Orientador: José Paulo Fernandes Garcia / Banca: Jean Marcos de Souza Ribeiro / Banca: Cristiano Quevedo Andrea / Resumo: Usando dois controladores digitais com modos deslizantes, é proposto neste trabalho dois esquemas que minimizam os efeitos degenerativos causados pelo atraso no tempo de compu- tação do sinal de controle, que aqui é tratado como falha. Um observador robusto com modos deslizantes é utilizado neste trabalho, uma vez que nem sempre é possível ter acesso a todos os estados do sistema. Neste trabalho o observador tem um papel fundamental na detecção e acomodação da falha, pois através de um banco de observadores é gerado um resíduo que pos- sibilita a detecção da falha e determina qual controlador deve estar atuando sobre o sistema a ser controlado. Para validar os métodos propostos, são realizadas simulações e experimentos nos modelos do pêndulo invertido e no helicóptero 3DOF; ambos equipamentos da Quanser / Abstract: Using two digital controllers with sliding mode schemes that minimizes the degenerative effects caused by the delay in the computation time of the control signal are proposed in this work, which is here treated as failure. A robust observer with sliding mode is shown in this work, since it is not always possible to have access to all system states, but in this work the observer has a key role in the failure detection and accommodation, as observers are generated through a residue that directs the performance of the controller on the system being controlled. To test the proposed methods, simulations and experiments are performed on models of the inverted pendulum and the helicopter 3DOF, both Quanser equipment / Mestre

Este trabalho visa propor uma metodologia de análise da variabilidade do tempo de atraso de propagação no FPGA. Para alcançar esse objetivo são utilizados três circuitos diferentes: o circuito 1 mede a diferença de atrasos de dois circuitos, o circuito 2 identifica o atraso menor de dois circuitos e, por fim, o terceiro circuito que consiste do oscilador em anel. Cada circuito foi avaliado individualmente numa estrutura BIST, implementada nos FPGA XC3S200-FT256 e EP2C35F672C6. Os métodos utilizados para análise dos dados foram a média móvel, o plano de mínimos quadrados e o teste t-student. A metodologia permitiu mostrar a variabilidade within-die e suas componentes sistêmica e randômica. / This work aims to propose a methodology of analysis of variability of propagation-delay time in FPGA. To achieve this goal three different circuits are implemented: the circuit 1 measures the delay difference of two logic paths, the circuit 2 identifies smallest delay of two logic paths, and finally the third circuit consists of a ring oscillator. Each circuit has been assessed individually in a BIST structure, implemented in FPGAs XC3S200-FT256 and EP2C35F672C6. The methods used for data analysis were the moving average, least-squares plane and the t-student test. The methodology has allowed to evaluate the within-die variability and its systemic and random components.

Este trabalho visa propor uma metodologia de análise da variabilidade do tempo de atraso de propagação no FPGA. Para alcançar esse objetivo são utilizados três circuitos diferentes: o circuito 1 mede a diferença de atrasos de dois circuitos, o circuito 2 identifica o atraso menor de dois circuitos e, por fim, o terceiro circuito que consiste do oscilador em anel. Cada circuito foi avaliado individualmente numa estrutura BIST, implementada nos FPGA XC3S200-FT256 e EP2C35F672C6. Os métodos utilizados para análise dos dados foram a média móvel, o plano de mínimos quadrados e o teste t-student. A metodologia permitiu mostrar a variabilidade within-die e suas componentes sistêmica e randômica. / This work aims to propose a methodology of analysis of variability of propagation-delay time in FPGA. To achieve this goal three different circuits are implemented: the circuit 1 measures the delay difference of two logic paths, the circuit 2 identifies smallest delay of two logic paths, and finally the third circuit consists of a ring oscillator. Each circuit has been assessed individually in a BIST structure, implemented in FPGAs XC3S200-FT256 and EP2C35F672C6. The methods used for data analysis were the moving average, least-squares plane and the t-student test. The methodology has allowed to evaluate the within-die variability and its systemic and random components.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:49:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 paula_ala_me_ilha.pdf: 1575411 bytes, checksum: 888f7fef0b727373d31bd42986d25a09 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Usando dois controladores digitais com modos deslizantes, é proposto neste trabalho dois esquemas que minimizam os efeitos degenerativos causados pelo atraso no tempo de compu- tação do sinal de controle, que aqui é tratado como falha. Um observador robusto com modos deslizantes é utilizado neste trabalho, uma vez que nem sempre é possível ter acesso a todos os estados do sistema. Neste trabalho o observador tem um papel fundamental na detecção e acomodação da falha, pois através de um banco de observadores é gerado um resíduo que pos- sibilita a detecção da falha e determina qual controlador deve estar atuando sobre o sistema a ser controlado. Para validar os métodos propostos, são realizadas simulações e experimentos nos modelos do pêndulo invertido e no helicóptero 3DOF; ambos equipamentos da Quanser / Using two digital controllers with sliding mode schemes that minimizes the degenerative effects caused by the delay in the computation time of the control signal are proposed in this work, which is here treated as failure. A robust observer with sliding mode is shown in this work, since it is not always possible to have access to all system states, but in this work the observer has a key role in the failure detection and accommodation, as observers are generated through a residue that directs the performance of the controller on the system being controlled. To test the proposed methods, simulations and experiments are performed on models of the inverted pendulum and the helicopter 3DOF, both Quanser equipment

