The International UDC Seminar 2009 “Classification at a Crossroads - multiple directions to usability” took place in the Koninklijke Bibliotheek in The Hague on 29-30 October 2009. It was a truly international event as it attracted 135 delegates from 32 countries comprising librarians, LIS lecturers, researchers, information consultants, Web technologists and indexing specialists.

Orientador: Walter Moreira / Banca: Edberto Ferneda / Banca: Rogério Aparecido Sá Ramalho / Resumo: Aborda sobre as relações conceituais que se mostram presentes em todos os sistemas de organização do conhecimento. Ao organizar o conhecimento, delimita-se classes e cada classe desempenha relações com outras classes. Neste contexto, inserem-se a Classificação Decimal de Dewey (CDD) e as ontologias como forma de organizar o conhecimento físico e digital, respectivamente. Partindo-se do pressuposto de que os sistemas de organização do conhecimento se complementam, o objetivo geral desta pesquisa é o de comparar o modelo das relações conceituais presentes nos sistemas de classificação com o modelo de relações conceituais presentes nas ontologias. Para tanto, tomou-se como objeto de análise a classe 590 da CDD sobre Animais, e a BBC Wildlife Ontology e, assim, foram definidos como objetivos específicos: Compreender os tipos de relações conceituais e suas características; Analisar as relações conceituais da classe 590 da CDD; Investigar a consistência das relações conceituais na BBC Wildlife Ontology; Realizar análise comparativa sobre os tipos de relações conceituais identificados na CDD e na BBC Wildlife Ontology; Criar um modelo de ontologia que sintetize os dois sistemas de organização do conhecimento analisados para fins de sistematização. Para a realização desses objetivos adotou-se, em síntese, os seguintes procedimentos metodológicos: 1) coleta de dados a partir da literatura da área; 2) análise das relações conceituais da classe 590 da CDD; 3) análise das relações concei... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: It deals with the conceptual relations that are present in all Knowledge Organization Systems. When knowledge is organized, classes are delimited and each class performs relationships with other classes. The Dewey Decimal Classification (CDD) and the ontologies are inserted in this context as a way of organizing the physical and digital knowledge, respectively. Assuming that the Knowledge Systems Organization complement each other, the general objective of this research is to compare the model of the conceptual relations present in the classification systems with the model of conceptual relations present in the ontologies. Therefore, the CDD class 590 about Animals and the BBC Wildlife Ontology were taken as the object of analysis and thus were defined as specific objectives. To understand the types of conceptual relationships and their characteristics; to analyze the conceptual relationships of class 590 of the CDD; To investigate the consistency of conceptual relationships in the BBC Wildlife Ontology; To conduct a comparative analysis of the types of conceptual relationships identified in the CDD and the BBC Wildlife Ontology; To create an ontology model that synthesizes the two Knowledge Organization Systems analyzed for systematization purposes. In order to achieve these objectives, the following methodological procedures were adopted: 1) data collection from the literature of the area; 2) analysis of the conceptual relationships of class 590 from CDD; 3) analysis of con... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

<p>I detta examensarbete har jag studerat hur elever i år 6 tänker vid decimalform inom taluppfattningens område. Begreppet taluppfattning är ett mycket brett område där det dessutom finns många olika uppfattningar om vad som ingår i begreppet. Därför har jag fokuserat mitt arbete på övergången från heltal till decimaltal. Syftet med undersökningen är att belysa vikten av att lärare har goda matematiska och metodiska kunskaper, hur elever utvecklar sin taluppfattning och förhoppningsvis ge lite tips och idéer som kan användas i undervisningen med elever. Studien omfattar en litteraturgenomgång som behandlar begreppet taluppfattning där jag delat upp kapitlet i tre underrubriker: Vad innebär det att elever har en grundläggande taluppfattning? Hur utvecklar elever en god taluppfattning? Vilka speciella svårigheter finns vid övergången från heltal till decimaltal? Under metoddelen skriver jag om hur pilot- och huvudundersökningen gjordes innan läsaren får ta del av undersökningarnas resultat. Resultatet av undersökningen är att många elever har svårt för övergången från heltal till decimaltal. Det finns tre moment i förståelsen av positionssystemet som tycks orsaka större svårigheter och det är platssiffrans värde, multiplikation med tal mindre än ett och uppskattning av rimligheten av svaret i en beräkning. Uppsatsen innehåller också ett avsnitt om vad vi lärare kan göra för att underlätta elevers förståelse för övergången från heltal till decimaltal.</p>

