O uso de resíduos de construção e demolição (RCD) vem ganhando espaço crescente em aplicações na engenharia. Este material adquiriu maior importância a partir da década de 70, com seu emprego ampliado como material granular em concretos de cimento para obras civis e no setor de infraestrutura, principalmente como camadas de pavimentos. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo compreender o comportamento físico e mecânico do agregado reciclado de resíduos de construção e demolição com adição de aglomerantes, a cal hidratada e cimento Portland. Foram construídos três trechos experimentais de uma via urbana com uso de RCD misto na sub-base dos pavimentos: (i) um sem aglomerantes adicionais, (ii) um com adição em usina de 3% de cal hidratada, e (iii) um com adição em usina de 3% de cimento Portland. Todas as amostras coletadas em usina foram caracterizadas em laboratório e foram analisados os comportamentos mecânicos das três diferentes misturas por meio de ensaios de (i) resistência à compressão simples aos 7 dias de cura para os materiais com aglomerantes, (ii) ensaios de módulo de resiliência a 7, 28 e 60 dias de cura para todas as misturas, e (iii) ensaios de deformação permanente com diferentes tensões. Analisando os resultados das misturas a 60 dias de cura, a mistura em RCD apresentou com o menor ganho em módulo de resiliência, enquanto que a mistura de RCD com 3% cimento, apresentou os maiores módulos, e a mistura RCD com adição em 3% de cal obteve um valor pouco abaixo daquele com cimento. Quanto ao comportamento à deformação permanente, verificou-se que a baixos níveis de tensão, todas as misturas apresentaram baixas deformações e comportamento similar. Em maiores níveis de diferença de tensões principais, as misturas estabilizadas apresentaram comportamento estável e as misturas em RCD obtiveram deformação permanente mais significativa. Com o monitoramento deflectométrico foi possível realizar retroanálise, e estimar os módulos de resiliência in situ, cujos valores foram similares aos encontrados em laboratório. Passados quase dois anos, o comportamento funcional e estrutural dos trechos experimentais é satisfatório. / The use of construction and demolition waste (CDW) has been increasing in engineering applications the use of CDW has become more important since the 70s as granular material in cement concrete applications in civil engineering and transportation infrastructure, mainly as pavement layers. This study aims to understand the physical and mechanical behavior of recycled aggregate from construction and demolition waste with the addition of hydraulic binders, as hydrated lime and Portland cement. Three experimental urban pavement sections were constructed using CDW as subbase material: (i) the first one using CDW, (ii) the second one using CDW with 3% of hydrated lime (mixed in the plant), and (iii) the third one employing CDW with 3% of cement (also mixed in the plant). All samples collected in the plant were characterized in laboratory. The mechanical behavior of these materials and mixtures were analyzed through the following tests: (i) compressive strength after 7 days of curing for materials with hydraulic binders, (ii) resilient moduli after 7, 28, and 60 days of curing for all mixes, and (iii) permanent deformation. By analyzing the responses of the mixture after 60 days of curing, the CDW mixture presented, as a crushed stone, the smallest gain on resilient modulus, whereas mixture with 3% cement with CDW had the highest modulus. The mixture with 3 % hydrated lime with CDW showed resilient modulus smaller than the mixture with cement. The permanent deformations at low stress levels were low and similar for the three tested materials. On the other hand, at higher stress level, the stabilized mixtures exhibited stable behavior, and the mixture with CDW shows a significant permanent deformation. The backcalculation based on the measurement of field deflections showed values of resilient moduli in situ similar to the laboratory results. After almost two years, the performance of the experimental sections is considered satisfactory.

This project is inspired by two facts that occur on an everyday basis in much of the world. First, it is obvious that many persons and organizations in many developing nations are paying large amounts of money for large-scale architecture projects, including skyscrapers, museums, and airport, subway, and train terminals. It is often the case that as the mega-buildings are built, many useful materials—structural steel, wood, reinforcing rods, sheets of corrugated steel, and concrete among them--are wasted, even though they could be utilized in smaller projects. The second fact is that digital technology is playing a more important role in the daily life of many people and professionals. The development of such technologies also influences the ways in which buildings are created. Many types of software programs now facilitate the standard and non-standard workings of architecture offices worldwide, starting with design, moving through fabrication, and culminating with assembly.It is suggested that we can reuse the scraps from huge construction projects to provide much needed small buildings in the developing world (such as houses or small commercial structures) by using new digital technologies. As the technology becomes available, many architects will be able to adapt and utilize all types of raw materials in the most efficient ways possible while minimizing the amount of waste taken to landfill sites.To advance these ideas, the author worked as an intern at Morphosis and visited the offices of Gehry Partners and Greg Lynn Form (all in Los Angeles), and Sharpies Holden Pasquarelli Architects (SHoP) in New York; these firms are among the most influential offices in the world, both in regards to the buildings they design and the digital technologies with which they work. Rule-based design was studied to better understand the logic of computation. Simultaneously, several experimental projects were designed and built.The knowledge gained from these studies, experiences, and experiments can give us confidence that new technology can help architects and designers organize the complexity of unique scraps for use in the construction of buildings or building components.However, problems were revealed that are in need of attention. For example, the machines that are typically used for digital fabrication procedures today, such as the laser cutter and CNC router, do not provide the best support for this work because they are not intended to be used with scraps and the price of the machine is relatively high.It is hoped that this project can be a small first step for other architects to understand the possibility and the logic of digital technology within the realm of building construction waste. If studied and understood, the new technology can be a very powerful tool to utilize the leftover material in the most efficient way. / Department of Architecture