Este trabalho visa propor uma metodologia de análise da variabilidade do tempo de atraso de propagação no FPGA. Para alcançar esse objetivo são utilizados três circuitos diferentes: o circuito 1 mede a diferença de atrasos de dois circuitos, o circuito 2 identifica o atraso menor de dois circuitos e, por fim, o terceiro circuito que consiste do oscilador em anel. Cada circuito foi avaliado individualmente numa estrutura BIST, implementada nos FPGA XC3S200-FT256 e EP2C35F672C6. Os métodos utilizados para análise dos dados foram a média móvel, o plano de mínimos quadrados e o teste t-student. A metodologia permitiu mostrar a variabilidade within-die e suas componentes sistêmica e randômica. / This work aims to propose a methodology of analysis of variability of propagation-delay time in FPGA. To achieve this goal three different circuits are implemented: the circuit 1 measures the delay difference of two logic paths, the circuit 2 identifies smallest delay of two logic paths, and finally the third circuit consists of a ring oscillator. Each circuit has been assessed individually in a BIST structure, implemented in FPGAs XC3S200-FT256 and EP2C35F672C6. The methods used for data analysis were the moving average, least-squares plane and the t-student test. The methodology has allowed to evaluate the within-die variability and its systemic and random components.

Submitted by Natalia de Souza Gonçalves (natalia.goncalves@ufpe.br) on 2015-05-05T13:29:20Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Antonio Carlos - 2015.pdf: 1971221 bytes, checksum: 52ff71fbf0c590fbb63f3e564aa03534 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-05T13:29:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Antonio Carlos - 2015.pdf: 1971221 bytes, checksum: 52ff71fbf0c590fbb63f3e564aa03534 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-19 / Capes / Ao longo dos anos as organizações estão investindo cada vez mais seus recursos financeiros na manutenção de equipamentos como vantagem competitiva, para maximizar a disponibilidade de seus equipamentos a custos acessíveis para aumentar a eficiência de seus sistemas produtivos. Este estudo trata das políticas de manutenção que devem ser adotadas por uma empresa produtora de produtos alimentícios, para um melhor aproveitamento das práticas de manutenção. No primeiro momento deste trabalho é aplicado um método multicritério, essencialmente o método ELECTRE TRI para fazer uma classificação de criticidade dos equipamentos, de acordo com suas características de operação e identificar a importância dos mesmos ao sistema. Esta classificação possibilitará a empresa a realizar um melhor planejamento das ações de manutenção e direcionar os esforços nos equipamentos considerados mais críticos, evitando desta maneira a aplicação de recursos financeiros em equipamentos desnecessários. Antes da aplicação do segundo método, neste caso, o PROMETHEE II é proposto à adoção de um modelo de inspeção baseado no Delay Time para caracterização dos critérios envolvidos, onde a disponibilidade do componente, e o custo das inspeções são modelados nesta pesquisa. No segundo momento desta pesquisa, uma vez determinado o equipamento crítico do sistema será utilizado o método de apoio a decisão multicritério, o PROMETHEE II, para determinar tempos para realização das inspeções em um único componente deste equipamento, apresentando um único modo de falha. Assim pretende-se adotar a política de manutenção correta como uma estratégia de negócio, de acordo com as preferências do decisor.

