This article assesses the empirical relationship between per capita income growth fluctuations and the age-structured human capital variations across four groups of geographically clustered developed and developing countries from spatial perspective. We estimate a spatial Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model of income dynamics where the distance between countries is defined on relational space based on their similarity in appropriation tendency of human capital in the production processes. These distances are computed using a newly developed human capital data set which fully characterizes the demographic structure of human capital, and thus underlines the joint relevance of demography and human capital in economic growth. Spatial effects on growth interdependence and complementarity are then explored with respect to the proposed distance metrics. Our results imply that significant cross-country growth interdependence based on human capital distances exists among defined country groups suggesting the need for a cooperative policy programme among them. We also find that the relationship between economic growth and human capital is highly nonlinear as a function of the proposed human capital distance.

The submitted thesis examines the issue of unemployment on the labor market by the age structure during the period of 1999-2009. Special attention is devoted to the unemployment of youth and older labor force. The thesis is focused on characterizing chosen age groups and inequalities between youth and older labor force in the labor market. The development of unemployment in selected age groups between 1999-2009 and the influencing factors (such as demographic structure, extending the retirement age, stage of the economic cycle) are also included. The aim of the thesis is to analyze the status development of selected age groups, particularly the status of youth and older labor force in the labor market and factors that influence the development. The main task is to evaluate the employment of youth and older labor force within the economic cycle.

The aim of this study is to determine the quantitative impact of changes to the pension system in the Czech Republic valid from January 1, 2013 on public budgets. Changes include the introduction of a funded second-pillar pension scheme and the adjustment of pension schemes under the third pillar. The theoretical part describes the basis of social policy in the areas of pensions, and characterize and compare concepts of pension systems. Following practical part analyzes recent developments in the Czech Republic, the essence of changes to the pension system and the interest of the population to use them. The aim of the study is fulfiled by quantifying impact on public budget. Subsequent analysis shows that changes may help to stabilize it in the next decades, however, a departure from the PAYG system is not required. The introduced second pillar can be problematic in ceratin respects for participants. Additional pension savings in the third pillar is a useful supplement to old age security.

Aging populations in Europe is a fact and it will affect everything from welfare systems and consumption patterns to the wealth of whole countries. The life expectancy has increased at the same time as the birth rate has decreased which has led to the population growth to cease in many countries. This means that a smaller workforce needs to uphold the nation’s production and provide for the part of the population not working. This study aims to examine the interconnection between the old age dependency ratio and GDP growth in the EU. The question is answered by multiple regressions using panel data from 27 countries in the EU between the years 1960 to 2020. The results show that there is a negative correlation between the old age dependency ratio and GDP growth in the EU and this result is possibly generalisable. An increase of one unit in the old age dependency ratio causes a decrease in the GDP growth by ca. 0,26-0,32 percentage points. This is an effect of economic significance that will have noticeable consequences for the economies within the EU in the foreseeable future. However, this effect is not statistically significant if time fixed effects are included in the model which makes the connection between the old age dependency ratio and GDP growth in the EU questionable. / Åldrande befolkningar i Europa är ett faktum och det påverkar allt från välfärdssystem och konsumtionsmönster till hela länders välstånd. Den förväntade livslängden ökar samtidigt som det föds färre barn och befolkningstillväxten har därmed avstannat i många länder. Det gör att ett allt mindre antal förvärvsarbetande måste upprätthålla landets produktion och försörja den del av befolkningen som inte arbetar. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka vilket samband som finns mellan äldreförsörjningskvoten och ekonomisk tillväxt i EU. Frågeställningen besvaras genom ett flertal regressioner som genomförs med paneldata över 27 stycken EU-länder från år 1960-2020. Resultaten visar att det finns ett negativt samband mellan äldreförsörjningskvoten och BNP-tillväxt i EU och att detta resultat antagligen också är generaliserbart. En enhetsökning i äldreförsörjningskvoten ger en genomsnittlig minskning av BNP-tillväxten med ca. 0,26-0,32 procentenheter. Det är en effekt av ekonomisk signifikans som kommer ha kännbara effekter för EU-ländernas ekonomier inom en överskådlig framtid. Emellertid blir effekten inte statistiskt signifikant när tidsfixa effekter inkluderas i modellen vilket innebär att sambandet mellan äldreförsörjningskvoten och BNP-tillväxt i EU kan ifrågasättas.

