Kombinationen höga krav, låg kontroll och lågt socialt stöd leder, enligt krav-kontroll-stöd modellen, till de högsta stressnivåerna. Självledarskap ger individen möjligheten att, genom en inre kontroll, återta kontrollen och minska stressnivåerna. Genom att använda sig av självledarskapsstrategier kan individen förändra sina tankemönster och ageranden för att på så vis förhoppningsvis förbättra sin stresshantering. Studiens syfte var att studera relationen mellan självledarskap, stress och arbetets uppbyggnad. Med arbetets uppbyggnad menas här kombinationen av krav, kontroll, stöd samt tydlighet. Totalt besvarade 107 deltagare, varav 69 kvinnor, en enkät. Analyserna visade på samband mellan stress och samtliga 4 arbetsmiljövariabler (krav, kontroll, stöd samt tydlighet), vidare på positivt samband mellan självledarskapsvariabeln självbestraffning och stress samt positiva samband mellan strategigruppen naturliga belöningar och 2 av arbetsmiljövariablerna. Hypotesen, att goda självledarskapskunskaper medför bättre stresshantering, fick dock inte stöd. Det behövs ytterligare forskning för att tydliggöra sambanden mellan självledarskap, stress och arbetsmiljö, exempelvis genom experimentella studier.

<p><strong>Aim:</strong> The aim of this study was to investigate if there are associations between job stress in terms of demand, control, and support and physical inactivity.</p><p><strong>Method:</strong> A cross-sectional design was used in this study which is based on the “Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health” (SLOSH) from 2006. SLOSH includes men and women, between 19-68 years old and from all labor markets sectors. A total of 5 141 participants sent in their survey. Indices of the components in the demand-control-support model were created and multiple regression analyses with physical inactivity as the dependent variable were performed. Adjustment for possible confounders (age, sex, marital status, children, education, physical work, computer work, working hours, shift work, smoking, alcohol consumption, sleep quality and BMI) were made.</p><p><strong>Result:</strong> The main result showed an association between passive work (low demands and low control) in combination with poor support and physical inactivity. This result was statistically significant both unadjusted (OR: 1.38, CI: 1.12-1.71) and adjusted (OR: 1.28, CI: 1.03-1.59) for several covariates.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study suggests that especially passive work (low demands and low control) in combination with poor support from supervisors and colleagues are associated to physical inactivity. Further research needs to establish causality.</p>

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate if there are associations between job stress in terms of demand, control, and support and physical inactivity. Method: A cross-sectional design was used in this study which is based on the “Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health” (SLOSH) from 2006. SLOSH includes men and women, between 19-68 years old and from all labor markets sectors. A total of 5 141 participants sent in their survey. Indices of the components in the demand-control-support model were created and multiple regression analyses with physical inactivity as the dependent variable were performed. Adjustment for possible confounders (age, sex, marital status, children, education, physical work, computer work, working hours, shift work, smoking, alcohol consumption, sleep quality and BMI) were made. Result: The main result showed an association between passive work (low demands and low control) in combination with poor support and physical inactivity. This result was statistically significant both unadjusted (OR: 1.38, CI: 1.12-1.71) and adjusted (OR: 1.28, CI: 1.03-1.59) for several covariates. Conclusion: This study suggests that especially passive work (low demands and low control) in combination with poor support from supervisors and colleagues are associated to physical inactivity. Further research needs to establish causality.

