Thesis (doctoral)--Universiẗat Frankfurt (Main), 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 399-444).

De création récente, la législation sur le surendettement a toujours eu pour ambition de prévenir et de traiter les situations de surendettement des particuliers. Présenté à son origine comme le droit « de ne pas payer ses dettes », le droit du surendettement a été intégré au Code de la consommation. Essentiellement envisagées comme la conséquence d’une consommation s’exerçant à crédit, les mesures préventives ont, de ce fait, été développées dans le cadre des règles de formation et d’exécution des contrats de crédit et de cautionnement. Face aux insuffisances de cette réglementation préventive, le droit commun des obligations est, à son tour, venu édicter des règles en vue de pallier les lacunes des mesures légales. Malgré les bénéfices apportés par la jurisprudence, l’efficacité de la prévention reste toutefois relative. En effet, tant la difficile conciliation des sources préventives que l’approche restrictive qui est envisagée du phénomène, mettent un frein à l’élaboration d’une prévention efficace. C’est au travers des règles de procédure de traitement du surendettement mais également, dans la redéfinition des notions d’endettement et de la personne vulnérable face au risque de surendettement, que les réponses à une prévention plus efficiente apparaissent. / Recently created the overindebtedness legislation has always aimed to prevent and cure individual indebtedness situations. To his origin as the “right not to pay its debts” the indebtedness law has been integrated into the French consumer Code. Essentially seen as a consequence of consumption exerted on credit, preventive measures have been developed in the framework of the rules of formation and execution of credit agreements and surety. Given the inadequacies of this preventive legislation, the common law of contract is, in turn, came to make rules for any shortcomings of legal action. Despite the benefits of the law, the effectiveness of prevention, however, is relative. Indeed, as the difficulty of reconciling preventive sources that the restrictive approach proposed of the phenomenon, have no benefit on the development of effective prevention. It is through procedural overindebtedness rules but also in redefining the concepts of debt and the vulnerable person to the risk of debt distress, that the answers to more efficient prevention appear.

Avec la loi du 26 juillet 2005, le sort des créanciers postérieurs a subi de profondes modifications. Répartis en deux catégories distinctes par l’effet d’un critère téléologique, leur traitement par la procédure collective n’est plus identique. Les créanciers postérieurs non éligibles au traitement préférentiel subissent les règles contraignantes de la procédure collective, tandis que seuls les créanciers postérieurs dits « méritants » bénéficient d’un paiement à l’échéance et d’un paiement par privilège. Toutefois, par de nombreux aspects, les créanciers postérieurs élus sont également confrontés à la rigueur de la procédure, altérant leurs possibilités réelles de paiement. La situation des créanciers postérieurs, dans leur ensemble, contraste avec celle conférée au débiteur qui n’a plus à craindre l’ouverture d’une procédure collective, celle-ci étant devenue une technique de gestion mise à sa disposition et particulièrement protectrice de ses droits. Dès lors, le salut des créanciers postérieurs semble se situer à l’extérieur de la procédure. Instrumentalisé par le droit des entreprises en difficulté, le droit des garanties de paiement, droit par nature égoïste, leur offre de nombreuses opportunités d’échapper à l’emprise de la procédure. Si le sujet impose une approche technique de la situation des créanciers postérieurs, il a surtout pour ambition de s’inscrire dans une perspective d’ensemble afin de mettre en lumière les nombreuses contradictions qui irriguent la matière. / With the law of July 26th, 2005, the situation of posterior creditors has changed. Divided into two distinct categories by the effect of a teleological criterion, their treatment by insolvency procedures are not identical. Posterior creditors who are not eligible for the preferential treatment suffer the binding rules of insolvency law, while only posterior creditors called "deserving" receive a payment due date and a privilege. However, in several aspects, these posterior creditors also face the rigor of the procedure, altering their chances to obtain payment. The situation of posterior creditors contrast with the situation conferred to the debtor. The protection of posterior creditors appears to be outside of the procedure. Instrumentalized by the insolvency law, payment guarantees offer many opportunities to escape the influence of the procedure. If the subject requires a technical approach of the situation of posterior creditors, he supposes to make a global study in order to show the many contradictions which irrigate the discipline.

This dissertation deals with the legal aspects of bankruptcy. Bankruptcy is one of the ways of resolving insolvency, which was incorporated in the Czech legislation in 2008. The first part contains a literature review and also analyses the applicable legis lation and the case law issued. In the second part the work deals with indebtedness of households and companies, the duration of insolvency proceedings, yield of insolvency proceedings. The third part provides a practical "how-to" for debtors. It guides the debtor who filed the insolvency petition through the insolvency proceedings. This pro-ceeding is initiated by filing in an insolvency petition. Such proposal can be filed by the debtor or creditor. In our case the insolvency petition was filed by the creditor. The dissertation furthermore deals with proceedings before the decision on the bankruptcy. This procedure is followed by proceedings after decisions on bankruptcy where the method of resolving insolvency is chosen. Bankruptcy proceedings end by resolution on the cancellation of bankruptcy. This is followed by closing the accounting books by insolvency administrator and a court resolution acquitting the function of the insolvency administrator.