This study argues that the slow progress of Turkey in the accession to the European Union is not simlpy due to a failure to comply with the "official" membership criteria. It is argued that European attitude towards these official requirements represents a double standard, which can be searched in the context of unspoken cultural and religious fears, that do not exist in the official criteria. It is argued that there are many positive reasons to Turkey's accession to the EU. There is the aspect of energy- security, demography, acting as a bridge between the West and the East, and keeping the European Union away from being Eurocentric. However, seen the recent developments in Turkey's accession negotiations with the EU, the current political climate in Europe suggests that cultural homogeneity of the European Union remains a strong desire. Turkey, being the "Other", suffers the consequences of this. And while Turkey can make changes to its economy and political system to fulfil the EU's accession criteria, there are two 'givens' that cannot be changed-namely, religion/culture and geography/physical location. Thus, understanding these fixed characteristics of Turkey, and their perception by the European Union is crucially important in understanding the European Union - Turkey process overall.

My diploma thesis will deal with the topic of unusual proposal of pension reform, which is based on the connection of the old-age-benefit and the number of brought children. Through the analysis of demographic development I try to show the dependency of today's pay-as-you-go pension system to number of persons gainfully employed with respect to the number of pensioners. Authors of the Children PAYG concept are noting of connection between family and pension policy and argue that the reason of unfriendly demographic structure and decreasing birth rate is right pension system. According to them this pension system make free riders who are described like people without own children. This fact should be considered in order to the claim to old age pension. In analytic part of this work will be researched individual variants of Children PAYG system. This part will be aimed at its positives and negatives especially. In conclusion of this work I'll propose a possible variant of this pension system which could resolve troubles of financial tenability, is in respect to deserts and at the same time would be equitable for as much people as possible.

This dissertation studies the establishment and demographic development of the sawmill communities that emerged in the Sundsvall district during the latter half of the 19th century.  The intention is to highlight the importance of the sawmill communities and their resident populations by discussing community construction from a demographic perspective as well as socially and symbolically. Based on church registers, this is a longitudinal study that includes information from 31 individual sawmill communities. This study has shown that the establishment and demographic development of the sawmill communities was not an instant process that necessarily followed the construction of the sawmill industries. The prerequisites of the geographical locations and year of establishment influenced population development, but the speed and size of the settlements were individual to each mill site. More prosperous times for the industry during the 1870s resulted in that migration increased consequently leading to quickly populated communities and larger registered core populations in residence. Migration to the sawmill communities from within the parishes was infrequent and the geographical backgrounds revealed that an extremely small proportion of the populations had been born within the district, implying a migratory hesitation among locally born. The sawmill populations were male-dominated due to the large groups of temporary workers inhabiting the communities, although, adult males barely made up one-third of the registered populations. The largest demographic group was children aged 0-14 years. The strong presence of children and high proportions of married individuals suggests that the sawmill communities were family oriented communities, more so than non-sawmill areas. Long-time settled families had usually formed kinship networks with other residents. This dissertation concludes that while time was important for the development of the sawmill communities, so were the registered populations residing in these communities. Residency would have been key in claiming belonging to the sawmill communities and to be considered as a real sawmill worker. Residency, family and kin therefore contributed to the construction of community structures, geographically, socially and symbolically.

