CAPES, CNPq, Fundação Araucária / O presente trabalho mostra um estudo sobre a aplicação de um sensor ótico baseado em rede de Bragg em fibra (FBG) para monitorar o processo de secagem de polímeros. Testes realizados com verniz acrílico demonstraram que redes de Bragg podem ser utilizadas como sensores de deformação na análise de secagem de um filme polimérico sem a necessidade de encapsulação especial do sensor. O processo de secagem de um filme de verniz foi monitorado ao longo de 24 horas por duas redes de Bragg, uma atuando como sensor de deformação mecânica, e outra como sensor de temperatura. A perda de massa do filme também foi acompanhada ao longo do tempo. Os resultados obtidos permitem avaliar as deformações mecânicas e identificar três estágios do processo de secagem: evaporação da água e concentração dos sólidos, contato irreversível das partículas e processo de coalescência e, por fim, formação de um filme contínuo. / This work shows the application of an optical sensor based on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) to monitor the drying process of polymers. Tests carried out with acrylic varnish showed that a fiber Bragg grating can be used as a sensor to analyze the deformation of a polymeric film during the drying process without any special encapsulation of the sensor. The drying process of a varnish film was monitored over 24 hours by two Bragg gratings, one of them acting as a mechanical deformation sensor and the other one as temperature sensor. Measurements of mass loss were also performed. The results allow evaluating mechanical deformations and identifying three stages of drying: evaporation of water and concentration of solids, irreversible particle contact and coalescence process, and finally, formation of a continuous film.

O principal objetivo deste trabalho é realizar a análise estrutural de edifícios de andares múltiplos que apresentam núcleos resistentes, considerando a deformação pelo esforço cortante nos mesmos, bem como nos pilares. Para atingir esse objetivo, será preciso que o comportamento à flexão dos elementos verticais de contraventamento passe a ser regido pela teoria de barras de Timoshenko e não mais pela de Euler-Bernoulli. Foram então desenvolvidos algoritmos que, utilizando o Método dos Elementos Finitos (MEF), permitem calcular os fatores de forma de quaisquer seções transversais abertas de paredes delgadas pertencentes a núcleos estruturais, bem como a distribuição da tensão de cisalhamento na seção transversa em função do esforço cortante atuante. As alterações acima descritas foram feitas em um programa de análise de edifícios denominado CEASO 01, de autoria de MATIAS JR (1997). Embora esse programa realize análise não-linear geométrica, a consideração da deformação por cortante só foi implementada na análise linear. Apresentam-se, ao final, exemplos numéricos que permitem avaliar a influência da deformação pelo esforço cortante sobre os deslocamentos e esforços de núcleos resistentes e pilares. / The main aim of this work is to perform structural analysis of multistory buildings with resistant cores, taking into account shear deformation in those elements, as well as in columns. To achieve this objective, the flexural behaviour of vertical elements must be governed by Timoshenko beam theory, rather than the Euler-Bernoulli theory. Procedures using the finite element method (FEM) were developped, which enable to evaluate shear correction factors of generic thin-walled open sections and shear stress distribution as a function of the shear resultant. Changes described above were made in a structural analysis program named CEASO 01, whose author is MATIAS JR (1997). Even though this program is able to perform nonlinear analysis, only in linear analysis the effect of shear deformation is taken into account. Numerical examples are provided, which enable to evaluate the influence of taking into account shear deformation on displacements and stress resultants of resistant cores and columns.

