Satellite cells (SCs) are mononuclear myogenic stem cells located between the basal lamina and plasmalemma of the skeletal muscle fiber. They are responsible for postnatal skeletal muscle growth, repair and regeneration. Once activated, SCs divide and fuse to the muscle fibers where their nuclei become new myonuclei. Earlier studies suggested that SCs were either randomly or evenly distributed along muscle fibers. However, myonuclei were found to be more concentrated at tapered ends of muscle fibers. Myogenic regulatory factors, mainly MyoD and Myogenin, are expressed by active SCs. Previous in vitro and prenatal studies suggested that MyoD expression demarcates the end of proliferation while Myogenin can demarcate the differentiation stage within myoblasts. Few in vivo studies have reported the expression of MyoD and Myogenin within SCs, and none have attempted to discern their expression patterns during growth. Meat producing chickens represent a unique model for natural hypertrophy within muscle fibers. However, very little is known about the distribution of SCs within these naturally hypertrophied fibers, and whether this distribution is comparable to that of experimental models of hypertrophy. Nandrolone Decanoate is the anabolic steroid most commonly used to increase skeletal muscle mass and strength, although little is known of its effects on SCs. This thesis expands our understanding of SCs by examining the following hypotheses: 1) there is a greater frequency (number of SC nuclei over all nuclei within the basal laminae) and a higher concentration (less surface area of sarcolemma per SC) of SCs at the ends of developing skeletal muscle fibers, 2) MyoD and Myogenin transcription myogenic factors have distinctive patterns of expression within SC nuclei during maturation, 3) there are greater frequency and concentration of SCs and greater number of myonuclei in naturally hypertrophied muscle fibers compared to their control, and 4) there is a greater frequency and a greater concentration of SCs in Nandrolone treated birds than in controls. Chicken pectoralis muscle was the main experimental model used in this thesis because of its overlapping fibers arranged in series, the presence of neonatal myosin at the fiber ends and relative homogeneity of fiber type. Immunocytochemical techniques that include an antibody against Pax7 to identify SC nuclei were applied, and computer image analyses were then used to quantify the numbers of SC nuclei and myonuclei within muscle fibers. This thesis demonstrates that throughout development there is a greater frequency and concentration of SCs at the ends of developing skeletal muscle fibers, which indicates a major contribution of these cells in the longitudinal growth of muscle fibers. It also reveals that MyoD and Myogenin each has a distinctive pattern of expression within SCs during in vivo postnatal development. The expression of MyoD increases significantly during maturation, while Myogenin expression remains steady. This finding suggests that each of these myogenic factors play a different role in the postnatal activation of SCs. Lastly, it is the first study to show a greater frequency and a higher concentration of SCs within both naturally and Nandrolone induced hypertrophied muscle fibers. This indicates SCs may be critically involved during postnatal skeletal muscle growth and hypertrophy.