The thesis consists of a brief introduction to this topic and of a theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part discusses general terms (part 2), i.e. subject-matter, failure, subject-matter and territorial jurisdiction, procedural entities, failure hearing and ruling, a debtor's insolvency petition as well as the individual ways of handling a debtor's failure. The part concerning the ways of handling failure through bankruptcy (part 3) discusses the effects of a bankruptcy declaration on in-progress proceedings, the monetarisation of assets, bankruptcy cancelation and the effects of a bankruptcy declaration on the community property of spouses. Part 4 discusses other ways of handling failure, i.e. reorganisation. This part includes court jurisprudence of problematic cases, which concerns the current legal regulations. Part 5 discusses the latest and currently most used way of handling a debtor's failure, i.e. debt relief. The practical part shows a debtor's accounting of a specific accounting case that concerns a debtor's failure through bankruptcy and contains an individual's debt relief petition and a debtor's (business company's) insolvency petition for bankruptcy declaration. The end of the thesis summarises this issue and points out the importance of having basic knowledge of this issue for individuals and legal entities.

The role of different subjects in reorganisation of the debtor's enterprise (comparative study) Abstract This thesis is an analyse of the role of different subjekts involved in reorganization. This thesis is composed of four chapters each of them dealing with one of the key subjects. Different legal systems were compared for this purpose. On one hand reorganisationis a sort of civil procedure, on theother hand it is a sort of contract. This thesis tries to describe this ambiguity in emphasising its contractual basis and judicial framework. Chapter One analyses how the insolvency modifies the position of the management, management is no more completely autonome in its action. In some cases there placement of the management is necessary, especially when the wrongful trading is proven. In most of cases the debt or files for insolvency, prepares a plan of reorganization and becomes a "Debtor in possetion". Different stades of reorganisation in respect with the position of the debtor are examined which shows that the reorganization is a way for thea management how to regain the right to act on behalf of the company. The role of shareholders symbolises the changes inside of the insolvent company- onone hand they represent as a shareholders'meeting an organ of the company and the other hand they are also...

Court execution of immovable assets in the Czech in the age of 1918 - 1963 Abstract: The work deals mainly with executory proceedings and distrainments in the period of the First Czechoclovakian Republic and after the year 1950. It introduces procedural rules concerning exekutory proceedings in the 1890s which were juridical regulations of a big and detailed extent and which were accepted into the legal code of the First Czechoslovakian Republic and procedural rules issued after 1950 which already didn't know a whole range of exekutory institutes of the previous age. On the other hand, these laws introduced a number of new institutes of enforcement, such as an incidental dispute, debating the debtor's objections directly in the enforcement proceedings. In 1955, a new form of wage enforcement was introduced to enforce maintenance for minor children when the seizure of part of the wage obliged not only the original payer but also all the following to which the debtor eventually went. The work is also patterned on the period legal decisions of individual courts of the First Czechoslovakian Republic, particularly of the Supreme Court. The applications of these decisions are illustrated by real sample cases. Individual entities (creditors, debtors, the third entities, law courts) within the exekutory proceedings...

It’s impossible to conceive the human being without the Law of Obligations. This branch ofCivil Law allows persons to satisfy their needs,reason why it’s important to study it carefully.In this article, the author presents us an introductory study of what obligations are, as well as their diverse classification. Without a doubt, this is a mandatory reading for all lawyers and Law students. / Es imposible concebir al ser humano sin el Derecho de las Obligaciones. Esta rama del Derecho Civil permite que las personas puedanver satisfechas sus necesidades, por lo que es importante estudiarla con cuidado.En el presente artículo, el autor nos presenta un estudio introductorio sobre qué son las obligaciones, así como su variada clasificación. Sin duda un material de lectura obligatoria paratodos los abogados y estudiantes de Derecho.

The aim of this thesis is to describe and bring the issue of the position of spouses in insolvency proceedings to the reader. In last few years this issue has become more and more relevant and brought a lot of questions and problems to case law but also to the legislation that deals with it. The thesis is divided into three chapters. Chapter One introduces the basic terminology used in the thesis to the reader in order to help him or her understand issues presented later. The definitions of following concepts may be found in this chapter: insolvency proceedings, insolvency and its solution modes, marriage, common property of spouses and the estate in insolvency proceedings. Chapter Two deals with the discharge of the debts of spouses which represents the new legal institute adopted by Act No. 294/2013 Coll., which changes the Act No. 186/2006 Coll., on insolvency and its solution modes (Insolvency Act) and Act No. 312/2006 Coll., on insolvency administrators (hereinafter referred to as "revising amendment"). The first subchapter briefly illustrates the previous legislation so the reader can compare the differences and note the changes brought by the revising amendment. The following subchapters describe the whole process of discharge of the debts step by step concentrating on the specifics of...

(ENG) DISCHARGE OF A DEBTOR - ONE OF MODES OF INSOLVENCY SOLUTION This diploma thesis aims to provide a detailed overview of the discharge from debts in the insolvency proceedings. The debt relief was incorporated into the Czech legal system by the Insolvency act, No. 182, 2006 Coll, which entered into force on the January 1st 2008. The idea of debt discharge was led by an intention to provide highest possible and proportional satisfaction equally to all creditors and in the same time, to protect debtor's right to decent living conditions. In the case of successful debt discharge, the debtor is forgiven part of his debts, as long as he performs his good will during entire insolvency process. The debtor must not have any debts originated in his business activities, unless he specifically agrees on an exception with the creditor. This determinates a debt discharge to be used mainly by individual persons, not by companies. Also, the final creditors' satisfaction must reach at least 30 % of debtor's claims. We distinguish two forms of debt discharge. In the first case, which is called audition, all debtor's assets are sold out and received funds are used for creditors' satisfaction. In the second case, which uses agreed payment schedule, all debtor's income over the minimum base is regularly...