The presence of schools in our lives can not be overstated. In regards to life experiences, school could be argued to be the single most common part of our lives. Memories from school are particularly present throughout one’s life journey and forms the identities of all through powerful memories; good and bad. In terms of our relationship to buildings, the school building is only second to home for most. In a small town the school buildings are oftentimes some of the most present not just in social influence, but also by being sizeable, sometimes the single largest building might be a school. In a town that sports a history primarily of industry and outdoor life the understanding of a structures role in the locality along with the opinions and actions of the citizens might take on a different form than were it to be in a city with a rich tradition of culture. Nevertheless, the population with a relationship with a particular school all have memories and those are subsequently to be shared among each other. With this in mind, what happens when a school building is demolished or approaches status as condemned? The memories of former students, faculty and others remain through photographs and friendships still close to heart. How does demolition of a physical thing so large and emotional affect people’s opinions and actions in regards to their hometown and each other? This study aims to provide understanding of the relationship between town, inhabitants and school buildings by mapping and analyzing how memories are shared through social media. Loss and collective identity can be respected, neglected, encouraged or misunderstood. Contributions to the understanding of the processes related to this helps further research and potentially courses of actions. The result of working with the chosen material shows that those engaging in discussions online in this forum regarding the buildings collectively contribute to the creation of a common relationship with the past and present within the confines of the topic, even though a consensus in terms of emotional connection and opinion is not apparent. The act of sharing pictures and anecdotes are met with extensive contributions in the form of comments and shows the interest among the population to partake in the exchange of memory.

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Construction and Demolition (C&D) wastes are materials produced in the process of construction, renovation, or demolition of structures (buildings and roads). It also includes materials generated as a result of natural disasters (EPA, 2009). Preliminary estimates from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) show that the nation generated more than 160 million tons of building related C&D wastes in 2003. Also, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PADEP) estimated that in 2005, Pennsylvania disposed over 2.25 million tons of C&D wastes in its municipal and C&D landfills (PADEP, 2009).Though previous studies have shown that it is cost-effective and environmentally friendly for contractors or construction managers to recycle C&D wastes rather than disposing them in landfills, these previous studies, however, paid little or no attention to detailed cost of recycling C&D wastes in a particular geographical area or region as compared to the availability of market for recycled materials or monetary value of the recycled materials. Hence, the objective of this study was to develop a mathematical model that helps stakeholders in construction business to evaluate the potential cost of recycling C&D waste components in their geographical area or region, and the potential revenue from the recycled materials. The model developed in this thesis will enable private companies or individuals to identify, invest and participate in the recycling of C&D waste components that yield good profits in their region or area. It will also enable Government to identify, sponsor or provide incentives for the recycling of C&D waste components that yield no or less profit in order to reduce environmental pollution and generate jobs. A case study is conducted in Pennsylvania to test the model developed in this thesis and the test has been successful. Based on the mathematical model and logic structure for selecting C&D waste components for recycling, drywall, roofing shingles and wood are identified as the components whose recycling will yield good profit and thus may not need government's support or incentives. Moreover, C&D waste components such as concrete, brick, block and asphalt, have been identified as components whose recycling will not be profitable enough and therefore would require government's support or incentives. The result of the case study also shows that the quantity of non-ferrous metals in C&D wastes are very small and their recycling will not yield any significant profit. / Civil Engineering

Nowadays in China, every province is implementing urbanization, which is a national policy goal. In this process, Copinism is very obvious. Almost everything is being done by Western World rules, from buildings to lifestyles; apparently, China needs to learn a lot from the western world. However, with the development of urbanization, the inadequacy of this approach becomes more and more evident, especially in old cities with rich culture heritages. The overly rapid development speed even sharpens the resulted contradictions when it brings chances. With decades of “copying”, it’s time for China, a country with such a different culture system from the West, to turn to substantive innovation, but renovation. Rongcheng, which is located in the middle-east of China, is a thriving new city with traditional villages occupying the majority of the land. The residential buildings & community typology in Rongcheng have great potentials and opportunities for major innovation. Both village buildings and city buildings have elements that people yearn for. At the meantime, any innovation must consider the general political and economic system in China as a major underlying force. Meanwhile, by starting from the most basic requirements of the residents, including lifestyles and old customs and combining them selectively with mainstream-rules, I aim to create a new kind of building and community that is fitting to the local soil, meets the needs of local people, and directly addresses facets of China. This study about my hometown, Rongcheng, will become a start point for my studies of my homeland.

The project explores alternative strategies to demolition, with the purpose of minimizing waste and optimizing resources in new building projects. The study focuses on the Stockholm suburb of Mariehäll, a former industrial area currently undergoing significant transformation to a mixed-use city. Due to this conversion, wasteful demolitions of large postwar building complexes are prevalent in the area, highlighting the need for sustainable architectural interventions. By examining a set of buildings that are at risk of demolition, the aim of the study was to find a potential host for a new primary school. Among these buildings, a former workshop and warehouse building from the 1950s was identified as the most viable candidate. Through an exploration of reuse and upcycling options, design strategies are proposed for transforming the building into a functional school. By showcasing and analyzing different approaches to the reuse of architectural elements, the study presents methodologies that may be generalized and employed in other projects.

