A leprose dos citros, principal doença viral que afeta a citricultura no Brasil, é causada pelo Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C, gênero Cilevirus). CiLV-C possui um genoma bipartido de RNA de fita simples, polaridade positiva, que codifica para seis proteínas. O vírus é transmitido de planta a planta por ácaros Brevipalpus phoenicis e pode infectar mais de 40 espécies vegetais, produzindo lesões localizadas cloróticas ou necróticas ao redor do sítio de inoculação pelo ácaro. Invariavelmente, o patógeno não realiza movimento sistêmico em nenhuma de suas hospedeiras conhecidas. Para se revelar os mecanismos moleculares que determinam a atípica interação vírus/ácaro/planta, as atividades das principais vias de defesa foram avaliadas durante a infestação de A. thaliana com ácaros avirulíferos e virulíferos para o CiLV-C. A expressão de 19 genes marcadores associados às respostas de defesa do hospedeiro foi verificada mediante PCR quantitativo (RT-qPCR) em um experimento de time course (6, 12 e 24 horas após a infestação, e no momento do aparecimento dos sintomas de leprose). As análises demostraram que os genes envolvidos na via do ácido salicílico (SA) foram induzidos durante a interação com o ácaro e com o vírus. O perfil de expressão dos genes desta via durante a infestação com ácaros virulíferos foi similar ao observado com ácaros avirulíferos, porém a resposta da planta a ambos os estímulos foi mais intensa. Ademais, ambas as vias do ácido jasmônico e etileno foram ativadas durante a interação com o ácaro e reprimidas ao longo da infecção com o vírus, sugerindo uma interferência antagonística mediada pela via do SA. O mecanismo de silenciamento de RNA foi regulado de maneira diferencial em resposta à interação com ácaros avirulíferos e virulíferos. Diante da infecção viral, em tempos iniciais da infecção, as plantas responderam com a ativação de uma primeira linha de defesa mediada por AGO1, e depois alternaram para uma segunda linha de defesa mediada por AGO2. Os resultados indicam a ativação de um processo multifatorial em resposta ao CiLV-C e ao ácaro B. phoenicis em A. thaliana. / Citrus leprosis, the main viral disease affecting citrus orchards in Brazil, is caused by Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C, genus Cilevirus). CiLV-C has a bipartite genome of singled stranded positive RNA, which encodes six proteins. CiLV-C is plant-to-plant transmitted by Brevipalpus phoenicis mites and can infect more than 40 plant species, invariably producing localized chlorotic or necrotic lesions around the site of feeding of the viruliferous mites. Viral long distance movement in its hosts is not accomplished. To unveil the mechanisms determining the unique characteristic of the virus/mite/plant interaction, activities of main plant defense pathways were evaluated during aviruliferous and CiLV-C viruliferous mite infestation in Arabidopsis thaliana. The expression of 19 marker genes involved in defense responses along a time course experiment (6, 12 and 24 hours after infestation, and after appearance of leprosis symptoms) was assessed by RT-qPCR. Analyses showed that genes involved in the salicylic acid (SA) pathway were up-regulated during plant interaction with mite and virus. The SA pathway expression profile observed at the infestation by viruliferous mites resembled those observed for the aviruliferous mites, but plant response to both stimuli was stronger. Both the jasmonic acid and ethylene pathways were activated during mite/plant interaction and were repressed at the course of infection with CiLV-C, suggesting an antagonistic effect mediated by the activated SA pathway. Gene silencing mechanism was differentially regulated in response to both aviruliferous and viruliferous mites. Upon viral infection, plants responded with the activation of an AGO1-mediated first defense line, in early times of infection; and then switched to an AGO2-mediated defense. Results indicate the activation of a multifactorial process in response to CiLV-C and B. phoenicis mites in A. thaliana.