Satellite cells (SCs) are mononuclear myogenic stem cells located between the basal lamina and plasmalemma of the skeletal muscle fiber. They are responsible for postnatal skeletal muscle growth, repair and regeneration. Once activated, SCs divide and fuse to the muscle fibers where their nuclei become new myonuclei. Earlier studies suggested that SCs were either randomly or evenly distributed along muscle fibers. However, myonuclei were found to be more concentrated at tapered ends of muscle fibers. Myogenic regulatory factors, mainly MyoD and Myogenin, are expressed by active SCs. Previous in vitro and prenatal studies suggested that MyoD expression demarcates the end of proliferation while Myogenin can demarcate the differentiation stage within myoblasts. Few in vivo studies have reported the expression of MyoD and Myogenin within SCs, and none have attempted to discern their expression patterns during growth. Meat producing chickens represent a unique model for natural hypertrophy within muscle fibers. However, very little is known about the distribution of SCs within these naturally hypertrophied fibers, and whether this distribution is comparable to that of experimental models of hypertrophy. Nandrolone Decanoate is the anabolic steroid most commonly used to increase skeletal muscle mass and strength, although little is known of its effects on SCs. This thesis expands our understanding of SCs by examining the following hypotheses: 1) there is a greater frequency (number of SC nuclei over all nuclei within the basal laminae) and a higher concentration (less surface area of sarcolemma per SC) of SCs at the ends of developing skeletal muscle fibers, 2) MyoD and Myogenin transcription myogenic factors have distinctive patterns of expression within SC nuclei during maturation, 3) there are greater frequency and concentration of SCs and greater number of myonuclei in naturally hypertrophied muscle fibers compared to their control, and 4) there is a greater frequency and a greater concentration of SCs in Nandrolone treated birds than in controls. Chicken pectoralis muscle was the main experimental model used in this thesis because of its overlapping fibers arranged in series, the presence of neonatal myosin at the fiber ends and relative homogeneity of fiber type. Immunocytochemical techniques that include an antibody against Pax7 to identify SC nuclei were applied, and computer image analyses were then used to quantify the numbers of SC nuclei and myonuclei within muscle fibers. This thesis demonstrates that throughout development there is a greater frequency and concentration of SCs at the ends of developing skeletal muscle fibers, which indicates a major contribution of these cells in the longitudinal growth of muscle fibers. It also reveals that MyoD and Myogenin each has a distinctive pattern of expression within SCs during in vivo postnatal development. The expression of MyoD increases significantly during maturation, while Myogenin expression remains steady. This finding suggests that each of these myogenic factors play a different role in the postnatal activation of SCs. Lastly, it is the first study to show a greater frequency and a higher concentration of SCs within both naturally and Nandrolone induced hypertrophied muscle fibers. This indicates SCs may be critically involved during postnatal skeletal muscle growth and hypertrophy.

Yes / Methyl Decanoate (MeDC) is a Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) and is an important chemical compound with global production of 31 million tons per year. However, synthesis of methyl decanoate (MeDC) via esterification of Decanoic Acid (DeC) with methanol by reactive distillation is operationally challenging due to difficulty of keeping the reactants together in the reaction zone as methanol being the lightest component in the mixture can separate itself easily form the other reactant deteriorating significantly the conversion of DeC using either conventional batch or continuous distillation column. This is probably the main reason for not applying the conventional route for MeDC synthesis. Whether Semi-batch Distillation column (SBD) and the recently developed Integrated Conventional Batch Distillation column (i-CBD) offer the possibility of revisiting such chemical reactions for the synthesis of MeDC is the focus of this paper. The minimum energy consumption (Qtot) as the performance measure is used to evaluate the performances of each of these reactive column configurations for different range of methyl decanoate purity and the amount of product. It is observed that the use of i-CBD column provides much better performance than SBD column in terms of the production time and the maximum energy savings when excess methanol is used in the feed. However, the SBD column is found to perform better than the i-CBD column when both reactants in the feed are in equal amount. Also, the optimization results for a given separation task show that the performance of two-reflux intervals strategy is superior to the single-reflux interval in terms of operating batch time, and energy usage rate in the SBD process at equimolar ratio.

Yes / The production of methyl decanoate (MeDC) through esterification of decanoic acid (DeC) with methanol by reactive distillation is operationally challenging and energy-intensive due to the complicated behaviour of the reaction system and the difficulty of retaining the reactants together in the reaction region. Methanol being the lightest component in the mixture can separate itself from the reactant DeC as the distillation proceeds which will cause a massive reduction in the conversion of DeC utilizing either a batch or continuous distillation process. Aiming to overcome this type of the potential problem, novel integrated divided-wall batch reactive distillation configuration (i-DWBD) with recycling from the distillate tank is established in this study and is examined in detail. This study has clearly demonstrated that the integrated divided-wall batch reactive distillation column (i-DWBD) is superior to the traditional conventional batch distillation (CBD) and both the divided-wall (DWBD), and split reflux divided-wall (sr-DWBD) batch reactive distillation configurations in terms of maximum achievable purity of MeDC and higher conversion of DeC into MeDC. In addition, significant batch time and energy savings are possible when the i-DWBD is operated in multi-reflux mode.

