Mitigation of the blast risk associated with terrorist attacks and accidental explosions threatening critical infrastructure has become a topic of great interest in the civil engineering community, both in Canada and abroad. One method of mitigating blast risk is to retrofit vulnerable structures to resist the impulsive effects of blast loading. A comprehensive re-search program has been undertaken to develop fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) retrofit methodologies for structural and non-structural elements, specifically reinforced concrete slabs and walls, subjected to blast loading. The results of this investigation are equally valid for flexure dominant reinforced concrete beams subject to blast effects. The objective of the research program was to generate a large volume of research data for the development of blast-resistant design guidelines for externally bonded FRP retrofit systems. A combined experimental and analytical investigation was performed to achieve the objectives of the program. The experimental program involved the construction and simulated blast testing of a total of thirteen reinforced concrete wall and slab specimens divided into five companion sets. These specimens were subjected to a total of sixty simulated explosions generated at the University of Ottawa Shock Tube Testing Facility. Companion sets were designed to study one- and two-way bending, as well as the performance of specimens with simply-supported and fully-fixed boundary conditions. The majority of the specimens were retrofitted with externally bonded carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets to improve overall load-deformation characteristics. Specimens within each companion set were subjected to progressively increasing pressure-impulse combinations to study component behaviour from elastic response up to inelastic component failure. The blast performance of companion as-built and retrofitted specimens was quantified in terms of measured load-deformation characteristics, and observed member behaviour throughout all stages of response. The results show that externally bonded FRP retrofits are an effective retrofit technique to improve the blast resistance of reinforced concrete structures, provided that debonding of the composite from the concrete substrate is prevented. The test results also indicate that FRP retrofitted reinforced concrete structures may survive initial inbound displacements, only to failure by moment reversals during the negative displacement phase. The experimental test data was used to verify analytical techniques to model the behaviour of reinforced concrete walls and slabs subjected to blast loading. The force-deformation characteristics of one-way wall strips were established using inelastic sectional and member analyses. The force-deformation characteristics of two-way slab plates were established using commonly accepted design approximations. The response of all specimens was computed by explicit solution of the single degree of freedom dynamic equation of motion. An equivalent static force procedure was used to analyze the response of CFRP retrofitted specimens which remained elastic after testing. The predicted maximum displacements and time-to-maximum displacements were compared against experimental results. The analysis indicates that the modelling procedures accurately describe the response characteristics of both retrofitted and unretrofitted specimens observed during the experiment.

Virtual crack closure technique (VCCT) is commonly used to analyze debonding/delamination onset and growth in fiber reinforced composite assemblies. VCCT is a computational fracture mechanics based approach, and is based on Irwin&rsquo / s crack closure integral. In this study, the debonding/delamination onset and growth potential in a bonded fiber reinforced composite skin-flange assembly is investigated using the VCCT. A parametric finite element analyses is conducted. The finite element analyses results are compared with coupon level experimental results available in the literature. The effects of different finite element modeling techniques are investigated. The bonded flange-assembly is modeled with pure solid (3D) elements, plane stress (2D) shell elements and plane strain (2D) shell elements. In addition, mesh density, element order and geometric non-linearity parameters are investigated as well. The accuracy and performance of these different modeling techniques are assessed. Finally, effect of initial defect location on delamination growth potential is investigated. The results presented in this study are expected to provide an insight to practicing engineers in the aerospace industry.