Submitted by Fernanda Rodrigues de Lima (fernanda.rlima@ufpe.br) on 2018-07-10T22:29:28Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Naiara Meireles de Souza.pdf: 3224977 bytes, checksum: 248dc24b32dceedc9a2b3b77cbae7bd6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-10T22:29:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Naiara Meireles de Souza.pdf: 3224977 bytes, checksum: 248dc24b32dceedc9a2b3b77cbae7bd6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-21 / CAPES / O estado de conservação de pavimentos asfálticos pode interferir diretamente no desgaste de veículos e aviões, bem como na segurança de seus usuários. A principal função requerida pelas aeronaves sobre pavimentos asfálticos de aeródromos relaciona-se ao processo de pousos e decolagens. Assim, para que operações de complexos aeroportuários sejam exercidas de maneira adequada é demandado infraestrutura que considere especialmente a movimentação das aeronaves. Por isso, os revestimentos asfálticos são considerados um dos principais componentes estruturais de aeroportos juntamente com suas instalações e equipamentos. Desse modo, a conservação dos pavimentos asfálticos gera um impacto direto na disponibilidade e custo de operações. Assim, a manutenção de pavimentos apresenta-se como um problema não somente do modal rodoviário, mas também do modal aéreo, uma vez que a deterioração de pavimentos, seja por fatores climáticos ou operacionais, apresenta-se como um dos fatores mais recorrentes de incidentes em solo envolvendo aviões. Atrelado a esse contexto, essa pesquisa sugere um modelo multicritério envolvendo uma política de inspeção em pavimentos utilizando o Delay Time Modelling com o intuito de determinar o período ótimo de inspeções e manutenção preventiva em um aeroporto brasileiro localizado na região Nordeste, visando o critério de custo e disponibilidade das operações do aeródromo. Os pavimentos asfálticos estão sujeitos a uma série de defeitos e falhas, sobretudo buracos advindos da propagação das trincas. Desse modo, os buracos foram considerados o objeto de estudo por serem os que mais despendem de tratativas de manutenção em pavimentos. O modelo proposto objetivou sugerir o intervalo ideal de inspeção e de ações preventivas de manutenção com foco no custo e na disponibilidade por meio de coleta de dados objetivos e subjetivos de acordo com o conhecimento a priori de especialista. Além disso, através da aplicação da Teoria da Utilidade Multiatributo foi possível encontrar a maior função utilidade e determinar o intervalo ideal de inspeção de modo que o critério custo e disponibilidade pudessem ser desempenhados ao mesmo tempo. / The asphalt pavements conservation status can directly interfere the utilization of vehicles and aircrafts and consequently in the safety of its users. The main function required by an aircraft on asphalt pavements of aerodromes is related to the landings and take-offs processes. Therefore, for the airport complexes’ operations to be properly carried, it is required an infrastructure that especially considers the movement of the aircrafts. For that reason, asphalt coatings are considered one of the main structural components of the airports, along with its facilities and equipments the good conservation of asphalt pavements generates a direct impact on the availability and cost of the airports operations. Thus, the maintenance of pavement is not only a road transport problem but also to the air transport, since the deterioration of pavements, either by weather or operational factors, is one of the recurring factors responsible for incidents involving aircrafts on the ground. Related to this context, this research suggests a multi-criteria model involving a pavement inspection policy, using the Delay Time Modeling, in order to establish the optimal period of inspections and preventive maintenance in a Brazilian airport located in the Northeast area, aiming the cost and availability of aerodrome operations criteria. The asphalt pavements are the main cause to a set of defects and failures, particularly the holes arising from the propagation of cracks on its structure. As a consequence, the holes were considered the object of this study because they are the ones that most demand maintenance interventions. The proposed model aimed to suggest the optimal intervals for both inspection and preventive maintenance actions focusing on cost and availability through the collection of objective and subjective data according to a priori expert knowledge. Moreover, by applying the Multiattribute Utility Theory it was found the greater utility function and determined the optimal inspection interval, so that the cost and availability criteria could be simultaneously performed.

This PhD thesis is an analysis of the chemical kinetics and oxidation behavior of fuel components via experiments and correlations. First, a number of experimental studies of the reactivity of OH radicals with unsaturated hydrocarbons are performed at temperatures ranging from 294 to 1400 K by OH absorption and laser induced fluorescence techniques in two different reactors: shock tube and flow reactor. It is found that OH has a tendency to add to the unsaturated CC bond, forming a relatively stable adduct. The thermal stability of these adducts is vital for a better understanding of the kinetics of olefins, poly-olefins, alkynes and other unsaturated components in real and surrogate fuel blends. In this work, the reaction rate coefficient of the reaction of hydroxyl radical with many olefins (butenes, pentenes, hexenes), di-olefins (butadienes, and pentadienes) and allyl radical are measured. A strong competition between H-abstraction and OH-addition pathways is seen particularly in the intermediate temperature window of ~ 400 to 900 K. All of these measured elementary reactions give new insights into the chemical kinetics of fuels and allow modelers to improve the predictive capability of their models. Second, measurements of the ignition delay times of propene, isobutene, 2-methylhexane and 2-methylbutanol in air are performed using a high-pressure shock tube. Details about multi-stage ignition and ignition delay dependence on various thermodynamic properties is investigated for these four hydrocarbons. We followed this with a correlation study of ignition delay times of fuel blends and real fuel streams. The main requirement of these correlations is that these should be predictive enough to compete with the predictive capabilities of detailed chemical kinetic models but at a much reduced computational cost. The obtained correlation scheme does not only predict ignition timing during CFD simulations but also other combustion properties such as low-temperature heat release timing and resulting temperature and pressure increases due to cool flame. A discussion on the weak dependence of high-temperature ignition delay times on the composition of real fuels is also presented, where universal Arrhenius type expressions of ignition delay times of gasoline, diesel and jet fuels are given.

