y que son eventos mediáticos por excelencia: los debates electorales. De tal manera, la propuesta de investigación tiene como objeto de estudio a los debates presidenciales de segunda vuelta en el Perú, teniendo en cuenta que ha existido hasta la fecha una presencia sostenida de debates electorales en las recientes campañas electorales , y que la segunda vuelta es una característica del sistema electoral peruano en que la competencia política es mayor y tiene como consecuencia la elección del Presidente de la República por los siguientes cinco años. Por eso, se busca entender el rol de los debates electorales en las campañas presidenciales peruanas, teniendo en cuenta los actores políticos que participan, así como las negociaciones que son parte de la organización de dichos eventos. De este modo, el trabajo realiza un aporte significativo a los estudios sobre debates electorales en el Perú. / Tesis

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:24:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Liliane Pereira da Silva.pdf: 1475228 bytes, checksum: 6421991f69c754b7074bd467c77dec2e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-07 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / The aim of this research was to verify how argumentation occurs in an online educational forum as well as to map the interaction network in the analyzed forum, observing how the discussion was set up in it. The research was held with a group of Práticas de Leitura e Escrita na Contemporaneidade, offered by Secretariat for Education of São Paulo (SEE-SP) in association with Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo (PUC-SP) in the Post-graduation Program of Applied Linguistics and Language Studies (LAEL). The course was exclusively online and attended by aproximately 10,000 teachers of all disciplines of Basic Education II, teacher-coordinators (PCs), teacher-coordinators and teaching supervisors of the state schools in São Paulo. The theoretical basis that guided the research was divided into three aspects: the first one related to interaction, according to Gunawardena, Lowe and Anderson (1997) and Anderson and Kanuka (1998); the second one related to language analysis in a real context of use, guided by Systemic Functional Linguistics, more precisely by the concept of Contextual Configuration (CC) and generic structure potential (GSP) developed by Halliday e Hasan (1989); and the third one related to argumentation in discussion forums according to the studies of Coffin, Painter and Hewings (2005). Based on the qualitative analysis of the discussion forum, it was possible to verify how interaction and argumentation can relate in the environment. As the interaction develops better, the possibilities of deepening the discussion increase, and, consequently, the chances of developing more argumentative strategies increase too. It was also possible to realize how the articulation between the interaction development and discussion is like in relation to the type of mediation that occurred in the analyzed environment / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar como a argumentação ocorreu em um fórum de discussão online com finalidade educacional, bem como mapear a rede das interações no fórum analisado, observando como a discussão se configurou. A pesquisa foi realizada com uma turma do Curso Práticas de Leitura e Escrita na Contemporaneidade, oferecido pela Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo (SEE-SP) em parceria com a Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, por meio do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística Aplicada e Estudos da Linguagem (LAEL). O curso foi oferecido totalmente a distância, via internet, para cerca de 10.000 professores de todas as disciplinas da Educação Básica II, professores-cordenadores (PCs), professores-cordenadores de Oficina Pedagógica (PCOPs) e supervisores de ensino da rede pública estadual paulista. A fundamentação teórica que orientou a pesquisa foi dividida em três eixos: o primeiro, em relação à interação, a partir dos pressupostos de Gunawardena, Lowe e Anderson (1997) e Anderson e Kanuka (1998); o segundo, em termos de análise da linguagem em um contexto real de uso, orientado pela Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional, a partir dos conceitos de configuração contextual (CC) e de estrutura potencial genérica (EPG), desenvolvidos por Halliday e Hasan (1989); e, finalmente, o terceiro, em relação à argumentação em fórum de discussão, de acordo com os estudos de Coffin, Painter e Hewings (2005). A partir da análise qualitativa do fórum de discussão, foi possível constatar como interação e argumentação podem se relacionar nesse ambiente: quanto mais desenvolvida a interação, maior será a possibilidade de se aprofundar a discussão e, dessa forma, desenvolverem-se estratégias argumentativas. Foi possível também perceber como se deu a articulação entre o desenvolvimento da interação e da discussão em relação ao tipo de mediação que ocorreu no fórum analisado