Mitigation of the blast risk associated with terrorist attacks and accidental explosions threatening critical infrastructure has become a topic of great interest in the civil engineering community, both in Canada and abroad. One method of mitigating blast risk is to retrofit vulnerable structures to resist the impulsive effects of blast loading. A comprehensive re-search program has been undertaken to develop fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) retrofit methodologies for structural and non-structural elements, specifically reinforced concrete slabs and walls, subjected to blast loading. The results of this investigation are equally valid for flexure dominant reinforced concrete beams subject to blast effects. The objective of the research program was to generate a large volume of research data for the development of blast-resistant design guidelines for externally bonded FRP retrofit systems. A combined experimental and analytical investigation was performed to achieve the objectives of the program. The experimental program involved the construction and simulated blast testing of a total of thirteen reinforced concrete wall and slab specimens divided into five companion sets. These specimens were subjected to a total of sixty simulated explosions generated at the University of Ottawa Shock Tube Testing Facility. Companion sets were designed to study one- and two-way bending, as well as the performance of specimens with simply-supported and fully-fixed boundary conditions. The majority of the specimens were retrofitted with externally bonded carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets to improve overall load-deformation characteristics. Specimens within each companion set were subjected to progressively increasing pressure-impulse combinations to study component behaviour from elastic response up to inelastic component failure. The blast performance of companion as-built and retrofitted specimens was quantified in terms of measured load-deformation characteristics, and observed member behaviour throughout all stages of response. The results show that externally bonded FRP retrofits are an effective retrofit technique to improve the blast resistance of reinforced concrete structures, provided that debonding of the composite from the concrete substrate is prevented. The test results also indicate that FRP retrofitted reinforced concrete structures may survive initial inbound displacements, only to failure by moment reversals during the negative displacement phase. The experimental test data was used to verify analytical techniques to model the behaviour of reinforced concrete walls and slabs subjected to blast loading. The force-deformation characteristics of one-way wall strips were established using inelastic sectional and member analyses. The force-deformation characteristics of two-way slab plates were established using commonly accepted design approximations. The response of all specimens was computed by explicit solution of the single degree of freedom dynamic equation of motion. An equivalent static force procedure was used to analyze the response of CFRP retrofitted specimens which remained elastic after testing. The predicted maximum displacements and time-to-maximum displacements were compared against experimental results. The analysis indicates that the modelling procedures accurately describe the response characteristics of both retrofitted and unretrofitted specimens observed during the experiment.

Submitted by Suelen Reis (suziy.ellen@gmail.com) on 2013-04-23T17:11:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Fatima Cabral.pdf: 3063741 bytes, checksum: 2fef60738a8888a178499680d9647e2d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-05-08T12:35:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Fatima Cabral.pdf: 3063741 bytes, checksum: 2fef60738a8888a178499680d9647e2d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-08T12:35:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Fatima Cabral.pdf: 3063741 bytes, checksum: 2fef60738a8888a178499680d9647e2d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as alterações na superfície do esmalte, decorrentes da utilização de 5 técnicas distintas para a remoção da resina remanescente após a descolagem de bráquetes ortodônticos. Foram analisados 50 pré-molares humanos, extraídos por fins ortodônticos e periodontais, cujas faces vestibulares foram submetidas à análise rugosimétrica de superfície, executada em 3 momentos distintos: 1- inicial; 2- após a colagem, remoção de bráquetes e eliminação da resina remanescente; 3- após o polimento final. Nos grupos 1 e 2, utilizou-se a broca carbide de tungstênio em baixa e alta rotação, respectivamente. Para os grupos 3 e 4, o instrumento empregado foi a broca carbide de tungstênio proposta por Radlanski, também em baixa e alta rotação, respectivamente. Nestes 4 primeiros grupos, o polimento consistiu na utilização de discos de óxido de alumínio de granulação superfina. O grupo 5 foi representado pela associação de alicate removedor de resina e ponta de carboneto de silício em alta rotação, seguidos por polimento com pontas de borracha com grânulos de diamante em baixa rotação. Os resultados demonstraram que, após a remoção da resina, os menores valores de rugosidade superficial foram obtidos com a utilização da broca carbide de tungstênio em baixa rotação (grupo 1) e com as brocas propostas por Radlanski, tanto em baixa (grupo 3) quanto em alta rotação (grupo 4). Já a broca carbide de tungstênio em alta rotação (grupo 2) e o alicate removedor de resina associado às pontas de carboneto de silício e borracha (grupo 5)apresentaram valores de rugosidade média estatisticamente superiores aos demais grupos. Com o polimento, passou a existir diferença estatisticamente significante apenas em relação ao grupo 5, o qual revelou maior rugosidade do que os demais. A avaliação visual foi realizada por 3 examinadores e não detectou diferença estatisticamente significante entre os métodos utilizados. A partir destes dados, concluiu-se que a broca carbide de tungstênio em baixa rotação (grupo 1) e as brocas propostas por Radlanski (grupos 3 e 4) representaram métodos menos agressivos ao esmalte dentário para a remoção da resina remanescente após a descolagem de bráquetes. / Salvador

CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre o fenômeno do deslizamento na interface entre concreto e polímero reforçado com fibra (PRF) de carbono por meio da realização e análise de ensaios experimentais. O objetivo geral é investigar o efeito de escala no descolamento entre concreto e PRF. Buscou-se analisar a influência da variação da dimensão do corpo de prova de concreto no colapso de interface ao manter a mesma geometria de PRF aderida. A metodologia adotada consiste em sobrepor dois corpos de prova cilíndricos sobre o plano de seção transversal e ligados por três tiras de PRF de forma simétrica. A parte inferior do conjunto é fixa e aplica-se uma força de tração na parte superior, induzindo o surgimento de tensões de cisalhamento na interface. Foram utilizados corpos de prova moldados e extraídos de vigas de concreto, com diferentes dimensões: 5cm x 10cm, 10cm x 20cm e 15cm x 30cm. Treze geometrias diferentes do material compósito aderido foram usadas. Em alguns experimentos observou-se a ruptura no concreto, pois alcançou-se a tensão normal limite que o corpo de prova resiste antes de atingir a tensão de cisalhamento necessária para acontecer o descolamento. Isso foi notado principalmente nos corpos de prova menores, que resistem a uma força menor de tração. Não se notou uma influência da dimensão do corpo de prova na força máxima até o descolamento, tensão de cisalhamento e rigidez. Apesar de experimentos com corpos de prova menores levarem a bons resultados na análise do descolamento, verificou-se que o que limita seu uso é que muitas vezes é atingida a tensão normal limite que o concreto resiste, causando sua ruptura. Além disso, nos casos de deslizamento verificados com corpos de prova menores foi necessário utilizar uma geometria de PRF muito pequena, o que conduz a uma elevada tensão de cisalhamento máxima, exigindo o uso de um alto fator de correção. O processo de extração pode causar danos no concreto, como microfissuração, principalmente nos corpos de prova menores. Não foi possível concluir sobre a influência do uso de testemunhos no colapso de interface, mas foi notada uma alteração nas curvas de força versus deslocamento ao se usar corpos de prova extraídos, e em cada ensaio a influência foi de uma forma diferente. Não pareceu adequado analisar o deslizamento em testes com testemunhos. / This research is a study about the debonding phenomenon at interface between concrete and carbon fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) by way of performance and analysis of experimental tests. The objective of this study is to investigate the size effect in concrete and FRP debonding. The influence of variation of size concrete specimen on interface failure was analyzed when the same FRP geometry was adhered. Two concrete cylinders specimens are superimposed on plane of cross section, and the specimens are connected by three FRP pieces symmetrically adhered in the longitudinal perimeter. The lower part is fixed and the top is pulled. This induces appearance of shear stresses at interface. Different cylinders specimens made and core samples were used: 5cm x 10cm, 10cm x 20cm and 15cm x 30cm. Different thirteen geometries of the composite material were adhered. The failure happened in concrete in some experiments because concrete reached the normal strength before the shear stress required for the debonding, especially in smaller specimens because the tensile load carrying capacity for these cases is lower. An influence of specimen size was not noticed in the maximum load and shear stresses for debonding, and stiffness. Although experiments with smaller specimens generate good results, the reason that limits their use is the fact that the concrete often reaches the normal stress capacity. In addition, a very small FRP geometry was used in tests of debonding with smaller specimens. The use of a small FRP geometry resulted in a high shear stress, and with this use, it is necessary to use a high correction factor. The extraction process can cause damage to concrete such as micro cracking, especially in smaller specimens. It was not conclude about the influence of use of core samples in interface failures, but a change of the load versus displacement graph was noted. The influence of use of core samples happened differently in each test. An debonding analysis in tests with core samples may not be appropriate. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