A leprose dos citros, principal doença viral que afeta a citricultura no Brasil, é causada pelo Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C, gênero Cilevirus). CiLV-C possui um genoma bipartido de RNA de fita simples, polaridade positiva, que codifica para seis proteínas. O vírus é transmitido de planta a planta por ácaros Brevipalpus phoenicis e pode infectar mais de 40 espécies vegetais, produzindo lesões localizadas cloróticas ou necróticas ao redor do sítio de inoculação pelo ácaro. Invariavelmente, o patógeno não realiza movimento sistêmico em nenhuma de suas hospedeiras conhecidas. Para se revelar os mecanismos moleculares que determinam a atípica interação vírus/ácaro/planta, as atividades das principais vias de defesa foram avaliadas durante a infestação de A. thaliana com ácaros avirulíferos e virulíferos para o CiLV-C. A expressão de 19 genes marcadores associados às respostas de defesa do hospedeiro foi verificada mediante PCR quantitativo (RT-qPCR) em um experimento de time course (6, 12 e 24 horas após a infestação, e no momento do aparecimento dos sintomas de leprose). As análises demostraram que os genes envolvidos na via do ácido salicílico (SA) foram induzidos durante a interação com o ácaro e com o vírus. O perfil de expressão dos genes desta via durante a infestação com ácaros virulíferos foi similar ao observado com ácaros avirulíferos, porém a resposta da planta a ambos os estímulos foi mais intensa. Ademais, ambas as vias do ácido jasmônico e etileno foram ativadas durante a interação com o ácaro e reprimidas ao longo da infecção com o vírus, sugerindo uma interferência antagonística mediada pela via do SA. O mecanismo de silenciamento de RNA foi regulado de maneira diferencial em resposta à interação com ácaros avirulíferos e virulíferos. Diante da infecção viral, em tempos iniciais da infecção, as plantas responderam com a ativação de uma primeira linha de defesa mediada por AGO1, e depois alternaram para uma segunda linha de defesa mediada por AGO2. Os resultados indicam a ativação de um processo multifatorial em resposta ao CiLV-C e ao ácaro B. phoenicis em A. thaliana. / Citrus leprosis, the main viral disease affecting citrus orchards in Brazil, is caused by Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C, genus Cilevirus). CiLV-C has a bipartite genome of singled stranded positive RNA, which encodes six proteins. CiLV-C is plant-to-plant transmitted by Brevipalpus phoenicis mites and can infect more than 40 plant species, invariably producing localized chlorotic or necrotic lesions around the site of feeding of the viruliferous mites. Viral long distance movement in its hosts is not accomplished. To unveil the mechanisms determining the unique characteristic of the virus/mite/plant interaction, activities of main plant defense pathways were evaluated during aviruliferous and CiLV-C viruliferous mite infestation in Arabidopsis thaliana. The expression of 19 marker genes involved in defense responses along a time course experiment (6, 12 and 24 hours after infestation, and after appearance of leprosis symptoms) was assessed by RT-qPCR. Analyses showed that genes involved in the salicylic acid (SA) pathway were up-regulated during plant interaction with mite and virus. The SA pathway expression profile observed at the infestation by viruliferous mites resembled those observed for the aviruliferous mites, but plant response to both stimuli was stronger. Both the jasmonic acid and ethylene pathways were activated during mite/plant interaction and were repressed at the course of infection with CiLV-C, suggesting an antagonistic effect mediated by the activated SA pathway. Gene silencing mechanism was differentially regulated in response to both aviruliferous and viruliferous mites. Upon viral infection, plants responded with the activation of an AGO1-mediated first defense line, in early times of infection; and then switched to an AGO2-mediated defense. Results indicate the activation of a multifactorial process in response to CiLV-C and B. phoenicis mites in A. thaliana.