Nowadays, there are many commercial demands for decimal floating-point (DFP) arithmetic operations such as financial analysis, tax calculation, currency conversion, Internet based applications, and e-commerce. This trend gives rise to further development on DFP arithmetic units which can perform accurate computations with exact decimal operands. Due to the significance of DFP arithmetic, the IEEE 754-2008 standard for floating-point arithmetic includes it in its specifications. The basic decimal arithmetic unit, such as decimal adder, subtracter, multiplier, divider or square-root unit, as a main part of a decimal microprocessor, is attracting more and more researchers' attentions. Recently, the decimal-encoded formats and DFP arithmetic units have been implemented in IBM's system z900, POWER6, and z10 microprocessors.<p> Increasing chip densities and transistor count provide more room for designers to add more essential functions on application domains into upcoming microprocessors. Decimal transcendental functions, such as DFP logarithm, antilogarithm, exponential, reciprocal and trigonometric, etc, as useful arithmetic operations in many areas of science and engineering, has been specified as the recommended arithmetic in the IEEE 754-2008 standard. Thus, virtually all the computing systems that are compliant with the IEEE 754-2008 standard could include a DFP mathematical library providing transcendental function computation. Based on the development of basic decimal arithmetic units, more complex DFP transcendental arithmetic will be the next building blocks in microprocessors.<p> In this dissertation, we researched and developed several new decimal algorithms and architectures for the DFP transcendental function computation. These designs are composed of several different methods: 1) the decimal transcendental function computation based on the table-based first-order polynomial approximation method; 2) DFP logarithmic and antilogarithmic converters based on the decimal digit-recurrence algorithm with selection by rounding; 3) a decimal reciprocal unit using the efficient table look-up based on Newton-Raphson iterations; and 4) a first radix-100 division unit based on the non-restoring algorithm with pre-scaling method. Most decimal algorithms and architectures for the DFP transcendental function computation developed in this dissertation have been the first attempt to analyze and implement the DFP transcendental arithmetic in order to achieve faithful results of DFP operands, specified in IEEE 754-2008.<p> To help researchers evaluate the hardware performance of DFP transcendental arithmetic units, the proposed architectures based on the different methods are modeled, verified and synthesized using FPGAs or with CMOS standard cells libraries in ASIC. Some of implementation results are compared with those of the binary radix-16 logarithmic and exponential converters; recent developed high performance decimal CORDIC based architecture; and Intel's DFP transcendental function computation software library. The comparison results show that the proposed architectures have significant speed-up in contrast to the above designs in terms of the latency. The algorithms and architectures developed in this dissertation provide a useful starting point for future hardware-oriented DFP transcendental function computation researches.

Nowadays, there are many commercial demands for decimal floating-point (DFP) arithmetic operations such as financial analysis, tax calculation, currency conversion, Internet based applications, and e-commerce. This trend gives rise to further development on DFP arithmetic units which can perform accurate computations with exact decimal operands. Due to the significance of DFP arithmetic, the IEEE 754-2008 standard for floating-point arithmetic includes it in its specifications. The basic decimal arithmetic unit, such as decimal adder, subtracter, multiplier, divider or square-root unit, as a main part of a decimal microprocessor, is attracting more and more researchers' attentions. Recently, the decimal-encoded formats and DFP arithmetic units have been implemented in IBM's system z900, POWER6, and z10 microprocessors.<p> Increasing chip densities and transistor count provide more room for designers to add more essential functions on application domains into upcoming microprocessors. Decimal transcendental functions, such as DFP logarithm, antilogarithm, exponential, reciprocal and trigonometric, etc, as useful arithmetic operations in many areas of science and engineering, has been specified as the recommended arithmetic in the IEEE 754-2008 standard. Thus, virtually all the computing systems that are compliant with the IEEE 754-2008 standard could include a DFP mathematical library providing transcendental function computation. Based on the development of basic decimal arithmetic units, more complex DFP transcendental arithmetic will be the next building blocks in microprocessors.<p> In this dissertation, we researched and developed several new decimal algorithms and architectures for the DFP transcendental function computation. These designs are composed of several different methods: 1) the decimal transcendental function computation based on the table-based first-order polynomial approximation method; 2) DFP logarithmic and antilogarithmic converters based on the decimal digit-recurrence algorithm with selection by rounding; 3) a decimal reciprocal unit using the efficient table look-up based on Newton-Raphson iterations; and 4) a first radix-100 division unit based on the non-restoring algorithm with pre-scaling method. Most decimal algorithms and architectures for the DFP transcendental function computation developed in this dissertation have been the first attempt to analyze and implement the DFP transcendental arithmetic in order to achieve faithful results of DFP operands, specified in IEEE 754-2008.<p> To help researchers evaluate the hardware performance of DFP transcendental arithmetic units, the proposed architectures based on the different methods are modeled, verified and synthesized using FPGAs or with CMOS standard cells libraries in ASIC. Some of implementation results are compared with those of the binary radix-16 logarithmic and exponential converters; recent developed high performance decimal CORDIC based architecture; and Intel's DFP transcendental function computation software library. The comparison results show that the proposed architectures have significant speed-up in contrast to the above designs in terms of the latency. The algorithms and architectures developed in this dissertation provide a useful starting point for future hardware-oriented DFP transcendental function computation researches.

