The paper provides a detailed overview of population dynamics and trends in the Arab region. Furthermore, it explains the concept of demographic dividend and timing of the window of opportunity. With a view to enable countries in the region to reap the benefits of the changing population structure, the window is calculated for each country. The last part of the paper presents four case studies of countries that benefitted from their demographic dividend.

Entre o fim do século XVIII e ao longo da primeira metade do XIX a África Centro-oriental contribuiu, de forma significativa, com mão-de-obra escrava para o desenvolvimento do capitalismo mundial. A maior parte dos africanos daí procedentes, vindos com destino ao Brasil, concentrou-se nas áreas cafeeiras da região sudeste, onde no final do século XVIII desenvolveu-se o núcleo cafeicultor inicial da capitania e, posteriormente, província de São Paulo. Durante as três primeiras décadas do século XIX, com a introdução maciça de escravos e o deslanche da produção cafeeira, a região do Vale do Paraíba paulista se transformou em uma típica zona de plantation cuja importância econômica se estendeu até o final da escravidão. O objeto central deste trabalho são os africanos oriundos da costa Centro-oriental. Por meio de um estudo demográfico procuramos rastrear estes indivíduos nas fazendas cafeeiras de Bananal buscando examinar como se deu a inserção destes africanos nas senzalas da região. Utilizamos diferentes fontes documentais do período, tais como: inventários post-mortem de proprietários da região, registros eclesiásticos de casamentos escravos e relatos de viajantes. / Between the late eighteenth century and throughout the first half of the nineteenth century East-Central Africa contributed significantly to supply slave labor to the development of world capitalism. Most Africans coming from there to Brazil was leaded to the coffee areas in the southeast, where, in the late eighteenth century, developed the initial core of coffee production of the captaincy, and the province, of São Paulo. During the first three decades of the nineteenth century, with the massive introduction of slaves and the growth of coffee production, the Paraíba Valley turned into a typical plantation zone, whose economic importance persisted until the end of slavery. The central object of this work are Africans slaves from the central-eastern coast. Through a demographic study we tried to trace theses individuals in the coffee farms of Bananal, we try to examine how was the inclusion of Africans in the slave plantations of the region. We use different documentary sources of the period, such as postmortem inventories of slave owners of the region, church records of marriages and travelers accounts.