Cette thèse traite de la modélisation multi-échelle de composites particulaires fortement chargés. La méthode d’estimation, qualifiée d’“Approche Morphologique” (A.M.), repose sur une double schématisation géométrique et cinématique du composite permettant de fournir la réponse aux deux échelles. Afin d’évaluer les capacités prédictives de l’A.M. en élasticité linéaire avec évolution de l’endommagement, l’A.M. est testée vis-à-vis de ses aptitudes à rendre compte des effets de taille et d’interaction de particules sur la chronologie de décohésion. Pour cela, différentes microstructures périodiques simples, aléatoires monomodales et bimodale générées numériquement sont considérées. Les résultats obtenus sont cohérents avec les données de la littérature : la décohésion des grosses particules précède celle des plus petites et est d’autant plus précoce que le taux de charges est important. Puis, l’objectif est de coupler deux non-linéarités traitées séparément dans deux versions antérieures de l’A.M : l’endommagement par décohésion charges/matrice et les grandes déformations. La formulation du problème de localisation-homogénéisation est reprise à la source de manière analytique. Le critère de nucléation de défauts est étendu en transformations finies. Le problème obtenu, fortement non-linéaire, est résolu numériquement via un algorithme de Newton-Raphson. Les étapes sous-jacentes à la résolution (calcul de la matrice tangente, codage en langage Python®) sont explicitées. Des évaluations progressives (matériaux sain et endommagé)permettent de valider la mise en oeuvre numérique. Les effets de taille et d’interaction sont alors restitués en transformations finies. / This study is devoted to multi-scale modeling of highly-filled particulate composites.This method, the “Morphological Approach” (M.A.), is based on a geometrical and kinematicalschematization which allows the access to both local fields and homogenized response. In order toevaluate the predictive capacities of the M.A. considering a linear elastic behavior for the constituentsand evolution of damage, analysis is performed regarding the ability of the M.A. to accountfor particle size and interaction effects on debonding chronology. For that purpose, simple periodic,random monomodal and bimodal microstructures are considered. The results are consistent withliterature data : debonding of large particles occurs before the one of smaller particles and thehigher the particle volume fraction, the sooner the debonding. Finally, the objective is to operatethe coupling of two non linearities which were separately studied in previous versions of the M.A. :debonding between particles and matrix, and finite strains. The whole analytical background of theapproach is reconsidered in order to define the localization-homogenization problem. The nucleationcriterion is extended to the finite strains context. The final problem, strongly non linear, is numericallysolved through a Newton-Raphson algorithm. The different solving steps (jacobian matrix,coding with Python®) are developed. Progressive evaluations (sound and damage materials) allowthe validation of numerical implementation. Then, size and interaction effects are reproduced infinite strains.

Mon projet de thèse a été réalisé en partenariat avec l'entreprise BioMérieux, qui produit des milieux de culture à base de gel d'agar coulés dans des boîtes de Pétri à destination du secteur biomédical. Ces gels, remplis d'eau à 95 %, sont susceptibles d'en relâcher par évaporation ou sous l'effet d'une perturbation externe. Le gel se contracte et peut se détacher des parois de la boite lors de la production ou lors de leur incubation. Ma thèse a consisté à identifier les paramètres clefs qui influent sur la contraction de ces milieux de culture aussi bien au niveau de la composition du gel que des propriétés de surface des parois de la boîte de Pétri. Ce travail expérimental m'a permis d'associer un panel de techniques originales comme la rhéologie à force normale contrôlée, une centrifugeuse, l'interférométrie ou encore la méthode flot optique. J'ai ainsi mis à jour les moteurs du détachement du gel des parois des boîtes et identifier des solutions concrètes pour y remédier / My PhD work was carried out in partnership with the company BioMérieux, a leader int he production of agar-based culture media, cast in Petri disches and used in microbioly. Being mainly composed of water (>95 % wt.), agar gels are naturally prone to solvent-loss by evaporation either at rest or under an external perturbation. As a result, the gel shrinks and detaches from the sidewall fo dish. The goal of my PhD work was to identify the key paramters driving the gel detachment, in relation with both the gel chemical composition, as well as the dish surface properties. This expzrimental word has allowed me to use a wide array of thecniques such as normal force controlled rheology, intererometric observations, or optical flow analysis applied to the gel deformation. I succesfully unravelled the driving forces that lead to the gel detachment from the sidewall of the dish and proposed concrete solutions to be implemented on a commercial scale to prevent il.

No description available.

Mitigation of the blast risk associated with terrorist attacks and accidental explosions threatening critical infrastructure has become a topic of great interest in the civil engineering community, both in Canada and abroad. One method of mitigating blast risk is to retrofit vulnerable structures to resist the impulsive effects of blast loading. A comprehensive re-search program has been undertaken to develop fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) retrofit methodologies for structural and non-structural elements, specifically reinforced concrete slabs and walls, subjected to blast loading. The results of this investigation are equally valid for flexure dominant reinforced concrete beams subject to blast effects. The objective of the research program was to generate a large volume of research data for the development of blast-resistant design guidelines for externally bonded FRP retrofit systems. A combined experimental and analytical investigation was performed to achieve the objectives of the program. The experimental program involved the construction and simulated blast testing of a total of thirteen reinforced concrete wall and slab specimens divided into five companion sets. These specimens were subjected to a total of sixty simulated explosions generated at the University of Ottawa Shock Tube Testing Facility. Companion sets were designed to study one- and two-way bending, as well as the performance of specimens with simply-supported and fully-fixed boundary conditions. The majority of the specimens were retrofitted with externally bonded carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets to improve overall load-deformation characteristics. Specimens within each companion set were subjected to progressively increasing pressure-impulse combinations to study component behaviour from elastic response up to inelastic component failure. The blast performance of companion as-built and retrofitted specimens was quantified in terms of measured load-deformation characteristics, and observed member behaviour throughout all stages of response. The results show that externally bonded FRP retrofits are an effective retrofit technique to improve the blast resistance of reinforced concrete structures, provided that debonding of the composite from the concrete substrate is prevented. The test results also indicate that FRP retrofitted reinforced concrete structures may survive initial inbound displacements, only to failure by moment reversals during the negative displacement phase. The experimental test data was used to verify analytical techniques to model the behaviour of reinforced concrete walls and slabs subjected to blast loading. The force-deformation characteristics of one-way wall strips were established using inelastic sectional and member analyses. The force-deformation characteristics of two-way slab plates were established using commonly accepted design approximations. The response of all specimens was computed by explicit solution of the single degree of freedom dynamic equation of motion. An equivalent static force procedure was used to analyze the response of CFRP retrofitted specimens which remained elastic after testing. The predicted maximum displacements and time-to-maximum displacements were compared against experimental results. The analysis indicates that the modelling procedures accurately describe the response characteristics of both retrofitted and unretrofitted specimens observed during the experiment.

Yes / This paper investigates the strength and ductility of concrete confined by Glass/Epoxy ±55° Filament Wound Pipes (GFRP) under axial compression. A total of 24 cylinderical specimens were prepared with expansive and Portland cements, properly compacted and un-compacted for different composite fresh concrete matrix. Test results showed that compressive strength and axial deformation at failure of concrete confined with GFRP tubes increased by an average of 2.85 and 5.57 times these of unconfined concrete, respectively. Macro and micro analyses of GFRP pipes after failure were also investigated. Debonding, whitening, matrix/transfer cracking, delamination and splitting mechanisms were detected at failure, respectively. The experimental results were also employed to assess the reliability of design models available in the literature for confined concrete compressive strength.