El objetivo principal que se plantea en el presente trabajo es determinar la plasticidad del crecimiento radial del pino carrasco (Pinus halepensis Mill.) frente al clima. Más concretamente, evaluar el grado de adecuación del crecimiento en grosor del tronco de las masas forestales de esta especie, a las distintas condiciones climáticas que se encuentran dentro de su área de distribución en España. Dicho propósito se aborda mediante el análisis de las series de crecimiento radial y su relación con el clima a distintas escalas temporales y espaciales. Una primera perspectiva se basa en el seguimiento (realizado con resolución casi quincenal) del crecimiento radial del pino carrasco en una localidad situada dentro del Parc Natural del Garraf (Barcelona, Catalunya). La finalidad de este seguimiento es precisar el grado de ajuste de las tasas de crecimiento radial del pino carrasco a la variabilidad climática inter e intraanual. Dicho de otro modo, delimitar los períodos de actividad y reposo del crecimiento en grosor del tronco y definir qué factores climáticos controlan la formación de los anillos de crecimiento. Los objetivos parciales que se plantean son: (i) Establecer el patrón temporal del crecimiento radial (períodos de crecimiento y reposo). (ii) Determinar el grado de ajuste del crecimiento radial de la especie a la variabilidad climática inter e intraanual a lo largo de los 10 años del seguimiento. (iii) Identificar los factores que determinan las tasas de crecimiento en grosor del tronco, sus efectos en las sus características anatómicas del anillo de crecimiento y, la periodicidad con la que dichos anillos se forman. Los resultados derivados de este seguimiento intensivo del crecimiento radial constituirán una base sólida para la interpretación de los resultados obtenidos en el estudio dendroclimático del pino carrasco en España, el cuál se basa en una red de cronologías del grosor de los anillos de crecimiento lo más extensa posible (temporal y espacialmente). Los objetivos en los que se desglosa este segundo propósito son los siguientes: (i) Establecer una red de localidades representativa del área de distribución de la especie, de los bioclimas en los que habita y del tipo de masas forestales que encontramos en España; y describir detalladamente el clima de cada una de ellas, sus peculiaridades y sus tendencias temporales. (ii) Caracterizar ecológicamente los bosques españoles de pino carrasco, mediante dos parámetros: Uno, la descripción de la estructura demográfica de edades y por tamaños y de las características actuales de las masas forestales (densidad, área basal, estructura espacial, etc.); y dos, la reconstrucción de su historia reciente (últimos 100 años) y obtención de su régimen de perturbaciones. (iii) Establecer las relaciones entre el crecimiento (series del grosor de los anillos) y las condiciones climáticas locales, y de su variación a lo largo del este de la Península e Islas Baleares, resaltando el grado de adecuación del crecimiento radial del pino carrasco al clima en las distintas regiones bioclimáticas en las que se halla. (iv) Analizar la variación espacial de los patrones de crecimiento radial de la especie en España y de su relación con el clima a escala regional; y valorar el grado en que dichas variaciones regionales pueden estar relacionadas con fenómenos de circulación atmosférica de escala global (teleconexiones climáticas). (v) Contrastar la estabilidad temporal de las relaciones crecimiento-clima a escala local y regional. La interpretación de los resultados obtenidos proporcionarán una visión global y precisa de la respuesta al cambio climático que pueden tener los bosques españoles de pino carrasco, la especie más importante en el paisaje español de baja altitud, no sólo por el área de territorio que ocupa sino por su importante función ecológica (ej. prevención de la erosión y perdida de suelo y recuperación del entorno natural después de perturbaciones, especialmente incendios).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:44:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV12MA105.pdf: 1804191 bytes, checksum: 4179b64199e12404431eaacf77722cfc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In the period January 2011 to May 2012, a study was performed of the ecology of Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil. in fragments of High Montane Mixed Ombrophylous Forest in Urupema city, SC. This project aimed to generate information about the ecology of I. paraguariensis A. St. Hil., to support management and conservation strategies especially in situ. Thus, three plots were installed in an area with the presence of cattle (area 1), in which demographic variables were evaluated on a single occasion. Other three permanent plots were established in an area with no livestock presence for at leat five years (area 2). In these plots demographic assessments were performed on two occasions, in addition to canopy openings, litter volume, slope, pH and soil moisture. Analysis was performed using the multivariate technique to identify which has greatest influence on the development of the species. To evaluate the reproductive phenology