This research investigates the implementation of battery-less RFID sensing platforms inside lossy media, such as, concrete and grout. Both concrete and novel grouts can be used for nuclear plant decommissioning as part of the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) cleanup projects. Our research examines the following: (1) material characterization, (2) analytical modeling of transmission and propagation losses inside lossy media, (3) maximum operational range of RFID wireless sensors embedded inside concrete and grout, and (4) best positioning of antennas for achieving longer communication range between RFID antennas and wireless sensors. Our research uses the battery-less Wireless Identification and Sensing Platform (WISP) which can be used to monitor temperature, and humidity inside complex materials. By using a commercial Agilent open-ended coaxial probe (HP8570B), the measurements of the dielectric permittivity of concrete and grout are performed. Subsequently, the measured complex permittivity is used to formulate analytical Debye models. Also, the transmission and propagation losses of a uniform plane wave inside grout are calculated. Our results show that wireless sensors will perform better in concrete than grout. In addition, the maximum axial and radial ranges for WISP are experimentally determined. Our work illustrates the feasibility of battery-less wireless sensors that are embedded inside concrete and grout. Also, our work provides information that can be used to optimize the power management, sampling rate, and antenna design of such sensors.

A desativação de um empreendimento mineiro é uma etapa importante do planejamento de uma mina e o seu estudo tem a finalidade de reduzir ou eliminar o passivo ambiental após o fechamento de uma mina. Para isto, são necessárias ações e programas desenvolvidos durante a vida da mina, com a participação de todos os interessados. É também relevante a previsão dos gastos com recuperação e desativação na fase de viabilidade econômica por meio de índices confiáveis. Foram avaliadas três empresas com áreas desativadas: uma desativada totalmente, a outra com frente de lavra desativada e a terceira paralisada. Ficou evidente, neste trabalho, a falta de roteiros e normas na legislação ambiental para a preparação da desativação no início de uma mina. Esta falta induz o empreendedor a só se preocupar com a desativação e a preparação de um plano quando o fechamento da mina é iminente; neste momento, as empresas estão descapitalizadas e os custos com a recuperação serão elevados. Foram propostos, modelo de Plano de Desativação, a ser preparado na etapa de planejamento da mina, e um índice econômico que relaciona os custos de recuperação aos custos de produção da mina na fase de viabilidade econômica. / One of the most important stages in the mine planning is the closure of a mine. This study has the aim to minimize or eliminate the well-known environmental damage left after the closure of the mine site. In order to carry out the process of mine closure, some procedures and programs should be conducted during the mine life cycle, involving people who are interested in environment problems. It is also important, the previous calculation of the environmental cost and all the cost relate to the closure of the mine itself during the mine project by using reliable cost index. In this research, three different mining companies having abandoned areas were evaluated: the first being closed-down completely, the second one having an abandoned mining face and the third one was thoroughly paralyzed. It was demonstrated in this case-study that there aren't any procedures or specifications for mines closure which could be considered in beginning of the mining project. This lack of regulation and procedures related to mining closure makes mining company managers or mining company owners only take into consideration a closure mining plan in the final stage of the production when the mine site needs to be closed as soon as possible. However, at that stage, most mining companies are with lack of working capital and the cost of environment protection is very expensive. As result of this research, a Closure Mine Model was proposed, which should be prepared in the very beginning of the mining planning stage. It was also proposed an economic index that is related to the cost of environment protection to the mining production cost in the stage of the economical feasibility studies.

A desativação de um empreendimento mineiro é uma etapa importante do planejamento de uma mina e o seu estudo tem a finalidade de reduzir ou eliminar o passivo ambiental após o fechamento de uma mina. Para isto, são necessárias ações e programas desenvolvidos durante a vida da mina, com a participação de todos os interessados. É também relevante a previsão dos gastos com recuperação e desativação na fase de viabilidade econômica por meio de índices confiáveis. Foram avaliadas três empresas com áreas desativadas: uma desativada totalmente, a outra com frente de lavra desativada e a terceira paralisada. Ficou evidente, neste trabalho, a falta de roteiros e normas na legislação ambiental para a preparação da desativação no início de uma mina. Esta falta induz o empreendedor a só se preocupar com a desativação e a preparação de um plano quando o fechamento da mina é iminente; neste momento, as empresas estão descapitalizadas e os custos com a recuperação serão elevados. Foram propostos, modelo de Plano de Desativação, a ser preparado na etapa de planejamento da mina, e um índice econômico que relaciona os custos de recuperação aos custos de produção da mina na fase de viabilidade econômica. / One of the most important stages in the mine planning is the closure of a mine. This study has the aim to minimize or eliminate the well-known environmental damage left after the closure of the mine site. In order to carry out the process of mine closure, some procedures and programs should be conducted during the mine life cycle, involving people who are interested in environment problems. It is also important, the previous calculation of the environmental cost and all the cost relate to the closure of the mine itself during the mine project by using reliable cost index. In this research, three different mining companies having abandoned areas were evaluated: the first being closed-down completely, the second one having an abandoned mining face and the third one was thoroughly paralyzed. It was demonstrated in this case-study that there aren't any procedures or specifications for mines closure which could be considered in beginning of the mining project. This lack of regulation and procedures related to mining closure makes mining company managers or mining company owners only take into consideration a closure mining plan in the final stage of the production when the mine site needs to be closed as soon as possible. However, at that stage, most mining companies are with lack of working capital and the cost of environment protection is very expensive. As result of this research, a Closure Mine Model was proposed, which should be prepared in the very beginning of the mining planning stage. It was also proposed an economic index that is related to the cost of environment protection to the mining production cost in the stage of the economical feasibility studies.

Au cours de la vie d'une installation dans laquelle est utilisée de la matière radioactive, des étapes de maintenance, ou bien à terme de démantèlement, sont nécessaires afin d'assurer une protection convenable des travailleurs et de l'environnement. Parmi les procédés existants, des gels de décontamination ont été développés au CEA afin de pallier aux inconvénients des méthodes classiquement utilisées. Ces gels colloïdaux, formulés à l'origine de façon plutôt empirique, ont une structure qu'il convient de connaitre, celle-ci étant la clef de voute du comportement rhéologique du matériau. La façon dont ils s'écoulent est en effet un paramètre important du procédé, et les mesures en laboratoire qui sont effectuées sur ces systèmes permettent d'en améliorer l'implémentation. En outre, de nombreux raffinements du procédé, par le biais notamment d'additifs, en étendent le champ d'utilisation, et l'efficacité / During the exploitation of a nuclear plant, or all other installation which uses radioactive materials, maintenance tasks or decommissioning operations are mandatory in order to preserve people health and environment. Among existing processes, decontaminating gels have been development by CEA in order to overcome the drawbacks of the traditionally used methods. These colloidal gels were originally formulated in an empirical way; however, the knowledge of their structures is important as it rules all the rheological behaviors of the material. The way these gels flow is an important parameter to the process and our laboratory measurements can be transposed to the industrial world. Moreover, other composition refinements have been developed in order to extend their field of use and efficiency