<p>Supratherapeutic doses of anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) are administered, not only as performance-enhancing drugs in the world of sports, but also in order to modify behaviour. AAS abusers are at risk of developing serious physical and psychological side effects such as dependence and aggressive behaviour. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the impact of supratherapeutic doses of nandrolone decanoate after subchronic administration on dopamine and serotonin pathways involved in drug dependence and aggression, in the male rat brain.</p><p>Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats received intramuscular injections of nandrolone decanoate (3 or 15 mg/kg) or vehicle once daily for 14 days. Nandrolone decanoate pre-exposure abolished the effect of amphetamine on the 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) tissue level in the hypothalamus and on the DOPAC/dopamine ratio in the hypothalamus and the hippocampus. A significant decrease of the basal extracellular DOPAC and homovanillic acid (HVA) levels could be detected in the nucleus accumbens, which remained low during the first hour following the amphetamine challenge. Nandrolone decanoate significantly reduced the activity of both monoamine oxidase A and B (MAO-A and -B) in the caudate putamen and amygdala. The gene transcript levels of MAO-B, and the dopamine D1 and D4 receptors were altered in limbic regions. No changes in transcriptional levels could be detected among the serotonin receptor genes examined. However, the density of the serotonin transporter protein was elevated in a range of aggression-related brain regions.</p><p>Taken together, subchronic administration of nandrolone decanoate causes dopaminergic and serotonergic dysregulations in distinct brain regions. These areas of the brain are involved in the development of drug dependence and expression of impulsive and aggressive behaviours. These results may contribute to explain some of the behavioural changes often reported in AAS abusers, such as polydrug use and impaired impulse control.</p>

O decanoato de nandrolona é um esteróide anabólico-androgênico (EAA), derivado da testosterona, utilizado de maneira abusiva por indivíduos procurando ganho de força física ou apenas efeitos estéticos. Doses suprafisiológicas desses compostos têm sido associadas a efeitos psiquiátricos adversos, especialmente episódios de impulsividade e aumento no comportamento agressivo. Considerando o desconhecimento dos mecanismos neurais envolvidos nessa desinibição comportamental, nós investigamos a integridade da transcrição de componentes do sistema serotoninérgico (intimamente relacionados à expressão de comportamentos emocionais) em diversas áreas cerebrais de camundongos sob a administração prolongada de nandrolona. Camundongos machos adultos da linhagem C57Bl/6J receberam uma injeção subcutânea diária de 15 mg/kg de decanoato de nandrolona durante 28 dias. Diferentes grupos de animais foram utilizados para a análise de comportamentos emocionais e para a quantificação da expressão de genes relacionados à serotonina (5-HT), utilizando a transcrição reversa do RNA associada à técnica de PCR em tempo-real. Os camundongos tratados apresentaram um aumento na massa corporal, hiperatividade motora e aumento de comportamentos relacionados à ansiedade em ambientes novos. A imobilidade avaliada no teste de nado forçado apresentou-se reduzida. Os animais que receberam a nandrolona se mostraram mais agressivos e impulsivos para iniciar o ataque aos camundongos oponentes, no modelo de residenteintruso. O EAA induziu uma redução significante na quantidade de transcritos da maioria dos receptores pós-sinápticos de 5-HT investigados na amígdala e no córtex pré-frontal. A expressão do gene do receptor 5-HT1B (reconhecidamente envolvido com as alterações comportamentais observadas) estava também reduzida no hipocampo e hipotálamo. No mesencéfalo, região onde se encontram os corpos neuronais dos neurônios serotoninérgicos que inervam o sistema límbico e demais áreas cerebrais, não se observou nenhuma alteração na expressão dos genes relacionados aos receptores serotoninérgicos pré-sinápticos. Os transcritos do transportador e da enzima de síntese de 5-HT, indicadores da integridade serotoninérgica pré-sináptica, também não se apresentaram alterados. Dessa maneira, concluímos que o efeito de altas doses do EAA decanoato de nandrolona em camundongos confirma os dados encontrados em literatura quanto à desinibição comportamental observada em usuários abusivos humanos. Nosso modelo também foi eficiente