This thesis takes a conversation-analytic approach examining the pragmatic functions of the linguistic marker "first (off/of all)" in second-pair-part (i.e., responsive) position relative to questions. Using data from question-answer sequences in the 2015-2016 U.S. Presidential Republican primary debates, I propose six claims regarding the composition, position, and action of what is referred to as the practice of "First"-prefacing. Analysis reveals that "First"-prefacing projects the displacement of a response (conforming or non-conforming) to a question. In projecting the displacement of a response, "First"-prefacing does two things: (1) it projects that the unit(s) of talk to come immediately next will be something other than a response, and thus this "first" matter should not be heard as being designedly "responsive" to the question; and (2) it claims that a conditionally relevant response to the question is forthcoming after the "first" matter is resolved. Debaters largely used "First"-prefacing to temporarily "get out from under" a question's conditional relevancies in order to "reach back" beyond the question and perform actions more properly sequentially fitted to earlier portions of the debate (e.g., defend themselves, make additional comments, counter-criticize other debaters). The more general function of "First"-prefacing as a misplacement marker is discussed, and its existence in ordinary conversation is briefly demonstrated.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-07-27T19:59:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tatianagoncalvesdeoliveira.pdf: 1496543 bytes, checksum: 5fefe8b8b2f8932a8b10fd4a712b8db4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-28T12:14:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 tatianagoncalvesdeoliveira.pdf: 1496543 bytes, checksum: 5fefe8b8b2f8932a8b10fd4a712b8db4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-28T12:14:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tatianagoncalvesdeoliveira.pdf: 1496543 bytes, checksum: 5fefe8b8b2f8932a8b10fd4a712b8db4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Buscando contribuir com a historiografia acerca da história dos índios no Brasil, principalmente no que tange às relações sociais, políticas e culturais nos aldeamentos, esta dissertação propõe o entendimento da política indigenista que vigorou na província de Minas Gerais entre os anos de 1873 e 1889. Escolhemos como objeto de análise o Aldeamento dos Índios de Itambacuri, fundado em 1873 no norte de Minas Gerais por missionários italianos da ordem dos Capuchinhos. A escolha desse aldeamento foi motivada pela sua duração maior em relação aos outros aldeamentos criados no mesmo período, pela sua importância e centralidade para o entendimento da política indigenista provincial e imperial. Ao problematizar a organização social e o cotidiano do Aldeamento de Itambacuri, buscou-se ainda reconhecer as negociações e disputas que marcaram as relações interétnicas entre os diferentes sujeitos que vivenciaram aquela experiência, desde os padres diretores, índios de diferentes etnias e populações adjacentes ao Itambacuri. Incluem-se nesse cenário as elites locais e provinciais que buscavam seus domínios sobre as terras do vale do Mucuri, além do controle sobre a mão de obra indígena daqueles “sertões”. É importante salientar que, a experiência provincial da política indigenista praticada em Minas foi pensada em consonância com as diretrizes e propostas vindas da corte. Logo, a dissertação também caminhou no sentido de compreender o cenário político imperial, os debates em torno da questão indígena, antes e depois da promulgação do Regulamento acerca das missões de catequese e civilização dos índios de 1845. Assim, a análise dos debates parlamentares travados no Senado antes da promulgação de uma política indigenista para a catequese e “civilização” dos índios das províncias do Império demonstra a nebulosidade que pairava sobre esta tão implexa questão. Ao analisarmos esses debates colocamos em evidência uma fonte muito pouco explorada pela historiografia para se pensar, por exemplo, as diferentes propostas de integração dos índios à sociedade oitocentista. Assim sendo, este trabalho buscou conciliar os encontros e desencontros de uma política nacional indigenista, que deveria, portanto, ser aplicada em todas as províncias, com as adaptações sofridas por esta quando introduzida em Minas Gerais. Para além do debate político, procuramos demonstrar as trajetórias dos diferentes povos indígenas que vivenciaram de formas distintas as novas e velhas relações trazidas e mantidas pelo novo Regulamento indigenista. / Seeking to contribute to the historiography about the history of the Indians in Brazil, especially in reference to social, political and cultural in the settlements, this dissertation proposes the understanding of indigenous policy that was in force in the province of Minas Gerais between 1873 and 1889. We chose as object of analysis the Indians' Village of Itambacuri, founded in 1873 in the north of Minas Gerais by Italian missionaries of the order of the Capuchins. The choice of this village was motivated by its longer duration in comparison to other settlements created at the same period and by its importance its centrality to the understanding of provincial Indian policy and imperial. To problematize the social organization and daily life from village of Itambacuri, we sought to recognize the negotiations and disputes that marked the interethnic relations between the different subjects who experienced that experience, from the directors priests, Indians from different ethnic groups and adjacent populations to Itambacuri. The local and provincial elites are included in this scenario. They sought their control over the lands of the valley of the Mucuri, beyond their control over the indigenous labor of those "hinterlands". It’s important to notice that the provincial experience of indigenous policy practiced in Minas was designed in line with the guidelines proposals from the court. So, this dissertation also goes towards understanding the imperial political scenario, the debate on the indigenous issue before and after the promulgation of the Regulation about the catechetical mission and indians civilization in 1845. Thus, the analysis of parliamentary debates in the Senate before to the promulgation of an indigenous policy for Indians’ catechesis and Indians’ "civilization" from the Empire provinces shows nebulosity that hung over this complex question. By analyzing these debates we put in evidence a field very little explored by historiography to think about, for example, the different integration proposals of Indians into the nineteenth century society. Therefore, this study sought to reconcile the similarities and differences of a national indigenous policy which should be applied in all provinces with the adaptations suffered by this one when it was introduced in Minas Gerais. Beyond the political debate, we sought to demonstrate the paths of different indigenous peoples who lived in different ways the new and old relations brought and maintained by the new indigenous Regulation.