Thesis PlanB (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--City Planning, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. / Leigh, Nancey Green, Committee Chair ; Contant, Cheryl, Committee Member ; Meyer, Peter, Committee Member ; Vanegas, Jorge, Committee Member ; Elliott, Michael, Committee Member.

Orientador: Manuel Baldomero Rolando Berríos Godoy / Banca: Antonio Carlos Tavares / Banca: Tânia Maria de Campos Leite / Resumo: Os impactos ambientais provocados pelos mais diversos processos produtivos estão comprometendo o equilíbrio dos ecossistemas. O setor da construção civil contribui sobremaneira na deterioração da qualidade ambiental, visto que por um lado, consome uma significativa parcela dos recursos naturais não-renováveis e por outro, gera a parcela predominante da massa dos resíduos sólidos urbanos produzidos nas cidades. Esses resíduos, conhecidos como resíduos de construção e demolição (RCD) são gerados em todas as etapas e atividades desenvolvidas em uma obra, sendo frequentemente dispostos de maneira clandestina e irregular. O Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente do Brasil, considerando disciplinar as ações referentes à problemática da geração de RCD, estabelece a Resolução CONAMA 307/02, disciplinando as ações dos Municípios e dos grandes geradores, porém a maioria dos Municípios ainda não elaborou o Plano Integrado de Gerenciamento de Resíduos da Construção Civil, consequentemente, as construtoras, de igual modo, não estão gerenciando corretamente seus resíduos. O presente estudo apresenta a experiência vivenciada por alguns municípios brasileiros com relação ao gerenciamento dos RCD, apresenta também, a necessidade das práticas de redução e da reciclagem dos resíduos e discorre sobre a realidade vivenciada pelas construtoras da cidade de Teresina com relação ao gerenciamento dos RCD, onde é constatado que a maioria das construtoras não aplica as diretrizes da Resolução CONAMA 307/02 / Abstract: The environment impacts provoked by the most diverse productive processes are compromising the balance of ecosystems. The sector of the civil construction contributes excessively in the deterioration of the ambient quality, since on the other hand, consumes a significant parcel of the natural resources not-renewed and for another one, it generates the predominant quantity of the mass of the produced urban solid waste in the cities. These residues, known as residues of building and demolition (RCD) are generated in all the stages and activities developed in a workmanship, being frequent made use in clandestine and irregular way. The National Advice of the Environment of Brazil, considering to discipline the referring actions to the problematic one of the RCD generation, establishes Resolution CONAMA 307/02, disciplining the actions of the Cities and the great generators, however the majority of the Cities not yet elaborated the Integrated Plan of Management of Residues of the Civil Construction, therefore, the constructors, equally, is not managing its residues correctly. The present study it presents the experience lived deeply for some Brazilian cities with regard to the management of the RCD, also presents, the necessity of the practical ones of reduction and the recycling of the residues and discourses on the reality lived deeply for the constructors of the city of Teresina with regard to the management of the RCD, where it is evidenced that the majority of the constructors does not apply the lines of direction of Resolution CONAMA 307/02 / Mestre