The main objective of this research is to adopt SCORM SSS (Simple Sequence Specification) standard to develop an adaptive learning system and to access its effectiveness for adaptive learning. The dependent variable of this research is the learners¡¦ learning outcomes, including three constructs that are the learning performance, satisfaction and learning efficiency. The subjects of this research are two classes with total of 61 students in the fifth grade of elementary school, the experiment group has 31 students, and the control group has 30 students. Experiment learning topic is decimal division in mathematics of primary school. The learning materials are designed by a professional teacher in the field of mathematics domain. The concept map and instructional flow chart were used to guide the content design. The result has found that the adaptive learning not only has the same level of learning performance, but also has a higher learning efficiency comparing with the traditional learning. The contributions of this research are; to provide an exemplification of how to design an adaptive learning course using SCORM SSS compliant LMS; to show the advantage that learners don¡¦t have to strict on a fixed learning path like in a traditional courses; and to demonstrate the potential for those competent students who can use less time to complete normal tasks and hence get chances to explore more in depth knowledge.

I detta examensarbete har jag studerat hur elever i år 6 tänker vid decimalform inom taluppfattningens område. Begreppet taluppfattning är ett mycket brett område där det dessutom finns många olika uppfattningar om vad som ingår i begreppet. Därför har jag fokuserat mitt arbete på övergången från heltal till decimaltal. Syftet med undersökningen är att belysa vikten av att lärare har goda matematiska och metodiska kunskaper, hur elever utvecklar sin taluppfattning och förhoppningsvis ge lite tips och idéer som kan användas i undervisningen med elever. Studien omfattar en litteraturgenomgång som behandlar begreppet taluppfattning där jag delat upp kapitlet i tre underrubriker: Vad innebär det att elever har en grundläggande taluppfattning? Hur utvecklar elever en god taluppfattning? Vilka speciella svårigheter finns vid övergången från heltal till decimaltal? Under metoddelen skriver jag om hur pilot- och huvudundersökningen gjordes innan läsaren får ta del av undersökningarnas resultat. Resultatet av undersökningen är att många elever har svårt för övergången från heltal till decimaltal. Det finns tre moment i förståelsen av positionssystemet som tycks orsaka större svårigheter och det är platssiffrans värde, multiplikation med tal mindre än ett och uppskattning av rimligheten av svaret i en beräkning. Uppsatsen innehåller också ett avsnitt om vad vi lärare kan göra för att underlätta elevers förståelse för övergången från heltal till decimaltal.