Este trabalho apresenta a teoria de homotopia simples, desenvolvida por J. H. C. Whitehead, com o objetivo de obter um método para classificar espaços com o mesmo tipo de homotopia. Com esta motivação, Whitehead introduz o conceito de equivalência de homotopia simples entre complexos simpliciais, que posteriormente é generalizado para complexos CW, espaços criados pelo próprio Whitehead. Um resultado imediato desta teoria é que quando dois espaços têm o mesmo tipo de homotopia simples, eles têm o mesmo tipo de homotopia. A recíproca desta afirmação é então conjecturada. Mostraremos que trata-se de uma conjectura falsa, contudo a investigação de sua confirmação produz um material que toma rumo próprio. Nosso enfoque são os aspectos algébricos envolvidos nesta investigação / This work presents the simple-homotopy theory, developed by J. H. C. Whitehead, with the goal to get an method to classify spaces with the same homotopy type. So, with this motivation, Whitehead introduced the concept of simple-homotopy equivalence between simplicial complexes, that later was generalized for CW complexes, spaces created by himself. An immediate result of this theory is that, if two spaces have the same simple-homotopy type, they have the same homotopy type. Then, the reciprocal statement is conjectured. We will show that the conjecture is not true, but the research about its truthfulness produces a material that takes its own way. Our approach are the algebraic aspects involved in this research

Orientador: Auteliano Antunes dos Santos Júnior / Tese (doutorado) ¿ Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T05:30:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_CleudianeSoares_D.pdf: 7841295 bytes, checksum: d8155a33f6d6f937b47fa5f75c225efe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Sistemas automatizados vêm sendo desenvolvidos e empregados a fim de melhorar a qualidade de medição, minimizar custo e o tempo empregados nas inspeções industriais. Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de um sistema automatizado para medições de tensões utilizando ultrassom. Nele estão detalhadas as características técnicas, os componentes necessários, as vantagens e as dificuldades do sistema. Tal sistema permite a avaliação do componente com tempo reduzido, baixo custo e confiabilidade. A metodologia proposta utiliza o efeito acustoelástico com ondas longitudinais criticamente refratadas (Lcr) para determinar a tensão no material. Foi projetado e construído o protótipo de um robô capaz de permitir rapidez e objetividade ao processo de medição, além de se adaptar a diâmetro de dutos, em uma ampla faixa. Os resultados obtidos para o tempo de percurso das ondas Lcr foram comparados com outros métodos de obtenção da tensão: analítico teórico, método de elementos finitos, extensometria e calculado usando o tempo de percurso das ondas Lcr. Os resultados finais da tese mostram que o dispositivo automatizado pode ser empregado na avaliação de tensões em dutos petrolíferos, atingindo o objetivo principal do trabalho, representando um avanço e contribuindo para o aprimoramento das técnicas de inspeção e monitoramento da saúde estrutural de componentes / Abstract: Automated systems have been developed and used to improve the measurement quality, minimizing cost and time employed in industrial inspection. This thesis describes the development of an automated system for measuring stress using ultrasound. The technical features and the necessary components of the system are detailed, as well its advantages and difficulties of implementation. Such a system allows the evaluation of the component with short time, low cost and reliability. The proposed methodology uses the acoustoelastic effect with critically refracted longitudinal waves (Lcr) to determine the stress in the material. It was designed and built a prototype robot that can provide speed and objectivity to the measurement process and adaptation to a wide range of duct diameters. The results for the travel time of the Lcr waves were compared with other methods of obtaining the stress: analytical theory, finite element method, strain gages and calculated using the travel time of the Lcr waves. The final results of the thesis show that the device can be used in automated assessment of stress in oil pipelines, reaching the main objective, representing a breakthrough and contributing to the improvement of technical inspection and health monitoring of structural components / Doutorado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Doutora em Engenharia Mecânica

The problem with which this investigation is concerned is that of demonstrating the applicability of a particular theory and technique to two materials of different band structure, InSb and HgSe, and in doing so, determining the deformation potentials of these materials. The theory used in this investigation predicts an inversion-asymmetry splitting and an anisotropy of the Fermi surface under uniaxial stress. No previous studies have ever verified the existence of an anisotropy of the Fermi surface of semiconductors under stress. In this work evidence will be given which demonstrates this anisotropy. Although the inversion-asymmetry splitting parameter has been determined for some materials, no value has ever been reported for InSb. The methods presented in this paper allow a value of the splitting parameter to be determined for InSb.