em mostrar pela primeira vez alterações moleculares induzidas por este EAA. A redução generalizada na expressão dos genes de receptores de 5-HT na amígdala e córtex pré-frontal sugere essas áreas, pós-sinápticas ao sistema serotoninérgico, como críticas nos efeitos induzidos pelo EAA. Nosso trabalho também sugere um papel importante para o receptor 5-HT1B na desinibição comportamental observada / Nandrolone decanoate is a highly abused anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) by individuals looking for gains in physical strength or body appearance. Supraphysiological doses of this testosterone synthetic derivative have been associated with many physical and psychiatric adverse effects, especially reported episodes of impulsiveness and overt aggressive behavior. Since the neural mechanisms underlying AAS-induced behavioral disinhibition are unknown, we investigated the integrity of serotonergic system transcription in several brain areas of mice under prolonged nandrolone administration. Male C57Bl/6J mice received 15 mg/kg of nandrolone decanoate subcutaneously once daily for 28 days, and different sets of animals were used to investigate motor and emotion-related behaviors or 5-HT-related gene expression by qRT-PCR. AAS-injected mice had increased body weight, were hyperactive and displayed more anxious-like behaviors in novel environments. They exhibited reduced immobility in the forced swim test, higher probability of being aggressive and elevated impulsivity to attack the opponent. AAS induced substantial reduction in the transcription of most postsynaptic 5-HT receptors investigated in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex. Interestingly, 5-HT1B mRNA was further reduced in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. At the midbrain level, there was no alteration in 5- HT receptors, transporter or synthetic enzyme gene transcription. In conclusion, high doses of AAS nandrolone in male mice recapitulate the behavioral disinhibition observed in abusers. Furthermore, they are associated with overall decrease in 5-HT receptor gene expression in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, implicating these areas as critical sites for AASinduced effects and indicating a role for the 5-HT1B receptor in this behavioral disinhibition

O decanoato de nandrolona é um esteróide anabólico-androgênico (EAA), derivado da testosterona, utilizado de maneira abusiva por indivíduos procurando ganho de força física ou apenas efeitos estéticos. Doses suprafisiológicas desses compostos têm sido associadas a efeitos psiquiátricos adversos, especialmente episódios de impulsividade e aumento no comportamento agressivo. Considerando o desconhecimento dos mecanismos neurais envolvidos nessa desinibição comportamental, nós investigamos a integridade da transcrição de componentes do sistema serotoninérgico (intimamente relacionados à expressão de comportamentos emocionais) em diversas áreas cerebrais de camundongos sob a administração prolongada de nandrolona. Camundongos machos adultos da linhagem C57Bl/6J receberam uma injeção subcutânea diária de 15 mg/kg de decanoato de nandrolona durante 28 dias. Diferentes grupos de animais foram utilizados para a análise de comportamentos emocionais e para a quantificação da expressão de genes relacionados à serotonina (5-HT), utilizando a transcrição reversa do RNA associada à técnica de PCR em tempo-real. Os camundongos tratados apresentaram um aumento na massa corporal, hiperatividade motora e aumento de comportamentos relacionados à ansiedade em ambientes novos. A imobilidade avaliada no teste de nado forçado apresentou-se reduzida. Os animais que receberam a nandrolona se mostraram mais agressivos e impulsivos para iniciar o ataque aos camundongos oponentes, no modelo de residenteintruso. O EAA induziu uma redução significante na quantidade de transcritos da maioria dos receptores pós-sinápticos de 5-HT investigados na amígdala e no córtex pré-frontal. A expressão do gene do receptor 5-HT1B (reconhecidamente envolvido com as alterações comportamentais observadas) estava também reduzida no hipocampo e hipotálamo. No mesencéfalo, região onde se encontram os corpos neuronais dos neurônios serotoninérgicos que inervam o sistema límbico e demais áreas cerebrais, não se observou nenhuma alteração na expressão dos genes relacionados aos receptores serotoninérgicos pré-sinápticos. Os transcritos do transportador e da enzima de síntese de 5-HT, indicadores da integridade serotoninérgica pré-sináptica, também não se apresentaram alterados. Dessa maneira, concluímos que o efeito