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Stress is the most common reason for sick leave in Sweden today. The physical demands are less in today’s work life, but the psychological demands have increased, resulting in increased stress related ill-health. The aim with the current study was to gain an understanding in how individuals that has been or are on stress-related sick leave experience the social support received at the work place and where they experienced that the primary responsibility for the sick leave was. Nine participants from self-help groups for stress was interviewed with a qualitative hermeneutic approach. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed with van Manen’s (1990) “selective or highlighting approach”. The analysis was grounded in four research questions; causes of stress-related sick leave, perceived responsibility for the sick leave, social support, and facilitating factors for returning to work. The result showed that the participants experienced lack of rewards, high demands, low control, lack of social support, insufficient recovery and denial of symptoms of stress. The participants often blamed themselves and took on the primary responsibility. The self-help groups acted as substitute for the lacking social support as well as increased the self-awareness and motivation among the participants.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2016-09-12T13:13:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ROSE HELEN SHIMABUKU.pdf: 10315363 bytes, checksum: 18ae5a852021813551a88575d9bddbbc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-12T13:13:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ROSE HELEN SHIMABUKU.pdf: 10315363 bytes, checksum: 18ae5a852021813551a88575d9bddbbc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-18 / The complexity of labor relations in the contemporary world has brought new consequences for both organizations and workers. One of those new phenomena is Presenteeism, which is the act of a physically sick employee showing up to work even though s/he is experiencing health problems. This Master‟s thesis has as main objective to investigate Presenteeism, as well as analyze how the work psychological demands, the worker‟s control and the leadership support can contribute to understand this phenomenon. It was conducted two studies – first theoretical and second empirical – based on the theoretical model Demand-Control Model by Karasek (1979). In the first study, it was carried out an analysis of the latest studies on Presenteeism and on the demands, the control and the social support at work, encompassing the main theoretical references on these variables. In this article, it was observed that the work demands, the worker‟s control and the support s/he gets in her/his organizational environment cause a strong difference in their physical and mental health. The second article examined the work control moderational power and the leadership support in the relationship between the work psychological demands and Presenteeism. The study was conducted using a quantitative cross-sectional methodology and involved 204 working technicaladministrative employees of a Federal Institution of Higher Education of the State of Goiás.Data were collected through self-report, i.e., by filling the Stanford Presenteeism Scale-SPS-6 and Job Content-JCQ Questionaire. It was used the programs SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 21.0 to do data statistical analysis. This Master‟s thesis leads us to conclude that in the presence of high psychological demands of work, the stronger the control is, the weaker the Presenteeism is. Although there is a significant relationship between the work psychological demands, Presenteeism and leadership support, moderation test did not confirm that the leadership support is a moderator in the relationship between psychological demands, work and Presenteeism. This Master‟s thesis showed that the use of the moderation analysis proved to be a resource of utmost importance, since only in this way it was possible to verify more clearly how work control and leadership support as moderator variables influence the direction or intensity of the relationship between work psychological demands and Presenteeism. / A complexidade das relações do trabalho no mundo contemporâneo trouxe novas conseqüências tanto para as organizações quanto para os trabalhadores. Um desses novos fenômenos é o presenteísmo, que se caracteriza pelo ato de o trabalhador comparecer ao trabalho mesmo se sentindo doente. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo principal investigar o presenteísmo, assim como analisar de que forma as demandas psicológicas de trabalho, o controle do trabalhador e o apoio da chefia podem contribuir para essa compreensão. Foram realizados dois estudos – um teórico e outro empírico –, tendo como modelo teórico de base o Modelo Demanda-Controle postulado por Karasek (1990). No primeiro artigo, foi realizada a análise do estado da arte do presenteísmo e das demandas, do controle e do apoio social no trabalho abrangendo os principais referenciais teóricos sobre essas variáveis. Observou-se, nesse artigo, que as demandas do trabalho, o controle do trabalhador e o apoio que ele recebe em seu ambiente organizacional impactam sobremaneira em sua saúde física e mental. O segundo artigo analisou o poder moderacional do controle do trabalho e do apoio da chefia na relação entre as demandas psicológicas de trabalho e o presenteísmo. O estudo foi realizado com 204 servidores técnico-administrativos de uma Instituição de Ensino Superior (IES) Federaldo Estado de Goiás, utilizando-se metodologia de natureza quantitativa de corte transversal. Os dados foram coletados por autorrelato, através do preenchimento das escalas Stanford Presenteeism Scale – SPS-6, e Job Content Questionaire – JCQ. Para o tratamento de dados, foram utilizados os programas de análise estatística SPSS 21.0 e AMOS 21.0. Verificou-se, nesse estudo, que na presença de altas demandas psicológicas de trabalho, quanto maior for o controle, menor será o presenteísmo. Apesar de haver relação significativa entre demanda psicológica de trabalho, presenteísmo e apoio da chefia, o teste de moderação não confirmou que o apoio da chefia seja um moderador na relação entre demandas psicológicas, trabalho e presenteísmo. Evidencia-se que a utilização da análise de moderação se apresentou como um recurso de suma importância, visto que somente assim foi possível verificar com mais clareza de que forma o controle do trabalho e o apoio da chefia, na condição de variáveis moderadoras, influenciam na direção ou intensidade da relação entre as demandas psicológicas de trabalho e o presenteísmo.