Les phytoplasmes sont des bactéries phytopathogènes, sans paroi, qui appartenant à la classe des Mollicutes. Ils ne peuvent pas etre cultivés in vitro et sont limités à des tubes du phloème. Ils provoquent des centaines de maladies chez de nombreuses espèces végétales dans le monde entier, ce qui conduit à des pertes de récolte importantes. Les phytoplasmes sont transmis naturellement par des insectes suceurs de sève dans laquelle ils se multiplient. Ils induisent des symptômes graves, notamment le jaunissement, la croissance limitée, déclin, ainsi que des anomalies des fleurs et des fruits. L'infection par le phytoplasme du stolbur, en particulier, affect fortement la morphologie florale. Dans la tomate, deux isolats différents du phytoplasme du stolbur, nommé C et PO, induisent des symptômes différents. La tomate infectée par le phytoplasme du stolbur PO montrent des malformations florale telles que les sépales hypertrophiés, les pétales et les étamines avortées ce qui conduit à la stérilité. En revanche, la tomate infecté par le phytoplasme du stolbur C ont de petites feuilles de tomate en retrait, mais les fleurs presque normale, et produisent des fruits. Nous avons précédemment montré que SlDEF, un gène impliqué dans la formation des pétales est réprimé dans des plantes de tomate infectée par le stolbur phytoplasme PO. Toutefois, l'expression de son facteur de transcription, codée par le gène FA, est resté stable ou voir légèrement augmentée. Nous avons donc émis l'hypothèse que la répression de SlDEF pourrait être dû à une méthylation de l'ADN. Pour tester cette hypothèse, nous avons étudié l'expression des gènes de méthylases et de déméthylases. Ils étaient en général réprimés dans les tomates infectées par le phytoplasme du stolbur PO, ce qui était en accord avec l'hypothèse De plus, nous avons étudié les voies de défense activée chez les tomates infectées par le phytoplasme du stolbur. Pour se défendre, les plantes utilisées des molécules de signalisation comme l'acide salicylique (SA), l'acide jasmonique (JA) et d'éthylène (ET). Nous avons étudié l'expression de 21 gènes de défense dépendants SA / JA / ET, des gènes de biosynthèse et les facteurs de transcription chez les tomates infectées par les phytoplasmes du stolbur C et PO. Nous avons également étudié l'effet de la pré-activation des voies de SA et JA sur la production des symptômes. Nos résultats montrent clairement que les voies de défense ont été activées différemment dans les tomates infectés par le phytoplasme du stolbur C et PO. En effet, les voies de défense dépendantes de SA, ET et JA ont été activées chez les tomates infectées par le phytoplasme du stolbur C alors que seulement les voies dépendantes SA et ET ont été activés dans les tomates infectées par stolbur PO . En outre, la pré-activation de la voie de défense dépendante SA par l'application de BTH modifie légèrement l'évolution des symptômes de maladies causées par le phytoplasme du stolbur PO / Phytoplasma are cell wall-less, phytopathogenic bacteria belonging to the class Mollicutes. They have not been cultured in vitro and are restricted to the phloem sieve tubes. They cause hundreds of diseases in many plant species worldwide, resulting in important crop losses. Phytoplasmas are naturally transmitted by sap-sucking insects in which they multiply. They induce severe symptoms including yellowing, restricted growth, decline, as well as major flowers and fruits abnormalities.The stolbur phytoplasma infection, in particular, has been reported to strongly affect floral morphology. In tomato, two different isolates of stolbur phytoplasma, named C and PO, induce different symptoms. The stolbur PO phytoplasma-infected plants show abnormal flower development such as hypertrophied sepals, and aborted petals and stamens leading to sterility. In contrast, stolbur C phytoplasma-infected tomato have small indented leaves but nearly normal flowers, and produce fruits. We have previously shown that SlDEF, one gene involved in petal formation, was repressed in stolbur PO phytoplasma-infected tomato. However, the expression of its transcription factor, encoded by the gene FA, was unchanged or slightly up-regulated. So we hypothesized that SlDEF repression could be due to DNA methylation. To test this hypothesis, we studied the expression of DNA methylases and demethylases genes. They were in general down-regulated in stolbur PO infected tomato, which was in agreement with the hypothesis. However, the regulation of SlDEF expression could not be firmly correlated to the DNA methylation status of its promoter region. In addition, we studied the plant defense pathways activated in stolbur phytoplasma-infected tomato. To defend themselves, plants used signalling molecules like Salicylic acid (SA), Jasmonic acid (JA) and Ethylene (ET). We studied the expression of 21 SA/JA/ET regulated defense and biosynthesis genes including transcription factors in stolbur C and PO phytoplasma-infected tomato as compared to healthy ones. We also studied the effect of pre-activation of SA and JA mediated defense pathways on symptom production. Our results clearly showed that defense pathways were activated differently in stolbur C and PO phytoplasma-infected tomato. Indeed, SA ET and JA dependant pathways were activated in stolbur C-infected tomato while only SA and ET dependant pathways were activated in stolbur PO-infected plants. In addition, pre-activation of SA-dependent defense pathway by application of BTH slightly modify the evolution of disease symptoms caused by stolbur PO phytoplasma whereas no effect was observed after treatment with an analogue of JA.