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-10-11T11:08:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 thennerfreitasdacunha.pdf: 960488 bytes, checksum: 478646ef862fdb82516281b83b54a6ee (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-10-11T15:56:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 thennerfreitasdacunha.pdf: 960488 bytes, checksum: 478646ef862fdb82516281b83b54a6ee (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-11T15:56:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 thennerfreitasdacunha.pdf: 960488 bytes, checksum: 478646ef862fdb82516281b83b54a6ee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-22 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo identificar como ocorrem as reclamações em audiências de conciliação realizadas no PROCON através das descrições feitas pelas partes envolvidas, uma vez que ao descrever as pessoas fazem atribuições oferecendo versões que tornam a acusação (reclamação) relevante e digna de crédito. Uma asserção sobre os fatos só é feita quando as pessoas têm diferentes versões e/ou diferentes interesses, desta forma vamos ver como diferentes versões são contrastadas para a construção do fato, observando as formulações extremas utilizadas pelas partes em seus relatos. Em uma interação, estamos sempre argumentando, ou seja, tentando convencer o outro a chegar a certas conclusões que sejam de nosso interesse. O corpus analisado corresponde a algumas audiências de conciliação realizadas no PROCON de uma cidade de Minas Gerais. / This study aims to identify the claims as they occur in conciliation hearings held in PROCON through the descriptions made by the involved parties, as when describing people do assignments offering versions that make the complaint (complaint) relevant and credible. An assertion about the facts is only done when people have different versions and / or different interests, thus we see how different versions are contrasted to the construction of the fact, are the extreme formulations used by the parties in their reports. In an interaction, we are always arguing, or trying to convince the other to reach certain conclusions that are of our interest. The corpus analyzed corresponds to some conciliation hearings held in PROCON in a city located in Minas Gerais.

La presente investigación busca comprender la construcción de espacios acotados dentro de las campañas presidenciales en la que convergen diferentes actores y que son eventos mediáticos por excelencia: los debates electorales. De tal manera, la propuesta de investigación tiene como objeto de estudio a los debates presidenciales de segunda vuelta en el Perú, teniendo en cuenta que ha existido hasta la fecha una presencia sostenida de debates electorales en las recientes campañas electorales , y que la segunda vuelta es una característica del sistema electoral peruano en que la competencia política es mayor y tiene como consecuencia la elección del Presidente de la República por los siguientes cinco años. Por eso, se busca entender el rol de los debates electorales en las campañas presidenciales peruanas, teniendo en cuenta los actores políticos que participan, así como las negociaciones que son parte de la organización de dichos eventos. De este modo, el trabajo realiza un aporte significativo a los estudios sobre debates electorales en el Perú.

This thesis examines interactional dimensions of the 2008 U.S. presidential debates based on the conversation analytic concepts of sequence organization and turn management. Drawing on the video recordings of the three 2008 presidential debates, I investigate features of turn design and interactional strategies that candidates employ during the debates and compare stylistic differences between John McCain and Barack Obama. I first examine how candidates design their first-turn responses to the moderator’s question in terms of placement of two different actions, answer and attack. Secondly, I focus on design of the second-turn responses and examine how candidates show responsiveness to both the moderator’s question and the opponent’s prior turn by incorporating multiple actions (e.g., attack, defense, and answer) in their second turns. I also examine direct exchanges between McCain and Obama, particularly concerning their strategic use of the record and their interactional practices in claiming turns and managing overlapping talk in confrontation sequences. My analysis shows that some stylistic differences exist between McCain’s and Obama’s turns. I provide detailed description of how Obama makes a systematic transition from answer to attack in his first-turn responses, which is distinguished from McCain’s first turns in which attacks are inserted in his answer as relevant topics are brought up. My analysis of the second-turn responses shows that McCain frequently produces an attack at turn beginning or responds to an attack with a reciprocal attack before producing a defense, while Obama tends to produce a defense first and then move to an attack. Lastly, I discuss how both Obama and McCain manage their turns and use turn-taking techniques to avoid direct references to their own record and shift the focus of the talk to the opponent’s stance on a related issue. / text