The amount of CCA treated wood being removed from spent residential decks is increasing at a tremendous rate. While most spent CCA treated wood is being disposed in landfills, further useful and environmentally beneficial alternatives have to be met. This research estimated the percentage of recoverable lumber from spent CCA decks that can be recycled into other usable products. Six residential decks were removed from service, by either demolition or deconstruction procedures. It was found that 86% of the CCA treated wood from the residential decks could be recovered as reusable CCA treated lumber. It was also found that deconstruction of a residential deck, rather than demolition, was not a factor in the volume of CCA treated wood recovered. Chemical and mechanical properties of the removed CCA treated wood were also analyzed. The chemical retention of the deck material proved that most of the spent CCA treated wood could be used in above ground applications. The stiffness of spent CCA treated wood from residential decks was approximately equal to that of recently treated CCA wood. The strength properties were slightly lower than recently treated CCA wood probably due mainly to physical and climatic degradation. Products were then produced that could be successfully utilized by recycling centers or community and government organizations. Products manufactured included, pallets, picnic tables, outdoor furniture, residential decks, and landscaping components. Waste management, recycling, and government organizations were interviewed to determine what markets and barriers exist for recycled CCA treated products. Most landfill and recycling facilities do not currently sort or recycle CCA treated wood, citing the main reason as a lack of a viable market. Potential users were interested in the material but citied they did not know where to locate the material. A communication barrier exists between the waste management industry, recyclers, and users; which is preventing the successful recycling of CCA treated wood from spent residential decks. / Master of Science

No / The University of Bradford was constructed in the 1960s, following the demolition of Victorian streets, houses, and local community buildings. An on-campus archaeological excavation took place in 2021 as a result of Covid-19 restrictions. Using a variety of archive sources, the results of the Dig led to an armchair exploration of both former Victorian residents and also the social history of the former community. This reflective piece documents the archive journey taken by someone who is not an archaeologist and touches upon the experiences of heritage attachment. / University of Bradford, School of Social Sciences Research Fund

Yes / Degrading infrastructure and applications of structural demolition create tremendous amounts of construction and demolition waste (CDW) all around the world. To address this issue in an effective way, recycling CDW in a most appropriate way has become a global concern in recent years. To this end, this study focused on the valorization of CDW-based materials such as tile, bricks, glass, and concrete in the development of geopolymer mortars. CDWs were first collected from demolition zone and then subjected to crushing-milling operations. To investigate the influence of slag (S) addition to the mixtures, 20% S substituted mixture designs were also made. Fine recycled concrete aggregates (FRCA) obtained from crushing and sieving of the waste concrete were used as the aggregate. A series of mixtures were designed using different proportions of three distinct alkali activators such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium silicate (Na2SiO3), and calcium hydroxide (CH; Ca(OH)2). To improve their applicability, the mixtures were left to cure at room temperature rather than the heat curing which is frequently applied in the literature. After 28 days ambient curing, the 100% CDW-based geopolymer mortar activated with three different activators reached a compressive strength of 31.6 MPa, whereas the 20% S substituted geopolymer mortar showed a 51.9 MPa compressive strength. While the geopolymer mortars activated with only NaOH exhibited poor performance, it was found that the use of Na2SiO3 and CH improved the mechanical performance. Main geopolymerization products were related to NASH (Sodium alumino-silicate hydrate), CASH (Calcium alumino-silicate hydrate), and C(N)ASH gel formations. Results demonstrated that mixed CDWs can be employed in the manufacturing geopolymers, making them potential alternatives to Portland cement (PC)-based systems by being eco-friendly, energy-efficient, and comparable in compressive strength. / This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 894100.

Yes / In the current practice, at the end of life of a reinforced concrete struc-ture, it is destructively demolished, and the demolition waste is limited to downcycling and low-tech applications, while the remaining is being landfilled. A recent report showed that construction and demolition waste (CDW) is the big-gest waste stream in the EU by weight, accounting for over 800 million tons in 2018, i.e. around 32% of the total waste generated. This approach is clearly wasteful of energy, jeopardizing the health of individuals and environments and at high cost. However, design for deconstruction (DfD) of reinforced concrete structures would facilitate the future reuse of structural elements at the end of their life, potentially achieving a significant reduction in embodied energy of structures and CO2 emission as well as giving the owners the benefit of retaining the value of their assets. In this paper, recent research developments and practical applications of DfD of reinforced concrete structures are reviewed and key technical issues are dis-cussed. The focus is on connections that should be designed in such a way to al-low demounting of precast reinforced concrete structural elements, including beam/column, wall/wall, column/column and segmental slab connections. The main achievements and progress to date are outlined for each type of dry connec-tions, along with the aspects that still need to be developed. The paper concludes with an outline of challenges in the application of DfD in concrete structures. / This project was supported by the Newton Prize 2020, UK-Turkey award, grant ref number NP2020PB\100026, funded by the Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy. It has also received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 894100. / This paper is from the fib Symposium 2023, Building for the future: Durable, Sustainable, Resilient. 5-7 Jun, Istanbul, Turkey.

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