Systems of quasilinear partial differential equations of the first order, known as hydrodynamic type systems, are one of the most important classes of nonlinear partial differential equations in the modern theory of integrable systems. They naturally arise in continuum mechanics and in a wide range of applications, both in pure and applied mathematics. Deep connections between the mathematical theory of hydrodynamic type systems with differential geometry, firstly revealed by Riemann in the nineteenth century, have been thoroughly investigated in the eighties by Dubrovin and Novikov. They introduced and studied a class of Poisson structures generated by a flat pseudo-Riemannian metric, called first-order Poisson brackets of hydrodynamic type. Subsequently, these structures have been generalised in a whole variety of different ways: degenerate, non-homogeneous, higher order, multi-dimensional, and non-local. The first part of this thesis is devoted to the classification of such structures in two dimensions, both non-degenerate and degenerate. Complete lists of such structures are provided for a small number of components, as well as partial results in the multi-component non-degenerate case. In the second part of the thesis we deal with deformations of Poisson structures of hydrodynamic type. The deformation theory of Poisson structures is of great interest in the theory of integrable systems, and also plays a key role in the theory of Frobenius manifolds. In particular, we investigate deformations of two classes of structures of hydrodynamic type: degenerate one-dimensional Poisson brackets and non-semisimple bi-Hamiltonian structures associated with Balinskii-Novikov algebras. Complete classification of second-order deformations are presented for two-component structures.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Civil Engineering / Robert J. Peterman / Results of an extensive experimental program conducted to determine the material, bond characteristics, and time-dependent deformations of a proposed self-consolidating concrete (SCC) mixture for bridge girders are presented. This research program was completed in a three-step process. The first phase consisted of 15 full-scale, pretensioned SCC flexural specimens that were tested to evaluate their transfer and development lengths. These specimens included both single-strand and multiple-strand beams, as well as specimens designed to evaluate the so-called “top-strand" effect. The top-strand specimens, with more than 20 inches of concrete below the strand, were tested to evaluate the current American Association of State Highway Officials requirement of a 30% increase development length when the concrete below the strand is more than 12 inches. Strand end-slip measurements, used to estimate transfer lengths, indicated the proposed SCC mixture meets ACI and AASHTO requirements. In addition, flexural tests confirmed the proposed SCC mixture also meets current code requirements for development length. The second step was to evaluate the elastic shortening, creep, and shrinkage properties of the proposed SCC mixture for bridge girders. Four bridge girders with an inverted-T profile were used to measure these time-dependent deformations. In two of the specimens, the strands were tensioned to 75% of ultimate tensile strength (representing a girder that would be put into service). Strands of the other two specimens were left untensioned to evaluate shrinkage effect of the concrete alone. The shrinkage was then subtracted from the fully tensioned specimens and elastic shortening and creep were isolated after relaxation losses were calculated from code expressions. In addition, the fully tensioned specimens were used to determine transfer lengths of the prestressing strand. The final step in the program was to record strain measurements in actual bridge girders used in the field. Elastic shortening, creep, and shrinkage prestress loss results of the proposed SCC mixture were compared with current design equations. Instrumentation of seven pretensioned girders in a five-span bridge located in Cowley County, Kansas, was used to measure time-dependent deformations. Three of these girders utilized SCC, while the other four were cast with conventional concrete.

D.Ing. (Civil Engineering) / This thesis describes an Investigation Into the nature of the fracture and deformation mechanism which occur at the edges of tabular gold mining excavation. Published Information on these phenomena Is reviewed, and the necessary underground Investigation required to consolidate the previous work Is described. It Is concluded that the rock near the reef plane at the edges of these mining excavations Is subject to stresses sufficiently high to cause It to fracture through the formation of regular patterns of shear planes. These fractures can form In the solid rock some distance ahead of the mining excavation. Nearer the mining face, extension fractures form which result In slabbing or splitting of the exposed rock. An Idealization of the observed rock behavior Is proposed, which Is then incorporated with conventional boundary element techniques Into a numerical model (SEAMS) which Is capable of analyzing two Dimensional tabular mining excavations where the rock near the reef plane at the edge of the mining excavation fractures, deforms and sheds load. A Sensitivity analysis of the numerical model Is described which Identifies those mining parameters capable of being used to advantage In controlling the size of the fracture zone.