O uso de resíduos de construção e demolição (RCD) vem ganhando espaço crescente em aplicações na engenharia. Este material adquiriu maior importância a partir da década de 70, com seu emprego ampliado como material granular em concretos de cimento para obras civis e no setor de infraestrutura, principalmente como camadas de pavimentos. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo compreender o comportamento físico e mecânico do agregado reciclado de resíduos de construção e demolição com adição de aglomerantes, a cal hidratada e cimento Portland. Foram construídos três trechos experimentais de uma via urbana com uso de RCD misto na sub-base dos pavimentos: (i) um sem aglomerantes adicionais, (ii) um com adição em usina de 3% de cal hidratada, e (iii) um com adição em usina de 3% de cimento Portland. Todas as amostras coletadas em usina foram caracterizadas em laboratório e foram analisados os comportamentos mecânicos das três diferentes misturas por meio de ensaios de (i) resistência à compressão simples aos 7 dias de cura para os materiais com aglomerantes, (ii) ensaios de módulo de resiliência a 7, 28 e 60 dias de cura para todas as misturas, e (iii) ensaios de deformação permanente com diferentes tensões. Analisando os resultados das misturas a 60 dias de cura, a mistura em RCD apresentou com o menor ganho em módulo de resiliência, enquanto que a mistura de RCD com 3% cimento, apresentou os maiores módulos, e a mistura RCD com adição em 3% de cal obteve um valor pouco abaixo daquele com cimento. Quanto ao comportamento à deformação permanente, verificou-se que a baixos níveis de tensão, todas as misturas apresentaram baixas deformações e comportamento similar. Em maiores níveis de diferença de tensões principais, as misturas estabilizadas apresentaram comportamento estável e as misturas em RCD obtiveram deformação permanente mais significativa. Com o monitoramento deflectométrico foi possível realizar retroanálise, e estimar os módulos de resiliência in situ, cujos valores foram similares aos encontrados em laboratório. Passados quase dois anos, o comportamento funcional e estrutural dos trechos experimentais é satisfatório. / The use of construction and demolition waste (CDW) has been increasing in engineering applications the use of CDW has become more important since the 70s as granular material in cement concrete applications in civil engineering and transportation infrastructure, mainly as pavement layers. This study aims to understand the physical and mechanical behavior of recycled aggregate from construction and demolition waste with the addition of hydraulic binders, as hydrated lime and Portland cement. Three experimental urban pavement sections were constructed using CDW as subbase material: (i) the first one using CDW, (ii) the second one using CDW with 3% of hydrated lime (mixed in the plant), and (iii) the third one employing CDW with 3% of cement (also mixed in the plant). All samples collected in the plant were characterized in laboratory. The mechanical behavior of these materials and mixtures were analyzed through the following tests: (i) compressive strength after 7 days of curing for materials with hydraulic binders, (ii) resilient moduli after 7, 28, and 60 days of curing for all mixes, and (iii) permanent deformation. By analyzing the responses of the mixture after 60 days of curing, the CDW mixture presented, as a crushed stone, the smallest gain on resilient modulus, whereas mixture with 3% cement with CDW had the highest modulus. The mixture with 3 % hydrated lime with CDW showed resilient modulus smaller than the mixture with cement. The permanent deformations at low stress levels were low and similar for the three tested materials. On the other hand, at higher stress level, the stabilized mixtures exhibited stable behavior, and the mixture with CDW shows a significant permanent deformation. The backcalculation based on the measurement of field deflections showed values of resilient moduli in situ similar to the laboratory results. After almost two years, the performance of the experimental sections is considered satisfactory.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-04-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:36:19Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 farias_ip_me_rcla.pdf: 4136084 bytes, checksum: b97c1d4359ee0f73134d8ec622ca24e8 (MD5) / Os impactos ambientais provocados pelos mais diversos processos produtivos estão comprometendo o equilíbrio dos ecossistemas. O setor da construção civil contribui sobremaneira na deterioração da qualidade ambiental, visto que por um lado, consome uma significativa parcela dos recursos naturais não-renováveis e por outro, gera a parcela predominante da massa dos resíduos sólidos urbanos produzidos nas cidades. Esses resíduos, conhecidos como resíduos de construção e demolição (RCD) são gerados em todas as etapas e atividades desenvolvidas em uma obra, sendo frequentemente dispostos de maneira clandestina e irregular. O Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente do Brasil, considerando disciplinar as ações referentes à problemática da geração de RCD, estabelece a Resolução CONAMA 307/02, disciplinando as ações dos Municípios e dos grandes geradores, porém a maioria dos Municípios ainda não elaborou o Plano Integrado de Gerenciamento de Resíduos da Construção Civil, consequentemente, as construtoras, de igual modo, não estão gerenciando corretamente seus resíduos. O presente estudo apresenta a experiência vivenciada por alguns municípios brasileiros com relação ao gerenciamento dos RCD, apresenta também, a necessidade das práticas de redução e da reciclagem dos resíduos e discorre sobre a realidade vivenciada pelas construtoras da cidade de Teresina com relação ao gerenciamento dos RCD, onde é constatado que a maioria das construtoras não aplica as diretrizes da Resolução CONAMA 307/02 / The environment impacts provoked by the most diverse productive processes are compromising the balance of ecosystems. The sector of the civil construction contributes excessively in the deterioration of the ambient quality, since on the other hand, consumes a significant parcel of the natural resources not-renewed and for another one, it generates the predominant quantity of the mass of the produced urban solid waste in the cities. These residues, known as residues of building and demolition (RCD) are generated in all the stages and activities developed in a workmanship, being frequent made use in clandestine and irregular way. The National Advice of the Environment of Brazil, considering to discipline the referring actions to the problematic one of the RCD generation, establishes Resolution CONAMA 307/02, disciplining the actions of the Cities and the great generators, however the majority of the Cities not yet elaborated the Integrated Plan of Management of Residues of the Civil Construction, therefore, the constructors, equally, is not managing its residues correctly. The present study it presents the experience lived deeply for some Brazilian cities with regard to the management of the RCD, also presents, the necessity of the practical ones of reduction and the recycling of the residues and discourses on the reality lived deeply for the constructors of the city of Teresina with regard to the management of the RCD, where it is evidenced that the majority of the constructors does not apply the lines of direction of Resolution CONAMA 307/02