Demographic changes and economic growth are inextricably linked. However, the complex role of demographic system, specifically its temporal features have not been treated with rigor till recently. This dissertation undertakes such an attempt to explain cross-country growth variations and focuses on longterm growth projections by explicitly treating demographic system in a stochastic shocks framework. We exploit the temporal characteristics of demographic system to shed light on its evolution, study its complex interaction with economic system and analyze the long-run effect on economic growth/development. The dissertation contains four chapters. After outlining the motivation of the thesis and an overview of the chapter scheme in the first chapter, we investigate in Chapter 2 how the effects of demographic components viz., age specific population have changed over the decades. Following the standard practice of assuming `stationary' features of population growth, we first evaluate and extend the popular empirical economic growth models. We find that decadal changes have brought forth variations in economic growth of developed and developing economies. We argue that accounting for temporal features of the demographic and economic growth system would provide clear insights into persistent growth fluctuations. In Chapter 3 we develop a new mechanism to characterize stochastic nature of demographic shocks in which population series with large temporal dimension is assumed to be governed by certain degree of stochastic shocks. By doing so, the conventional `stationary' assumption underlying the current theoretical and empirical exploration is relaxed and more dynamic information about the persistence of shocks is accommodated in the economic growth models. To this end, we first provide an analytical framework to show that long-memory shocks in demographic age structure or population might induce long-memory in economic growth. An empirical illustration of both developed and developing countries is carried out to demonstrate that population age structure in these countries are characterized by long-memory. The causality of stochastic demographic shocks' influence and economic growth (and the converse) is also examined. Following the theoretical development and empirical illustration in Chapter 3, in Chapter 4 we propose to forecast total and age-structured population employing fractionally integrated ARMA (in short, ARFIMA) technique. The conventional methods of population forecasting is discussed in this chapter evaluating the advantages and potential weaknesses of these methods. Our approach to population forecasting can be considered as a shift from the conventional `low, medium, and high' variant and the recently used ARMA projections (assuming stationarity or first difference stationarity of aggregate population) and is a departure from the stochastic population forecast based on Leslie matrix as used in the extant population forecasting literature. In Chapter 5 we incorporate the memory properties of demographic age- distribution to forecast Gross Domestic Product (or National income) of some developed and developing countries. We relax the stationary age-structure and population growth assumption in the model while performing long term income projections. We argue that the growth of total age-structured population need not be stationary and that any degree of stochastic shocks in these series can affect forecasting performance. Given that a long-memory panel method is yet to be comprehensively built for forecasting, we perform forecast of demography-based income in the univariate context assuming a stochastic long-memory process for age-structured population growth. Finally, Chapter 6 summarizes the main findings of the thesis and outlines some possible directions for further research. / Les changements démographiques et la croissance économique sont intimement liées. Cependant, le complexe rôle du système démographique, particulièrement son aspect temporel, n'a pas encore été analysé avec rigueur jusqu'aujourd'hui. Cette dissertation tente d'aborder cette question afin d'expliquer les changements de croissance des pays. Elle insiste particulièrement sur les projections de croissance de long terme en traitant explicitement les systèmes démographiques dans une structure de chocs stochastiques. Nous exploitons les caractéristiques temporelles des systèmes démographiques pour analyser leur évolution, étudier sa complexe interaction avec le système économique ainsi que les effets de long terme sur la croissance économique. Dans le chapitre 2, nous nous intéressons sur les effets des composantes démographiques , plus précisément comment l'âge d'une population spécifique a changé avec le temps. Suivant la pratique standard qui suppose une « stationnarité » de la croissance de la population, nous évaluons et étendons les modèles empiriques populaires de croissance économique. Nous trouvons que les changements décennaux ont apporté quatre changements dans la croissance économique des pays aussi bien développés qu'en développement. Nous montrons que le fait de tenir compte de l'aspect temporel des systèmes de croissance économique et démographique améliore les résultats sur la persistance des fluctuations de la croissance. Dans le chapitre 3, nous développons un nouveau mécanisme pour caractériser la nature stochastique des chocs démographiques dans laquelle les séries de population avec une large dimension temporelle sont supposées régies par un certain nombre de chocs stochastiques. En procédant de cette manière, la supposition conventionnelle de « stationnarité » qui sous-tend l'exploration théorique et empirique courante est relâchée et beaucoup plus d'informations sur la persistance des chocs sont données dans les modèles de croissance économique. Dans la croissance économique endogène avec un changement endogène de population, ce chapitre construit un modèle « long-memory » de population et de ses composantes (structure par âges) pour montrer les effets des changements démographiques sur les économies tant développées qu'en développement. Pour ce faire, nous donnons d'abord une formulation théorique pour montrer que les chocs « long-memory » dans la structure démographique de la population peut induire une croissance. Une illustration empirique est développée pour montrer que la structure de la population est caractérisée de « long-memory ». Suite au développement théorique et à l'illustration empirique du chapitre 3, le chapitre 4 propose une prévision de la population totale et de la structure démographique en employant de manière fractionnée la technique intégrée ARMA ( ARFIMA en bref). Les méthodes conventionnelles de prévision de la population sont discutées dans ce chapitre valuant les avantages et les faiblesses potentielles de ces méthodes. Notre approche peut être considérée comme un changement de la variante de la méthode conventionnelle « faible, moyenne et élevée » par rapport à la récente projection ARIMA utilisée récemment (qui suppose stationnarité ou différence première de la population agrégée). De plus, notre approche est un départ de la prévision de la population stochastique basée sur la matrice de Leslie. Nous avons aussi examiné un départ de la prévision stochastique basée sur la matrice de Leslie. Dans ce chapitre, nous avons aussi analysé pourquoi les techniques de prévision en démographie n'ont pas beaucoup évolué alors que les méthodes ne sont pas restées si traditionnelles. Dans le chapitre 5, nous incorporons les propriétés démographiques « memory » âge - distribution pour prévoir le Produit Intérieur Brut (ou revenu national) de quelques économies développées et en développement. Nous relâchons l'hypothèse de stationnarité âge-structure et croissance de la population dans le modèle en faisant les projections du revenu de long terme. Nous montrons que la croissance de la population totale n'a pas besoin d'être stationnaire et que tout degré de chocs stochastiques dans ces séries peut affecter la performance de prévision. Etant donné que la méthode de panel “long memory” est encore à construire pour une bonne prévision, nous faisons une prévision du revenu basée sur la démographie dans un contexte uni varié qui suppose une procédure stochastique « long- memory » pour une croissance de la population structurée suivant l'âge. Finalement, le chapitre 6 résume les resultants principaux de la thèse et montre quelques directions possibles pour des recherches futures.