de altas doses do EAA decanoato de nandrolona em camundongos confirma os dados encontrados em literatura quanto à desinibição comportamental observada em usuários abusivos humanos. Nosso modelo também foi eficiente em mostrar pela primeira vez alterações moleculares induzidas por este EAA. A redução generalizada na expressão dos genes de receptores de 5-HT na amígdala e córtex pré-frontal sugere essas áreas, pós-sinápticas ao sistema serotoninérgico, como críticas nos efeitos induzidos pelo EAA. Nosso trabalho também sugere um papel importante para o receptor 5-HT1B na desinibição comportamental observada / Nandrolone decanoate is a highly abused anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) by individuals looking for gains in physical strength or body appearance. Supraphysiological doses of this testosterone synthetic derivative have been associated with many physical and psychiatric adverse effects, especially reported episodes of impulsiveness and overt aggressive behavior. Since the neural mechanisms underlying AAS-induced behavioral disinhibition are unknown, we investigated the integrity of serotonergic system transcription in several brain areas of mice under prolonged nandrolone administration. Male C57Bl/6J mice received 15 mg/kg of nandrolone decanoate subcutaneously once daily for 28 days, and different sets of animals were used to investigate motor and emotion-related behaviors or 5-HT-related gene expression by qRT-PCR. AAS-injected mice had increased body weight, were hyperactive and displayed more anxious-like behaviors in novel environments. They exhibited reduced immobility in the forced swim test, higher probability of being aggressive and elevated impulsivity to attack the opponent. AAS induced substantial reduction in the transcription of most postsynaptic 5-HT receptors investigated in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex. Interestingly, 5-HT1B mRNA was further reduced in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. At the midbrain level, there was no alteration in 5- HT receptors, transporter or synthetic enzyme gene transcription. In conclusion, high doses of AAS nandrolone in male mice recapitulate the behavioral disinhibition observed in abusers. Furthermore, they are associated with overall decrease in 5-HT receptor gene expression in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, implicating these areas as critical sites for AASinduced effects and indicating a role for the 5-HT1B receptor in this behavioral disinhibition

Supratherapeutic doses of anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) are administered, not only as performance-enhancing drugs in the world of sports, but also in order to modify behaviour. AAS abusers are at risk of developing serious physical and psychological side effects such as dependence and aggressive behaviour. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the impact of supratherapeutic doses of nandrolone decanoate after subchronic administration on dopamine and serotonin pathways involved in drug dependence and aggression, in the male rat brain. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats received intramuscular injections of nandrolone decanoate (3 or 15 mg/kg) or vehicle once daily for 14 days. Nandrolone decanoate pre-exposure abolished the effect of amphetamine on the 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) tissue level in the hypothalamus and on the DOPAC/dopamine ratio in the hypothalamus and the hippocampus. A significant decrease of the basal extracellular DOPAC and homovanillic acid (HVA) levels could be detected in the nucleus accumbens, which remained low during the first hour following the amphetamine challenge. Nandrolone decanoate significantly reduced the activity of both monoamine oxidase A and B (MAO-A and -B) in the caudate putamen and amygdala. The gene transcript levels of MAO-B, and the dopamine D1 and D4 receptors were altered in limbic regions. No changes in transcriptional levels could be detected among the serotonin receptor genes examined. However, the density of the serotonin transporter protein was elevated in a range of aggression-related brain regions. Taken together, subchronic administration of nandrolone decanoate causes dopaminergic and serotonergic dysregulations in distinct brain regions. These areas of the brain are involved in the development of drug dependence and expression of impulsive and aggressive behaviours. These results may contribute to explain some of the behavioural changes often reported in AAS abusers, such as polydrug use and impaired impulse control.