No description available.

No / Degrading infrastructure and applications of structural demolition create tremendous amounts of construction and demolition waste (CDW) all around the world. To address this issue in an effective way, recycling CDW in a most appropriate way has become a global concern in recent years. To this end, this study focused on the utilization of CDW-based materials such as hollow brick (HB), red clay brick (RCB), roof tile (RT), glass (G) and concrete (C) in the production of geopolymer mortars. These materials were first collected from an urban transformation area and then subjected to an identical two-step crushing-milling procedure to provide sufficient fineness for geopolymerization. To investigate the influence of blast furnace slag (S) addition to the CDW-based mixtures, 20% S substituted mixture designs were also made. Fine recycled concrete aggregates (FRCA) obtained from crushing and sieving of the waste concrete were used as the aggregate. A series of mixtures were designed using different proportions of three distinct alkali activators such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and calcium hydroxide (Ca[OH]2). To improve their applicability, the mixtures were left to cure at room temperature rather than the heat curing which is frequently applied in the literature. After 28 days of ambient curing, the 100% CDW-based geopolymer mortar activated with three different activators reached a compressive strength of 31.6 MPa, whereas the 20% S substituted geopolymer mortar achieved a compressive strength of 51.9 MPa. While the geopolymer mortars activated with only NaOH exhibited poor performance, it was found that the use of Na2SiO3 and Ca(OH)2 improved the compressive strength. Main geopolymerization products were related to NASH, CASH, and C(N)ASH gel formations. Our results demonstrated that mixed CDW-based materials can be employed in the manufacturing geopolymers, making them potential alternatives to Portland cement-based systems by being eco-friendly, energy-efficient, and comparable in compressive strength. / This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 894100.

Yes / Geopolymers are mostly produced with main-stream precursors such as fly ash and slag. These precursors are successfully used and competitively demanded by the cement industry. Development of geopolymers from alternative precursors is appealing. The main aim of this work is the development of geopolymers with construction and demolition waste-based precursors including masonry units (red clay brick, roof tile, hollow brick) and glass. Different curing temperatures (50, 65, 75, 85, 95, 105, 115, 125 oC), curing periods (24, 48, 72 h), and Na concentrations (10, 12, 15%) of alkaline activator (NaOH) were employed. Compressive strength testing and microstructural investigations were performed including X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Results showed that depending on the type of precursor (hollow brick), curing temperature/period (115 oC/24 h) and concentration of alkaline activator (12%), it is possible to obtain compressive strength results more than 45 MPa. Hollow brick is the most successful precursor resulting in higher compressive strength results thanks to a more compact microstructure. The strength performance of red clay brick and roof tile is similar. The compressive strength results of geopolymers with glass precursor are lower, most probably due to significantly coarser particles of glass used. The main reaction products of red clay brick-, roof tile- and hollow brick-based geopolymers are sodium aluminosilicate hydrate (N-A-S-H) gels with zeolite-like structures while they are sodium silicate gels in the case of glass-based geopolymers. Our findings showed that CDW-based materials can be used successfully in producing geopolymers. Current research is believed to help raise awareness in novel routes for the effective utilization of such wastes which are realistically troublesome and attract further research on the utilization of CDW-based materials in geopolymer production. / The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial assistance of the Scientific and Technical Research Council (TUBITAK) of Turkey and British Council provided under projects: 117M447 and 218M102.