Fertility rates in sub Saharan Africa (SSA) have been identified to be depicted by a  unique demographic scenario, that sets  the region  apart from other regions in the world. Demographers are particularly keen on comprehending the dynamics surrounding the demographic transition of the sub continent especially with respect to its shift from high fertility rates to low fertility rates.  The decline in fertility embodies the second phase of the demographic transition process. The discourse on fertility rates in the sub continent has been coined to be an anomaly based on its prevalence being an exception in the world. Discussion pertaining to fertility levels in the region in this paper was made  with the purpose of illuminating the factors that account for the region’s high fertility rates, as well as on  fertility discourse in the region, and the variation that characterize its prevalence amongst the countries in the sub continent. Information on the fertility rates revealed that social organization and cultural setting in the region play pivotal roles in forging high fertility rates in the region.

Title Effects of Demographic Characteristics on Consumer’s Choice of Buying Green Products: An Empirical Study of Swedish Electricity Market. Purpose Purpose of the research to study the consumer behaviour of the Swedish audiences based on  different demographic characteristics i.e. age, gender, income status, educational level and area of residence. The information will be useful to know that how different target groups based on different demographic attributes, perceive and respond the green electricity programmes, which will helpful to study the consumer behaviour and marketing of green electricity in Sweden. Methodology This research is mainly based on quantitative research, method which deals with use of statistical tools and numbers. A part of this research is also based on qualitative research which emphases on in depth analysis of information and finding a conclusion from the information gathered. The data have collected through using both primary and secondary sources. This research is mainly based on quantitative pattern; hence the data have collected using primary sources; the questioners. The questionnaires were distribute among the people of different age groups, income status, number of persons living in a household, residential status and income status. The aim of this survey was to target the audiences from whole Sweden, but due to limited time the data has collected only from the inhabitants of Eskilstuna, Västerås, Kvicksund, Södetalje, Köping, Arboga and Stockholm.   Analysis and findings For finding and analysis we have adopted a conceptual model to study the impacts of demographic characteristics on consumers’ choice of green electricity. This model leads to analysis according to findings from questionnaire and literature. Conclusion After careful compilation and analysing the results of our findings and with reference to the research topic of this thesis we have come to a conclusion that demographic characteristics (gender, age, income, education and area of residence) of Swedish consumers can influence their decision making to purchase green electricity.

Tidigare forskning har pekat på samband mellan självkänsla och självupplevd stress vid akademiska studier. Hög självkänsla har varit en skyddsfaktor mot stress och medfört ett psykologiskt välbefinnande hos studenter. Det har dock förekommit både kulturella och demografiska skillnader gällande självkänsla och stress. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka svenska högskolestuderandes demografiska variabler kön, ålder, civilstatus, arbete och barn samt globala självkänsla i relation till upplevd stress. Deltagarna i studien var 111 högskolestudenter vid 2 högskolor i Mellansverige, varav 74 kvinnor. En kvantitativ undersökning genomfördes, där självkänsla och självupplevd stress undersöktes. Rosenbergs Self-Esteem Scale och The Perceived Stress Scale användes som mätinstrument i undersökningen. Resultatet visade på svaga och icke signifikanta samband mellan demografiska variabler och upplevd stress. Resultatet visade ett signifikant negativt samband mellan självkänsla och upplevd stress, men även mellan samtliga prediktorer och upplevd stress. Den enda variabeln av relevans för att undvika stress, visade sig vara självkänslan.