Energy demand is rapidly increasing due to the increase in population and rising living standards. Petroleum-based fuels account for the main source of energy consumed in the world. However, they are also considered to be the main source of the unwanted emissions to the atmosphere. In this context, chemical kinetic studies of combustion processes are essential for a better understanding of the underlying reactions and to achieve increased combustion efficiency and reduced pollutant emissions. In this study, ignition delay times, a global indicator of fuel reactivity, were measured for promising fuels for use in advanced combustion engines. Also, rate coefficients were measured for promising oxygenated hydrocarbons that can be used as additives to conventional fuels. Ignition delay time measurements of four primary reference fuel (PRF) blends, mixtures considered to be some of the simplest gasoline surrogates, were measured behind reflected shock waves to provide a large experimental dataset to validate PRF chemical kinetic models. The kinetic modeling predictions from four chemical kinetic models were compared with the experimental data. Ignition delay correlations were also developed to reduce the simulation cost of complicated models. Recently, naphtha, a low-octane distillate fuel, has been proposed as a low-cost refinery fuel. Likewise, a mid-octane blend which consists of low-octane (light and heavy naphtha) and high-octane (reformate) distillate fuels has been proposed to power gasoline compression ignition (GCI) engines. In this work, experimental and modeling studies were conducted on low and mid-octane distillate fuels (naphtha and GCI blend) and surrogate candidates to assess their autoignition characteristics for use in advanced internal combustion engines. Oxygenated molecules are considered to be promising additives to conventional fuels. Thermal decomposition of three esters (ethyl levulinate, ethyl propionate and diethyl carbonate ) and a five-member cyclic ketone (cyclopentanone) was investigated in this work. Laser absorption technique was employed to follow the reaction progress by measuring ethylene (C2H4) near 10.532 µm using a CO2 gas laser for the decomposition process of the three esters. The reaction progress of the decomposition of cyclopentanone was followed by monitoring CO formation using a quantum cascade laser at a wavelength near 4.556 µm.

Population growth and increasing standards of living have resulted in a rapid demand for energy. Our primary energy production is still dominated by fossil fuels. This extensive usage of fossil fuels has led to global warming, environmental pollution, as well as the depletion of hydrocarbon resources. The prevailing difficult situation offers not only a challenge but also an opportunity to search for alternatives to fossil fuels. Hence, there is an urgent need to explore environmentally friendly and cost-effective renewable energy sources. Oxygenates (alcohols, ethers) and ammonia are among the potential renewable alternative fuels of the future. This thesis investigates the combustion characteristics of promising alternative fuels and their blends using a combination of experimental and modelling methodologies. The studied fuels include ethanol, diethyl ether, dimethyl ether, dimethoxy methane, γ-valerolactone, cyclopentanone, and ammonia. For the results presented in this thesis, the studies may be classified into three main categories: 1. Ignition delay time measurements of ethanol and its blends by using a rapid compression machine and a shock tube. The blends studied include binary mixtures of ethanol/diethyl ether and ternary mixtures of ethanol/diethyl ether/ethyl levulinate. A chemical kinetic model has been constructed and validated over a wide range of experimental conditions. The results showed that a high-reactivity fuel, diethyl ether, may be blended with a low-reactivity fuel, ethanol, in varying concentrations to achieve the desired combustion characteristics. A ternary blend of ethanol/diethyl ether/ethyl levulinate may be formulated from a single production stream, and this blend is shown to behave similarly to a conventional gasoline. 2. Ignition delay time and flame speed measurements of ammonia blended with combustion promoters by utilizing a rapid compression machine and a constant volume spherical reactor. The extremely low reactivity of ammonia makes it unsuitable for direct use in many combustion systems. One of the potential strategies to utilize ammonia is to blend it with a combustion promoter. In this work, dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, and dimethoxy methane are explored as potential promoters of ammonia combustion. Chemical kinetic models were developed and validated in the high temperature regime by using flame speed data and in the low-to-intermediate temperature regime by using ignition delay time data. The results showed that even a small addition (~ 5 – 10%) of combustion promoters can significantly alter ammonia combustion, and diethyl ether was found to have the highest propensity to enhance ammonia ignition and flame propagation. Blends of combustion promoters with ammonia can thus be utilized in modern downsized turbo-charged engines. 3. Octane boosting and emissions minimization effects of next generation oxygenated biofuels. These studies were carried out using a cooperative fuel research engine operating in a homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI) mode. The oxygenated fuels considered here include γ-valerolactone and cyclopentanone. The results showed that γ-valerolactone and cyclopentanone can be effective additives for octane boosting and emission reduction of conventional fuels. Overall, the results and outcomes of this thesis will be highly useful in choosing and optimizing alternative fuels for future transportation systems.