Este trabalho apresenta a teoria de homotopia simples, desenvolvida por J. H. C. Whitehead, com o objetivo de obter um método para classificar espaços com o mesmo tipo de homotopia. Com esta motivação, Whitehead introduz o conceito de equivalência de homotopia simples entre complexos simpliciais, que posteriormente é generalizado para complexos CW, espaços criados pelo próprio Whitehead. Um resultado imediato desta teoria é que quando dois espaços têm o mesmo tipo de homotopia simples, eles têm o mesmo tipo de homotopia. A recíproca desta afirmação é então conjecturada. Mostraremos que trata-se de uma conjectura falsa, contudo a investigação de sua confirmação produz um material que toma rumo próprio. Nosso enfoque são os aspectos algébricos envolvidos nesta investigação / This work presents the simple-homotopy theory, developed by J. H. C. Whitehead, with the goal to get an method to classify spaces with the same homotopy type. So, with this motivation, Whitehead introduced the concept of simple-homotopy equivalence between simplicial complexes, that later was generalized for CW complexes, spaces created by himself. An immediate result of this theory is that, if two spaces have the same simple-homotopy type, they have the same homotopy type. Then, the reciprocal statement is conjectured. We will show that the conjecture is not true, but the research about its truthfulness produces a material that takes its own way. Our approach are the algebraic aspects involved in this research

Este trabalho apresenta a teoria de homotopia simples, desenvolvida por J. H. C. Whitehead, com o objetivo de obter um método para classificar espaços com o mesmo tipo de homotopia. Com esta motivação, Whitehead introduz o conceito de equivalência de homotopia simples entre complexos simpliciais, que posteriormente é generalizado para complexos CW, espaços criados pelo próprio Whitehead. Um resultado imediato desta teoria é que quando dois espaços têm o mesmo tipo de homotopia simples, eles têm o mesmo tipo de homotopia. A recíproca desta afirmação é então conjecturada. Mostraremos que trata-se de uma conjectura falsa, contudo a investigação de sua confirmação produz um material que toma rumo próprio. Nosso enfoque são os aspectos algébricos envolvidos nesta investigação / This work presents the simple-homotopy theory, developed by J. H. C. Whitehead, with the goal to get an method to classify spaces with the same homotopy type. So, with this motivation, Whitehead introduced the concept of simple-homotopy equivalence between simplicial complexes, that later was generalized for CW complexes, spaces created by himself. An immediate result of this theory is that, if two spaces have the same simple-homotopy type, they have the same homotopy type. Then, the reciprocal statement is conjectured. We will show that the conjecture is not true, but the research about its truthfulness produces a material that takes its own way. Our approach are the algebraic aspects involved in this research

Fizemos uma apresentação detalhada, com um enfoque geométrico, da Teoria de Homotopia Simples e como aplicação, uma análise detalhada da classificação por homotopia e homotopia simples dos Espaços Lenticulares / We made a detailed presentation, with a geometric approach, of Simple Homotopy Theory and as a major application we present a detailed analysis of homotopy and simple homotopy classification of Lens Spaces

Fizemos uma apresentação detalhada, com um enfoque geométrico, da Teoria de Homotopia Simples e como aplicação, uma análise detalhada da classificação por homotopia e homotopia simples dos Espaços Lenticulares / We made a detailed presentation, with a geometric approach, of Simple Homotopy Theory and as a major application we present a detailed analysis of homotopy and simple homotopy classification of Lens Spaces

Dans cette thèse, on étudie les propriétés des sous-variétés lagrangiennes dans une variété symplectique en utilisant la relation de cobordisme lagrangien. Plus précisément, on s'intéresse à déterminer les conditions pour lesquelles les cobordismes lagrangiens élémentaires sont en fait triviaux. En utilisant des techniques de l'homologie de Floer et le théorème du s-cobordisme on démontre que, sous certaines hypothèses topologiques, un cobordisme lagrangien exact est une pseudo-isotopie lagrangienne. Ce resultat est une forme faible d'une conjecture due à Biran et Cornea qui stipule qu'un cobordisme lagrangien exact est hamiltonien isotope à une suspension lagrangianenne. / In this thesis we study the properties of Lagrangian submanifolds of a symplectic manifold by using the relation of Lagrangian cobordism. More precisely, we are interested in determining when an elementary Lagrangian cobordism is trivial. Using techniques coming from Floer homology and the s-cobordism theorem, we show that under some topological assumptions, an exact Lagrangian cobordism is a Lagrangian pseudo-isotopy. This is a weaker version of a conjecture proposed by Biran and Cornea, which states that any exact Lagrangian cobordism is Hamiltonian isotopic to a Lagrangian suspension.

À toute variété de contact, on peut associer canoniquement une variété symplectique appelée sa symplectisation de sorte que la géométrie de contact peut se reformuler en termes de géométrie symplectique équivariante. Au sujet de cette construction fondamentale, une question basique restait ouverte : si deux variété de contact ont des symplectisations isomorphes sont-elles isomorphes ? On construit dans cette thèse des contre-exemples à cette question. Il existe en effet, en toute dimension impaire supérieure ou égale à 5, des variétés de contact non difféomorphes admettant pourtant des symplectisations isomorphes. On construit également, sur une même variété deux structures de contact non conjuguées par un difféomorphisme mais admettant des symplectisations isomorphes. Les démonstrations sont basées sur un phénomène bien connu en topologie différentielle (l'existence de h-cobordismes non triviaux, détectée par la torsion de Whitehead) ainsi que sur des résultats de flexibilité en géométrie symplectique dus à Cieliebak et Eliashberg. Un autre résultat de cette th?e affirme que ces variété de contact, bien que non isomorphes, le deviennent toutefois après un nombre suffisant de sommes connexes avec un produit de sphères. / To any contact manifold one can associate a symplectic manifold called its symplectisation in such a way that contact geometry can be reformulated in terms of equivariant symplectic geometry. Concerning this fundamental construction, a basic question remained open : if two contact manifolds have isomorphic symplectizations, are they isomorphic ? In this thesis, we construct counter-examples to this question. Indeed, in any odd dimension greater than or equal to 5, there exist non-diffeomorphic contact manifolds with isomorphic symplectisations. In addition, we construct two contact structures on a closed manifold that are not conjugate by a diffeomorphism though their symplectizations are isomorphic. The proofs are based on a well-known phenomenon in differential topology (the existence of non-trivial h-cobordisms, detected by Whitehead torsion) as well as flexibility results in symplectic geometry due to Cieliebak and Eliashberg. Another result from this thesis asserts that though these contact manifolds are not isomorphic, they become so after sufficiently many connect sum with a product of spheres.

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