La modélisation des problèmes multi-domaine est abordée dans un cadre purement Eulérien. Un maillage unique, ne représentant plus la matière, est utilisé. Les différentes frontières et leur évolution sont décrites via des outils numériques tels que la méthode Level Set. Les caractéristiques locales de chaque sous domaines sont déterminées par des lois de mélange.Ce travail est une des premières tentations appliquant une approche Eulérienne pour modéliser de problèmes de grandes déformations. Dans un premier temps, la capacité de l'approche est testée afin de déterminer les développements nécessaires.Le frottement entre les différents objets est géré par un lubrifiant ajouté dans une couche limite. Combinée avec une technique d'identification, une nouvelle loi de mélange quadratique est introduite pour décrire la viscosité du lubrifiant. Des comparaisons ont été effectuées avec Forge® et les résultats sont trouvés satisfaisants. Pour traiter le contact entre les différents objets, un solveur directionnel a été développé. Malgré que les résultats soient intéressants, il reste le sujet de nouvelles améliorations. La scalabilité de l'approche dans un environnement massivement parallèle est testée aussi. Plusieurs recommandations ont été proposées pour s'assurer d'une performance optimale. La technique du maillage unique permet d'obtenir une très bonne scalabilité. L'efficacité du parallélisme ne dépend que de la partition d'un seul maillage (contrairement aux méthodes Lagrangiennes). La méthode proposée présente des capacités indéniables mais reste loin d'être complète. Des pistes d'amélioration sont proposées en conséquence. / Modeling of multi-domain problems is addressed in a Purely Eulerian framework. A single mesh is used all over the domain. The evolution of the different interacting bodies is described using numerical tools such as the Level Set method. The characteristics of the subdomains, considered as heterogeneities in the mesh, are determined using mixture laws.This work is one of the first attempts applying fully Eulerian Approach to Model large deformation problems. Therefore, the capacity of this approach is tested to determine necessary developments. The friction between the different objects is managed by adding a boundary layer implying the presence of a lubricant. Combined with an identification technique, a new quadratic mixture Law is introduced to determine the lubricant viscosity. Comparisons have been performed with Forge® and results were found satisfactory. To treat the contact problem between the different objects, a directional solver was developed. Despite the interesting results, it remains the topic of further improvements. The scalability of the approach in a massively parallel environment is tested as well. Several recommendations were proposed to ensure an optimal performance. The technique of a single mesh guarantees a very good scalability since the efficiency of parallelism depends of the partition of a single mesh (unlike the Lagrangian Methods). The proposed method presents undeniable capacities but remains far from being complete. Ideas for future Improvements are proposed accordingly.

Understanding the relationships between microstructures and properties of materials is a key to developing new materials with more suitable qualities or employing the appropriate materials in special uses. In the present world of material research, the main focus is on microstructural control to cost-effectively enhance properties and meet performance specifications. This present work is directed towards improving the fundamental understanding of the microscale deformation mechanisms and mechanical behavior of metallic alloys, particularly focusing on face centered cubic (FCC) structured metals through a unique computational methodology called three-dimensional dislocation dynamics (3D-DD). In these simulations, the equations of motion for dislocations are mathematically solved to determine the evolution and interaction of dislocations. Microstructure details and stress-strain curves are a direct observation in the simulation and can be used to validate experimental results. The effect of initial dislocation microstructure on the yield strength has been studied. It has been shown that dislocation density based crystal plasticity formulations only work when dislocation densities/numbers are sufficiently large so that a statistically accurate description of the microstructure can be obtainable. The evolution of the flow stress for grain sizes ranging from 0.5 to 10 µm under uniaxial tension was simulated using an improvised model by integrating dislocation pile-up mechanism at grain boundaries has been performed. This study showed that for a same initial dislocation density, the Hall–Petch relationship holds well at small grain sizes (0.5–2 µm), beyond which the yield strength remains constant as the grain size increases.