were monitored 161 individuals (86 male and 75 female) of erva-mate present in three plots of the area 2. The aspects evaluation of floral biology and reproductive system was performed in 10 individuals in the area 2. The established plots have dimensions of 50 x 100 m, divided into subunits of 10 x 10 m. All individuals of I. paraguariensis in these plots were evaluated and mapped. To assess population frequency distribution was used of the classes of individuals in height and diameter. The spatial pattern was analyzed by univariate K-function of Ripley. In general, the demographic structure demonstrated a pattern tending to reverse-J, as expected, and predominantly aggregated spatial pattern. The results also showed that the area with the presence of cattle has fewer individuals in all demographic classes. The set of reproductive phenophases (from bud to mature fruit) had amplitude of 100 days, with peak in November and fruit maturation started in May. Pollination of mate entomophilous primarily performed by numerous insects of the Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera and Diptera orders, which visited the flowers during the period from 8:30am to 6:00pm. Apparently the environmental conditions such soil pH and dry litter provide favorable conditions for the development of I. paraguariensis populations. Given the demographic characteristics shown in area 2, the fragment has potential for in situ conservation and sustainable management of the species / No período de janeiro de 2011 a maio de 2012, realizou-se um estudo da ecologia de Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil. em fragmentos de Floresta Ombrófila Mista Altomontana no município de Urupema, SC. Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal gerar informações sobre a ecologia da I. paraguariensis A. St. Hil., destinadas a fundamentar estratégias de manejo e conservação especialmente in situ. Para tanto, foram instaladas três parcelas em uma área com presença de gado (área 1), nas quais foram avaliadas variáveis demográficas em uma única ocasião. Outras três parcelas permanentes foram implantadas em uma área com ausência de gado, há pelo menos cinco anos (área 2). Nestas parcelas, foram realizadas avaliações demográficas em duas ocasiões, além de abertura do dossel, volume de serapilheira, declividade, pH e umidade do solo e avaliadas por meio de técnica multivariada para identificar qual tem maior influencia com o desenvolvimento da espécie. Para avaliação de aspectos da fenologia reprodutiva foram acompanhados 161 indivíduos (86 masculinos e 75 femininos) de erva-mate presentes nas três parcelas da área 2. A avaliação de aspectos da biologia floral e do sistema reprodutivo foi realizada em 10 indivíduos presentes na área 2. As parcelas implantadas apresentam dimensões de 50 x 100 m, subdivididas em subunidades de 10 x 10 m. Todos os indivíduos de I. paraguariensis presentes nas parcelas foram avaliados e mapeados. Para avaliação demográfica analisou-se a distribuição de frequência dos indivíduos em classes de altura e de diâmetro. O padrão espacial foi analisado através da Função K-univariada de Ripley. De maneira geral, a estrutura demográfica apresentou padrão tendendo o J-invertido, como esperado e, o padrão espacial, predominantemente agregado. Os resultados ainda demostraram que a área com presença de gado apresenta menor número de indivíduos em todas as classes demográficas. O conjunto das fenofases reprodutivas (desde botão floral até o fruto maduro) apresentou amplitude de 100 dias, com pico de floração em novembro e a maturação dos frutos iniciada em maio. A polinização da erva-mate é basicamente entomófila, realizada por inúmeros insetos das ordens Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera e Diptera que visitaram as flores durantes o período das 8h 30 as 18h. Aparentemente as condições ambientais como pH solo e Massa Seca serapilheira, propiciam condições favoráveis para as populações da I. paraguariensis se desenvolver. Em virtude das características demográficas apresentadas na área 2, o fragmento possui potencial para conservação in situ e manejo da espécie de forma sustentável

: The thesis focuses on the topic of the future of education and labor markets, which follows through the perspective of two scientific perspectives - social sciences and futurological sciences. The aim is to describe the view of these two disciplines on the future development of these two specific markets and to map the expected scenarios of the future development. The view of both disciplines is presented through qualitatively elaborated professional periodicals. The main topic addressed by the authors of both scientific disciplines was the impact of technological progress on the future of the labor markets and changes in the disappearance and creation of jobs. Another important element is connectivity and sharing. They enable modern digital platforms, information, procedures, education, overcome time and space constraints, and can be used by anyone with access to the necessary technology. Keywords: education, labour market, professes, skills, images of the future, modernization, development