Submitted by Bianca Ribeiro De Souza null (mione_bi@msn.com) on 2017-09-18T05:28:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação (Final).pdf: 4000625 bytes, checksum: 7fde4629bfd1677d4c0087a9ad24c0ba (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-19T19:10:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_br_me_assis.pdf: 4000625 bytes, checksum: 7fde4629bfd1677d4c0087a9ad24c0ba (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-19T19:10:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_br_me_assis.pdf: 4000625 bytes, checksum: 7fde4629bfd1677d4c0087a9ad24c0ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-04 / Os esteroides anabólicos androgênicos são prescritos para o tratamento de várias doenças, porém apresentam efeitos colaterais mesmo em dosagens terapêuticas. Entre eles, destaca-se o decanoato de nandrolona (DN), o qual age sobre receptores de andrógenos (AR) e estrógenos (ERα e ERβ). Paralelamente, a melatonina (MLT) tem despertado a atenção na área da saúde devido às suas propriedades antioxidantes e profiláticas, com o intuito de reduzir ou suprimir os efeitos colaterais promovidos por fármacos. Então, o presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o ciclo estral, a estrutura histológica e a imunomarcação para AR, ERα e ERβ em ovários de ratas androgenizadas submetidas ao tratamento com MLT. Ratas Wistar (n = 8/grupo) receberam óleo mineral (Controle), DN (7,5 mg/kg; via subcutânea, 15 dias) e o tratamento com MLT (10 mg/kg; via intraperitoneal, 7 dias) isoladamente, previamente ou concomitantemente ao esteroide. O ciclo estral foi monitorado. Os ovários foram coletados e preparados para a avaliação do tecido. Nas ratas androgenizadas, a MLT recuperou o peso e o tecido ovariano, mas não restabeleceu o ciclo estral. O número e área dos corpos lúteos dos animais que receberam MLT, previamente ou concomitantemente ao DN, foram similares ao controle, e apenas o tratamento prévio restabeleceu a quantidade de folículos saudáveis e atrésicos. Nos folículos, a MLT promoveu uma fraca expressão do ERα e ERβ, e nos corpos lúteos inibiu a diminuição na expressão de ERβ induzido pelo DN. O tratamento prévio com MLT atenuou o aumento na expressão do AR promovido pelo DN em folículos atrésicos e corpos lúteos. Em conclusão, a MLT apresentou efeito benéfico nos ovários androgenizados através da recuperação da foliculogênese e da luteogênese. O tratamento prévio com melatonina foi mais eficaz em relação ao tratamento concomitante. / Androgenic anabolic steroids are prescribed as treatment to several diseases, however, they present side effects even in therapeutic dosages. Among them, we highlight the nandrolone decanoate (ND) which acts on androgen receptors (AR) and estrogen receptors (ERα e ERβ). At the same time, melatonin (MLT) has raised attention in health area due to its antioxidant and prophylactic properties intending reduction or surpassing side effects caused by medicine. Thus, the present study aimed assess the estrous cycle, histological structure and AR, ERα and ERβ immunolocalization in androgenized rats ovaries undergone treatment with MLT. Wistar rats (n= 8/group) received mineral oil (Control), ND (7,5 mg/kg; subcutaneously, 15 days) and treatment with MLT (10 mg/kg; intraperitoneally, 7 days) singly, previously or concomitantly to steroid. Estrous cycle was monitored. The ovaries were collected and prepared for tissue assessment. In androgenized rats, MLT recovered weight and ovarian tissue, but it did not reestablish the estrous cycle. The number and area of corpus luteum of animals which received MLT, previously or concomitantly to ND, were similar to control, and only previous treatment reestablished the quantity of healthy and atretic follicles. In follicles, MLT promoted a weak expression of the ERα and ERβ, and in corpora lutea, it inhibited the decrease in the ERβ expression induced by ND. Previous treatment with MLT mitigated the increase in AR expression promoted by ND in atretic follicles and corporea lutea. In conclusion, melatonin presented a beneficial effect on the androgenized ovaries through the recovery of the folliculogenesis and luteogenesis. The previous treatment was the most effective.