Since Ministry of Transportation and Communication of the DGT put ¡§liberalization of telecommunications¡¨ into practice in 1997, the development of the mobile phone industry has been 7 years. The sales volume is affected by brand, function, specification, and service of system proprietor. Moreover, the available distribution channel and the execellent after-sales service have played an important role in it. In other words, according to the replacement of mobile phone, the influence of distribution channel is more important than before. Because the real channel is the biggest part of the mobile phone industry, this study wants to research demographic and lifestyle of consumers in this field. This study adopted the research of questionnaire as study method. The target of this study is consumers who have purchased mobile phone in Kaohsiung area, and the field of this study was concentrated on demographic and lifestyle of consumer behavior. The valid questionnaire volum is 551. This study used SPPS software to access factor analysis and cluster analysis to get the lifestyle data of consumers, and then it used Chi-square test to examine the influence between the demographic and lifestyle of consumers and consumer behavior. If the examination is remarkable, it would go a step further to show the distribution of sample frequencies. By this way, we would know where the difference is.According to this study result, it shows that different gender, years, occupation, and disposable income would have the remarkable difference with consumer behavior. It meant that the consumer characteristics had influenced the purchasing behavior of mobile phone. Therefore, the distribution channel should consinder more about consumer characterstics to decide its strategy. Moreover, different lifestyle would have an impact on purchasing price and choice of purchasing place. It meant that distribution channel could aim the distinguishing feature of different group to choose unique product and business modle. It would help to satisfy the need of different group and to create distinctive position of market.

Background: West Nile Virus (WNV) is a serious mosquito-borne disease that can potentially lead to death. The purpose of this study is to spatially examine known risk factors for WNV within Georgia at the county level. The study produces maps that relate known WNV cases to high, medium, and low risk factor areas for additional analyses. Methodology: Cartographic visualization and statistical analysis software was used to examine the relationships between: the geographical distribution of age, race, gender, urbanicity, and population density of Georgians in relation to WNV cases by county. Chi-square analysis and odds rations were calculated to determine whether or not associations of risk and the likelihood of WNV case reports were significant. Results: Gender was found to be significantly associated with the distribution of reported WNV cases. Identification of high risk areas throughout the state was determined through the use of Geographic Information System software. Conclusion: Insights into the visual distribution of WNV risk factors throughout the state of Georgia can assist policy makers and public health planners to optimize resources in WNV transmission and prevention abatement and education efforts. This exploratory study provides a critical first glimpse into the distribution of WNV risk factors throughout the state.

As in years past, use of tobacco remains the leading cause of preventable death in this country. Smoking has been associated with elevated risks of 15 other forms of and has also been identified as a major cause of such chronic conditions as cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, bronchitis and emphysema. In 2008, an estimated 8.6 million Americans suffered from smoking-related chronic conditions (American Cancer Society, 2010). As 80% of tobacco use begins in adolescence (Villanti, Boulay & Juon, 2010), this age group has long been the focus of intervention efforts. Furthermore, animal studies suggest that the adolescent brain is at increased risk for developing an addiction to nicotine compared to an adult brain (Morrell, Song & Halpern-Felsher, 2011). Additional studies have demonstrated that the younger an adolescent begins smoking, the more likely he is to become a regular smoker and less likely to quit smoking (Brown et al., 2010). The public health opportunity for primary and secondary prevention intervention is clear. To track adolescent risk-taking in the state, The Georgia Department of Education administers the Georgia Student Health Survey II [GSHS II] throughout all school districts. The purpose of this thesis study was to examine known smoking risk factors using the GSHS data in order to assess associations using an adolescent sample. Findings demonstrated that age, gender, and urbanicity were associated with smoking. Findings from this study provide insights for programming that can be tailored to meet the needs of adolescent subgroups that may be vulnerable to smoking initiation.

Der aktuelle demographische Wandel umfasst nicht nur den Rückgang der Bevölkerung und die Alterung der Gesellschaft, sondern auch das Abnehmen der Haushaltsgrößen und veränderte Familienstrukturen. Das betrifft in erster Linie Veränderungen von Lebensformen insbesondere von Frauen, die eine große Rolle im Prozess des gegenwärtigen demographischen Wandels spielen. Am Beispiel der Stadt Leipzig stehen diese Entwicklungen im Mittelpunkt der vorliegenden Studie. Der Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit wird – neben einem generellen Überblick über Trends des demographischen Wandels in Leipzig nach der politischen Wende – in einer empirischen Analyse von veränderten Lebensformen junger Frauen in Leipzig liegen.