<p>Finns det någon skillnad i upplevd stress hos förskolepedagoger och grundskollärare? Stress hos lärare kan definieras som en känsla av ilska, spändhet, frustration eller depression. Enligt Krav- kontroll-stödmodellen mår de som har jobb med höga krav, låg kontroll och dåligt socialt stöd sämst på jobbet. En kvantitativ studie har gjorts där enkäter delats ut till lärare på förskolan och grundskolan i en mindre ort i Sverige. Data jämfördes sedan med data från en större ort i Sverige. Resultatet visar att det inte finns någon skillnad i upplevd stress mellan förskolepedagoger och grundskollärare. Det finns olika faktorer, såsom krav, kontroll, stöd, socialt klimat och roller, inom skolan och förskolan som påverkar stress.</p> / <p>Is there a difference in perceived stress between pre-school teachers and compulsory school teachers? Teacher stress is defined as emotions such as anger, tension, frustration or depression. According to the Demand-Control- Support Model, individuals working with high demands, low control, and poor social support, are experiencing the lowest well-being at work. A quantitative study was conducted where questionnaires were handed out to teachers in pre-school and compulsory school in a minor town in Sweden. Data was later compared to data from a larger town in Sweden. Results show that there are no differences in perceived stress between pre-school and compulsory school teachers. There are different factors, such as demand, control, support, social environment and roles, within school and pre-school that has impact on stress.</p>

Finns det någon skillnad i upplevd stress hos förskolepedagoger och grundskollärare? Stress hos lärare kan definieras som en känsla av ilska, spändhet, frustration eller depression. Enligt Krav- kontroll-stödmodellen mår de som har jobb med höga krav, låg kontroll och dåligt socialt stöd sämst på jobbet. En kvantitativ studie har gjorts där enkäter delats ut till lärare på förskolan och grundskolan i en mindre ort i Sverige. Data jämfördes sedan med data från en större ort i Sverige. Resultatet visar att det inte finns någon skillnad i upplevd stress mellan förskolepedagoger och grundskollärare. Det finns olika faktorer, såsom krav, kontroll, stöd, socialt klimat och roller, inom skolan och förskolan som påverkar stress. / Is there a difference in perceived stress between pre-school teachers and compulsory school teachers? Teacher stress is defined as emotions such as anger, tension, frustration or depression. According to the Demand-Control- Support Model, individuals working with high demands, low control, and poor social support, are experiencing the lowest well-being at work. A quantitative study was conducted where questionnaires were handed out to teachers in pre-school and compulsory school in a minor town in Sweden. Data was later compared to data from a larger town in Sweden. Results show that there are no differences in perceived stress between pre-school and compulsory school teachers. There are different factors, such as demand, control, support, social environment and roles, within school and pre-school that has impact on stress.

According to recent nationwide surveys there have been dramatic increases in stress and serious stress-related health problems among Swedish adolescents. The aims of the present thesis were to investigate the prevalence of perceived chronic stress among sixteen-year-old adolescents who attended their first year at high-ranking high schools in the Stockholm area, to examine if factors that have been found to be relevant in the development of chronic stress among adults also contribute to chronic stress among adolescents, and to investigate the associations between chronic stress and sleep-related variables and academic achievement. Data were collected by means of self-report instruments. The main outcomes showed that a substantial number of individuals (30%) reported to perceive severe stress symptoms. The highest degree was perceived by 8% who suffered from symptoms to an extent which otherwise only has been observed among adult clinical burnout patients. Besides, 15% reported severe stress symptoms throughout high school and were thus considered to suffer from chronic stress. Perceived high demands, low global self-esteem, sleep disturbances and low social support were crucial factors in explaining stress symptoms. Another finding showed that perceived chronic stress was associated with adolescents’ academic achievement. A closer look at the potential contribution of sleep-related variables to academic achievement revealed further that, apart from severe stress symptoms, social jetlag was involved in predicting variation in academic achievement. Overall, the findings indicated that there is a high prevalence of chronic stress among adolescents. The results should be taken seriously, as young people’s sense of well-being during this period impacts both their successful transition into adulthood and their life course. Future research options and potential practical applications in terms of chronic stress prevention were suggested and discussed. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Submitted.</p>