En milieu extérieur les objets en cuivre et alliages cuivreux subissent des altérations qui entraînent des modifications physiques et esthétiques de l’œuvre. Pour limiter ces dégradations il convient de réduire les interactions entre la couche de corrosion et son environnement d’exposition en appliquant un traitement de protection. Ce travail de thèse propose d’étudier deux types de traitements de protection : une cire microcristalline (cire Cosmolloïd) et des solutions de décanoate (NaC10 et HC10). Pour cette étude des échantillons « modèles » en cuivre naturellement corrodés ont été utilisés afin de développer une méthodologie analytique visant à étudier le mode d’action et la pénétration des deux types de traitement de protection appliqués sur des couches de corrosion. Grâce à cette méthodologie il a été observé que bien que l’action en surface varie en fonction de la nature du traitement, la pénétration quant à elle semble dépendre essentiellement de son mode d’application.Un travail de remise en corrosion des échantillons traités a également été mené en conditions d’immersion et en corrosion atmosphérique sous cyclage d’humidité relative, à l’aide de traceurs isotopiques (D2O et 18O), afin d’évaluer qualitativement et de comparer l’efficacité des différents traitements de protection. Des dégradations sous UVB et lixiviation des traitements ont également permis d’étudier la tenue des traitements dans des conditions d’exposition extérieure. La détection des traceurs isotopiques dans les couches de corrosion par ToF-SIMS et analyses NRA, bien que n’ayant pas permis de conclure à une meilleur efficacité d’un type de traitement par rapport à l’autre, ont tout de même révélé des différences de tenues. Tandis que la cire microcristalline se dégrade rapidement sous rayonnement UVB par rapport au traitement HC10, le phénomène de lixiviation semble en revanche dégrader plus rapidement un traitement demeuré en surface de la couche de corrosion. / In outdoor environment copper and copper alloys objects undergo degradations that lead to physical and aesthetic modifications of the artwork. To limit these changes interactions between the corrosion layer and its exposure environment should be reduced by applying protective treatment. This project proposes to study two types of protective treatments: microcrystalline wax (Cosmolloïd wax) and decanoate solutions (NaC10 and HC10). For this study, naturally corroded copper "model" samples were used to develop an analytical methodology to study the action and penetration of the two types of protective treatment applied to corrosion layers. This methodology allowed to observe that although the surface action changes according to the nature of the treatment, the penetration seems to depend essentially on its application.Re-corrosion experiments of treated samples was also carried out under immersion conditions and atmospheric corrosion with relative humidity cycling, both using isotopic tracers (D2O and 18O) in order to qualitatively evaluate and compare the effectiveness of the protective treatments. Degradations under UVB and leaching off treatments also lead to a study of their behavior under conditions of external exposure. The detection of isotopic tracers in the corrosion layers by ToF-SIMS and NRA analysis, even though it wasn’t allow to conclude to a better effectiveness of one treatment over the other, nevertheless revealed holding differences. While microcrystalline wax degrades rapidly under UVB radiation compared to HC10 treatment, the leaching phenomenon seems to degrade more rapidly a treatment remaining on the surface of the corrosion layer.