There is a growing demand for high-speed arithmetic co-processors for use in applications with computationally intensive tasks. For instance, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) co-processors are used in real-time multimedia services and financial applications use decimal co-processors to perform large amounts of decimal computations. Using redundant number systems to eliminate word-wide carry propagation within interim operations is a well-known technique to increase the speed of arithmetic hardware units. Redundant number systems are mostly useful in applications where many consecutive arithmetic operations are performed prior to the final result, making it advantageous for arithmetic co-processors. This thesis discusses the implementation of two popular arithmetic co-processors based on redundant number systems: namely, the binary FFT co-processor and the decimal arithmetic co-processor. FFT co-processors consist of several consecutive multipliers and adders over complex numbers. FFT architectures are implemented based on fixed-point and floating-point arithmetic. The main advantage of floating-point over fixed-point arithmetic is the wide dynamic range it introduces. Moreover, it avoids numerical issues such as scaling and overflow/underflow concerns at the expense of higher cost. Furthermore, floating-point implementation allows for an FFT co-processor to collaborate with general purpose processors. This offloads computationally intensive tasks from the primary processor. The first part of this thesis, which is devoted to FFT co-processors, proposes a new FFT architecture that uses a new Binary-Signed Digit (BSD) carry-limited adder, a new floating-point BSD multiplier and a new floating-point BSD three-operand adder. Finally, a new unit labeled as Fused-Dot-Product-Add (FDPA) is designed to compute AB+CD+E over floating-point BSD operands. The second part of the thesis discusses decimal arithmetic operations implemented in hardware using redundant number systems. These operations are popularly used in decimal floating-point co-processors. A new signed-digit decimal adder is proposed along with a sequential decimal multiplier that uses redundant number systems to increase the operational frequency of the multiplier. New redundant decimal division and square-root units are also proposed. The architectures proposed in this thesis were all implemented using Hardware-Description-Language (Verilog) and synthesized using Synopsys Design Compiler. The evaluation results prove the speed improvement of the new arithmetic units over previous pertinent works. Consequently, the FFT and decimal co-processors designed in this thesis work with at least 10% higher speed than that of previous works. These architectures are meant to fulfill the demand for the high-speed co-processors required in various applications such as multimedia services and financial computations.

Thesis--University of Michigan. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 451-452).

Orientador: Carlos Cândido de Almeida / Banca: Luciana de Souza Gracioso / Banca: Rodrigo de Sales / Banca: Flávia Maria Bastos / Banca: Daniel Martínez-Ávila / Resumo: As narrativas e, precisamente, as representações sobre os grupos sociais distanciaram-se da realidade da cultura local. O discurso e as escolhas que representavam a memória e suas histórias tiveram como ponto de partida uma visão distante de conteúdos que refletiam, sobretudo, os aspectos identitários desses grupos. Denominamos esse tipo de interpretação de representação "sobre". A presente pesquisa problematizou o modo como estão representados o negro e os assuntos correlatos à comunidade negra nos sistemas de organização do conhecimento ensinados nos cursos de Biblioteconomia no Brasil. Nessa acepção, enquanto ponto de partida, ergueu-se a proposta de hipótese de que representar o conhecimento de comunidades ou grupos tradicionais em favor do acesso ao conhecimento, deve pautar-se por uma leitura plural da realidade, o que nem sempre foi o caso para a situação do negro no Brasil. Nesse sentido, buscou em seu objetivo geral compreender a estrutura de representação das temáticas associadas aos negros nos sistemas de organização do conhecimento utilizados no Brasil. Especificamente, a Classificação Decimal de Dewey com ênfase à análise da religião Umbanda. Os sistemas ensinados nas escolas de Biblioteconomia no Brasil não se sustentam suficientemente para cobrir os aspectos culturais e, singularmente, as religiões de matriz africana na Classificação Decimal de Dewey. Nas representações sociais, a Umbanda é vista como "religião de feitiço", catimbó". A repetição desses termos t... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Narratives and more specifically representations of social groups have distanced themselves from the reality of the local culture. Discourse and choices that represent memory and its stories had as a starting point a distant view of contents that reflect, above all, about the identity aspects of these groups. We call this type of interpretation "about". The present paper investigated the way in which black people and the topics related to the black community are represented in the knowledge organization systems that are taught in the academic programs in Librarianship in Brazil. In this sense, our hypothesis is that representing the knowledge of traditional communities or groups in favor of access to knowledge should be guided by a plural reading of reality, which was not always the case for the situation of the black people in Brazil. In this sense, we sought to understand the structure of representation of the topics related to black people in the knowledge organization systems used in Brazil. More epecifically, we analyzed the Dewey Decimal Classification in relation to the Umbanda religion. The systems that are taught in the Brazilian programs in Librarianship do not cover the cultural aspects religions related to Africa, such as in the Dewey Decimal Classification. In the social representations, Umbanda is seen as a "religion of spell", catimbó ". The repetition of these terms has assigned individuals attributes that are incompatible with their practices. These represent... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor