It is crucial to understand the factors that influence the health of Canada’s rapidly aging population. This thesis examines social and material deprivation among the older population in Canada, focusing on a case study of Kingston, Ontario, as well as the intersections between indicators of deprivation and health. A Canadian area-based deprivation index developed by Robert Pampalon was used to measure deprivation. Data were obtained from the Institut national de santé public de Quebec, the Canadian Institute for Health Information, the Canadian Community Health Survey, and the Canadian Census. Firstly, these data were used to examine relationships between deprivation indicators, aging and health. The percentage of the population in fair or poor health increases with age, as does the likelihood that this group will experience one or more indicators of deprivation. Secondly, the spatial patterns of deprivation were compared to the areas where the older population is living in Kingston. Social deprivation is positively correlated with areas with a higher percentage of those 75 years of age or more, whereas material deprivation is negatively correlated with these areas. Collectively, these results indicate that the older population in Kingston is facing a triple jeopardy of declining health, declining resources, and living in areas that are socially deprived. This population seems to be asset-rich, in that they own their own homes, but cash-poor. Overall, these findings contribute to our understanding of aging and the burden of deprivation faced by the older population. In order to facilitate healthy aging, it is important to take into account the social and material environments where the older population resides as part of an effort to maximize the health and wellbeing of this vulnerable population. / Thesis (Master, Geography) -- Queen's University, 2013-09-25 11:30:26.279

The main goal of this study was to investigate whether residents of rural areas especially in deprived communities in BC have reasonable geographic access to healthy and affordable food providers (e.g., supermarkets, grocery stores, and farmers’ markets), and if lack of access impacts their weight status. As well, I investigated the extent to which farmers’ markets improve food accessibility in BC’s rural food deserts. In order to identify food deserts, the methodology which has been developed by USDA was modified and adapted to BC’s rural situations. In the first step, using Principal Component Analysis, deprived rural regions were identified based on selected socioeconomic and demographic variables. Then, using ArcGIS Network Analyst extension, the distance based on driving time from the Population Weighted Centroid of each rural region to the closest supermarket or grocery store was calculated on BC road networks. A 15 minute driving time cut-off was set to identify low access areas. Deprived rural regions which were also classified as low access were identified as food deserts. The impact of food accessibility on the weight status of rural British Columbians was investigated using the 2013-14 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS). A hierarchical regression model was constructed with weight status of residents as the dependent variable and distance to the closest supermarket or grocery store as the independent target variable. I found that food deserts are more concentrated in the Central Coast, Cariboo, and Peace River regions of the province. In addition, farmers’ markets play no role in providing healthy foods to the residents of food deserts. Lastly, distance from food stores is not significantly associated with the weight status of rural respondents in CCHS data. The findings of this study can be highly beneficial to government officials within different jurisdictions and health practitioners to develop or refine food policies toward providing healthy and affordable food to deprived residents and Aboriginal peoples in rural and remote communities. / Graduate

Poverty persists as one of the critical challenges in South Africa, predominantly because it is inbred. Currently, the majority of South Africa’s children live in households that are incapable of providing basic needs. Children born from deprived households have a high chance of being trapped into the cycle of poverty. Thus, household poverty affects child differently from adults; children tend to be more vulnerable to deprivation and poverty. The purpose of this study was to analyse the relationship between household poverty and child deprivation in Jabulani, a South African township. The study used an asset index and a child deprivation index to measure the scope of household poverty and child deprivation in Jabulani Township. The main focus of the study was to determine if household poverty has an impact on the deprivation status of a child living in a particular household. Therefore, analysing demographics of the household and its poverty status was also important. The empirical analysis of the study was centred on data collected from Jabulani Township in May 2015 by means of a survey questionnaire with a sample of 178 randomly selected households. Several statistical methods were used such as descriptive statistics, correlations and regression analysis to identify the overlaps between household poverty and child deprivation. The asset index was used to determine the poverty status of the household by measuring its wealth, thus identifying if a child from a poor household will be deprived of certain items by comparing it to the child deprivation index. The child deprivation index was constructed based on specific items a child may lack. The relationship between household poverty and child deprivation was determined and it was found that most of the children from poor households are not severely deprived; they are either less deprived or moderately deprived at most. Similarly, there are children from the well-off households who are deprived moderately and severely. However, the majority of the children living in less poor households are also less deprived. Thus, it was concluded that household needs are different from child needs, hence we find children who are not deprived in poor households and vice versa. The Relationship between Household Poverty and Child Deprivation in Jabulani Township Page vii The extent of household poverty was determined and as defined by the asset index the study found that 59 percent of the households in Jabulani Township are not poor, 31.5 percent have poverty levels just below average (based on the asset index measuring long-term wealth) and 9.6 percent are poor. Furthermore, it was found that the majority of the sampled population of Jabulani Township has low income levels, most of the asset poor households were also found to be income poor and vice versa. The study revealed that females head most households in Jabulani Township; female heads of household were found to have lower poverty levels compared to male heads of household. It was found that the majority of the heads of household have no schooling and quite a few of them have tertiary level education. The largest source of income in Jabulani Township is child support grant (87.1 percent) and wages or salaries contribute 77 percent to household income. The prevalence of child deprivation was determined based on the child deprivation index. It was found that 62.9 percent of the children in Jabulani Township are less deprived, 29.2 percent are moderately deprived and only 9.9 percent of the children are severely deprived. Therefore, the majority of the children in Jabulani Township are not severely deprived. The regression analysis results revealed that the total income of the household is a significant determinant of the asset index and the child deprivation index. Based on these findings it is recommended that more investments should be made towards education in Jabulani Township, as this could be a great move towards the alleviation of household poverty and, in turn, child deprivation. There is a need for skills empowerment especially in baking and sewing as most of the unemployed heads of households are skilled in those areas, this will curb dependence on the government and create more job opportunities so that the parents can provide for the needs of their children.

Poverty persists as one of the critical challenges in South Africa, predominantly because it is inbred. Currently, the majority of South Africa’s children live in households that are incapable of providing basic needs. Children born from deprived households have a high chance of being trapped into the cycle of poverty. Thus, household poverty affects child differently from adults; children tend to be more vulnerable to deprivation and poverty. The purpose of this study was to analyse the relationship between household poverty and child deprivation in Jabulani, a South African township. The study used an asset index and a child deprivation index to measure the scope of household poverty and child deprivation in Jabulani Township. The main focus of the study was to determine if household poverty has an impact on the deprivation status of a child living in a particular household. Therefore, analysing demographics of the household and its poverty status was also important. The empirical analysis of the study was centred on data collected from Jabulani Township in May 2015 by means of a survey questionnaire with a sample of 178 randomly selected households. Several statistical methods were used such as descriptive statistics, correlations and regression analysis to identify the overlaps between household poverty and child deprivation. The asset index was used to determine the poverty status of the household by measuring its wealth, thus identifying if a child from a poor household will be deprived of certain items by comparing it to the child deprivation index. The child deprivation index was constructed based on specific items a child may lack. The relationship between household poverty and child deprivation was determined and it was found that most of the children from poor households are not severely deprived; they are either less deprived or moderately deprived at most. Similarly, there are children from the well-off households who are deprived moderately and severely. However, the majority of the children living in less poor households are also less deprived. Thus, it was concluded that household needs are different from child needs, hence we find children who are not deprived in poor households and vice versa. The Relationship between Household Poverty and Child Deprivation in Jabulani Township Page vii The extent of household poverty was determined and as defined by the asset index the study found that 59 percent of the households in Jabulani Township are not poor, 31.5 percent have poverty levels just below average (based on the asset index measuring long-term wealth) and 9.6 percent are poor. Furthermore, it was found that the majority of the sampled population of Jabulani Township has low income levels, most of the asset poor households were also found to be income poor and vice versa. The study revealed that females head most households in Jabulani Township; female heads of household were found to have lower poverty levels compared to male heads of household. It was found that the majority of the heads of household have no schooling and quite a few of them have tertiary level education. The largest source of income in Jabulani Township is child support grant (87.1 percent) and wages or salaries contribute 77 percent to household income. The prevalence of child deprivation was determined based on the child deprivation index. It was found that 62.9 percent of the children in Jabulani Township are less deprived, 29.2 percent are moderately deprived and only 9.9 percent of the children are severely deprived. Therefore, the majority of the children in Jabulani Township are not severely deprived. The regression analysis results revealed that the total income of the household is a significant determinant of the asset index and the child deprivation index. Based on these findings it is recommended that more investments should be made towards education in Jabulani Township, as this could be a great move towards the alleviation of household poverty and, in turn, child deprivation. There is a need for skills empowerment especially in baking and sewing as most of the unemployed heads of households are skilled in those areas, this will curb dependence on the government and create more job opportunities so that the parents can provide for the needs of their children.

Despite an improved understanding of the disease, the prevalence of asthma and asthma-related morbidity continue to rise, particularly among minority and inner-city populations. Despite the growing epidemic of asthma, the surveillance of disease at the state or even local levels is very limited. Such information is very important to identify high-risk population groups and to design more effective community-based preventive interventions or risk management programs that may modify these trends. The study provided important information about spatial differences by the geographical area of residence and changes in asthma hospital admissions over time in the selected area. Environmental exposure to ambient air pollution by ambient particles, sulfur dioxide and ozone was a significant factor to explain the increase in asthma hospitalizations in simple regression analysis, but was not significant after the adjustment to area socioeconomic status characteristics. Sulfur dioxide was the only significant independent variable in a multiple adjusted regression model of hospitalizations for childhood asthma, however, more detailed environmental exposure assessment by calendar quarter suggested that ambient air pollution by sulfur dioxide is not significant variable in the multiple regression model. Future asthma prevention interventions and risk management programs should address population groups described by such socioeconomic status characteristics as poverty, unskilled workers, single parent families with children, families having no vehicle available, people living in less crowded households or socially excluded conditions without adequate family members or relatives support, and also people residing in houses heated by fuel. Developed complex area socioeconomic deprivation index was shown to be a significant predictor of hospital admissions for childhood and adult asthma by zip code area of residence. Predictive loglinear regression model for asthma hospitalizations was further validated by using standard statistical model validation techniques to estimate the accuracy of prediction with new independent dataset outside of our study area. Increase in complex area socioeconomic deprivation index by 1 extra unit could explain the increase by 7.9% in childhood and 7.5% in adult asthma hospitalization in 1997, 8.3% in childhood and 7.2% in adult asthma hospitalizations in 1998, and 7.7% in childhood and 6.7% in adult asthma hospitalizations in 1999 respectively. Predictive log-linear regression model could be successfully applied to develop more effective asthma prevention interventions and risk management programs and to address more sensitive population groups within specific high risk geographical areas.

Rural counties in the United States vary drastically on metrics related to socioeconomic status and dominant economic industry as well as health behaviors and outcomes. This study sought to understand the underlying structural reasons why some rural counties have better or worse than expected health outcomes using a positive deviance (PD) approach. The study aimed to: 1) create an area deprivation index and divide counties into quartiles using the index; 2) identify positive, negative, and non-deviant counties using health outcome metrics; 3) analyze differences between deviance on a variety of local public health system metrics; and 4) analyze differences between deviance on a variety of health service system metrics. All data were secondary, with data on public health systems derived from NACCHO’s 2016 National Profile of Local Health Departments (LHDs) and data on healthcare systems derived from HRSA’s 2016-2017 Area Health Resource File. Multivariate analysis, nonparametric analysis, and multinomial logistic regression were conducted. Results indicated that public health systems in positive deviant counties were more likely to have their next year’s budget exceed their current budget compared to negative and non-deviant counties. Public health systems in negative deviant counties had much lower rates of completed community health assessments, community health improvement plans, and strategic plans. LHDs overseen by their local government were 6.20 (p=.001) times more likely to be positive deviant, and negative deviant counties were much less likely (OR=0.12, pp 17.28 physicians per 10,000 population), while negative deviant counties were less likely (OR=.35, pp=.38) compared to non-deviant counties. Future research should continue using the PD approach for population-level studies and seek to understand which components of local public health and healthcare systems are associated with better population health.

Objectif : L’objectif général de cette étude est de comprendre en quoi l’utilisation des services de santé et de disponibilité des ressources en santé au Québec sont équitables. Méthodes : De type transversal et corrélationnel, cette étude intéresse les 95 territoires CSSS du Québec, et couvre les années 2006-2007 et 2008-2009. L’indice de défavorisation matérielle et sociale de Pampalon est mis en lien avec deux séries de variables, soit celles d’utilisation des services par CSSS (services hospitaliers; services médicaux; services CLSC) et celles de disponibilité des ressources (capacité financière; capacité matérielle, capacité humaine; viabilité). Pour ce faire, des analyses de variance ont été effectuées. Le modèle intégrateur de la performance des services de santé EGIPSS et celui de l’utilisation des services de santé de Donabedian servent de cadre d’analyse. Résultats : L’utilisation des services de santé est équitable en ce qui concerne la défavorisation matérielle, mais pas en ce qui a trait à la défavorisation sociale. L’utilisation des services médicaux dispensés par les omnipraticiens est plus élevée chez les populations les plus favorisées socialement comparativement aux populations les plus défavorisées. Toutefois, l’utilisation des médecins spécialistes est plus équitable que celle des omnipraticiens, cela, chez les populations défavorisées autant matériellement que socialement. Les hospitalisations évitables sont plus élevées chez les populations les défavorisées socialement comparativement aux populations les plus favorisées. En termes de disponibilité des ressources, les populations défavorisées disposent de plus de ressources que les plus favorisées, sauf en ce qui concerne la répartition du personnel. Conclusion : En général, il existe très peu d’iniquités dans l’utilisation des services de santé au Québec. Par ailleurs, la disponibilité des ressources en santé est relativement équitable au Québec, exception faite de la disponibilité du personnel. / Objectives: The general objective of this study is to understand in what the use of health services and the availability of health resources in Quebec are fair. Methods: This cross-sectional and corelational study interests the 95 territories CSSS of Quebec, and covers the years 2006-2007 and 2008-2009. The material and social deprivation index of Pampalon is put in connection with two series of variables, such those of the use of the services by CSSS (hospital services; medical services; CLSC services) and those of availability of the resources (financial capacity; material capacity, human capacity; viability). To do it, analyses of variance were made. The integrative model of the health service performance (EGIPSS) and that of the use of the health services of Donabedian serve as frame of analysis. Results: The use of health services is fair as regards the material deprivation, but not in what concerned the social deprivation. The use of medical services dispensed by the general practitioners is more raised at the population the most favored socially compared with the most disadvantaged population. However, the use of the specialists is fairer than that of the general practitioners, it, for the populations disadvantaged so materially as socially. The avoidable hospitalizations are more raised at the population the most disadvantaged socially compared with the most favored. In terms of the availability of resources, the disadvantaged populations have more resources than the most favored populations. Conclusion: Generally, there are very few inequities in the use of health services in Quebec. Besides, the availability of the resources regarding health is relatively fair in Quebec, exception made by the distribution of the staff.

As transformações no clima urbano das cidades, bem como a excessiva poluição atmosférica e o aumento da segregação e das desigualdades sociais tornaram-se fatores determinantes das altas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade por doenças respiratórias. Desta forma, o objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi compreender como os atributos climáticos, a poluição do ar e as condições socioeconômicas estão relacionadas às internações hospitalares por doenças respiratórias em crianças com até 9 anos de idade em 14 distritos da cidade de São Paulo. Esta pesquisa foi dividida em duas etapas de trabalho, sendo a primeira a relação entre as variáveis meteorológicas, índices de conforto térmico e a poluição do ar (MP10) com as internações hospitalares no período de 2003 a 2013 a partir dos modelos estatísticos de distribuição binomial negativa e do modelo Distributed Lag Non-linear Model. A segunda etapa consistiu em analisar o padrão espacial entre a Razão Padronizada dos Internamentos Suavizada - RPIS e a privação sócio material da população na área de estudo ao longo do período de 2006 a 2013, com a utilização da autocorrelação espacial e dos modelos dos Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários e da Regressão Geograficamente Ponderada. Os resultados mostraram relações significativas de alto risco relativo entre a temperatura média do ar (17,5ºC a 21ºC, para o total analisado), umidade relativa do ar (84% a 98% para o sexo feminino), precipitação (0 mm a 2,3 mm para o total e ambos os sexos e >120mm para o sexo feminino) e do Material Particulado (MP10) (>35 g/m³ para o total e para o sexo feminino). Espacialmente foi possível identificar os setores com maior e menor privação sócio material, bem como da RPIS. Os resultados da dependência espacial da relação entre a privação e a RPIS também foram significativos e permitiram identificar os setores mais e menos vulneráveis às doenças respiratórias. Além disso, encontramos que as crianças do sexo feminino apresentaram alto risco (RR = 2,30) quando relacionados à maior privação. Esta pesquisa, portanto, permitiu concluir que determinados intervalos (valores específicos) dos atributos climáticos e a privação sócio material podem contribuir para o aumento das internações por doenças respiratórias nas crianças de 0 a 9 anos de idade na área de estudo. / The urban climate change, the excessive air pollution, the large social inequalities and segregation in the cities have become a determinant factors of high morbidity and mortality rates due to respiratory diseases. Therefore, the aims of this research was to understand how the climatic attributes, air pollution and socioeconomic conditions are related with hospital admissions for respiratory diseases in children up to 9 years of age in 14 districts of São Paulo. This research were divided into two working steps; the first step was the relationship between the meteorological variables, thermal comfort indexes and air pollution (PM10) with hospital admissions during 2003 to 2013, based on the statistical models of binomial distribution and Distributed Lag Model Non-linear Model. The second step was to analyze the spatial pattern between the Smoothed Standardized Admissions Ratio - RPIS and the deprivation index of the population in the study area over the period 2006-2013, considering the spatial autocorrelation and the spatial models, Ordinary Least Squares and Geographically Weighted Regression. The results showed significant relationship between the high relative risk with the mean air temperature (17.5ºC at 21°C, for the total), relative humidity (84% to 98% for females), rainfall (0 mm to 2.3mm for the total and both sexes and > 120 mm for the females) and PM10 (> 35g/m³ for the total and for the females). It was possible to identify the highest and lowest social deprivation material spatial pattern in the study area, and it was possible to identify the spatial pattern of the RPIS. The spatial dependence results showed a significant relationship between the deprivation index and RPIS. Therefore, these results allowed us to identify the most and least vulnerable census tracts related to respiratory diseases. In addition, we found that female children presented high risk (RR = 2.30) when they were related to greater deprivation. This research, therefore, allowed us to conclude that certain intervals (specific values) of climatic attributes and the deprivation index may contribute to increase the hospital admissions of respiratory diseases in children from 0 to 9 years of age in the study area.

Objectif : L’objectif général de cette étude est de comprendre en quoi l’utilisation des services de santé et de disponibilité des ressources en santé au Québec sont équitables. Méthodes : De type transversal et corrélationnel, cette étude intéresse les 95 territoires CSSS du Québec, et couvre les années 2006-2007 et 2008-2009. L’indice de défavorisation matérielle et sociale de Pampalon est mis en lien avec deux séries de variables, soit celles d’utilisation des services par CSSS (services hospitaliers; services médicaux; services CLSC) et celles de disponibilité des ressources (capacité financière; capacité matérielle, capacité humaine; viabilité). Pour ce faire, des analyses de variance ont été effectuées. Le modèle intégrateur de la performance des services de santé EGIPSS et celui de l’utilisation des services de santé de Donabedian servent de cadre d’analyse. Résultats : L’utilisation des services de santé est équitable en ce qui concerne la défavorisation matérielle, mais pas en ce qui a trait à la défavorisation sociale. L’utilisation des services médicaux dispensés par les omnipraticiens est plus élevée chez les populations les plus favorisées socialement comparativement aux populations les plus défavorisées. Toutefois, l’utilisation des médecins spécialistes est plus équitable que celle des omnipraticiens, cela, chez les populations défavorisées autant matériellement que socialement. Les hospitalisations évitables sont plus élevées chez les populations les défavorisées socialement comparativement aux populations les plus favorisées. En termes de disponibilité des ressources, les populations défavorisées disposent de plus de ressources que les plus favorisées, sauf en ce qui concerne la répartition du personnel. Conclusion : En général, il existe très peu d’iniquités dans l’utilisation des services de santé au Québec. Par ailleurs, la disponibilité des ressources en santé est relativement équitable au Québec, exception faite de la disponibilité du personnel. / Objectives: The general objective of this study is to understand in what the use of health services and the availability of health resources in Quebec are fair. Methods: This cross-sectional and corelational study interests the 95 territories CSSS of Quebec, and covers the years 2006-2007 and 2008-2009. The material and social deprivation index of Pampalon is put in connection with two series of variables, such those of the use of the services by CSSS (hospital services; medical services; CLSC services) and those of availability of the resources (financial capacity; material capacity, human capacity; viability). To do it, analyses of variance were made. The integrative model of the health service performance (EGIPSS) and that of the use of the health services of Donabedian serve as frame of analysis. Results: The use of health services is fair as regards the material deprivation, but not in what concerned the social deprivation. The use of medical services dispensed by the general practitioners is more raised at the population the most favored socially compared with the most disadvantaged population. However, the use of the specialists is fairer than that of the general practitioners, it, for the populations disadvantaged so materially as socially. The avoidable hospitalizations are more raised at the population the most disadvantaged socially compared with the most favored. In terms of the availability of resources, the disadvantaged populations have more resources than the most favored populations. Conclusion: Generally, there are very few inequities in the use of health services in Quebec. Besides, the availability of the resources regarding health is relatively fair in Quebec, exception made by the distribution of the staff.

As transformações no clima urbano das cidades, bem como a excessiva poluição atmosférica e o aumento da segregação e das desigualdades sociais tornaram-se fatores determinantes das altas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade por doenças respiratórias. Desta forma, o objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi compreender como os atributos climáticos, a poluição do ar e as condições socioeconômicas estão relacionadas às internações hospitalares por doenças respiratórias em crianças com até 9 anos de idade em 14 distritos da cidade de São Paulo. Esta pesquisa foi dividida em duas etapas de trabalho, sendo a primeira a relação entre as variáveis meteorológicas, índices de conforto térmico e a poluição do ar (MP10) com as internações hospitalares no período de 2003 a 2013 a partir dos modelos estatísticos de distribuição binomial negativa e do modelo Distributed Lag Non-linear Model. A segunda etapa consistiu em analisar o padrão espacial entre a Razão Padronizada dos Internamentos Suavizada - RPIS e a privação sócio material da população na área de estudo ao longo do período de 2006 a 2013, com a utilização da autocorrelação espacial e dos modelos dos Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários e da Regressão Geograficamente Ponderada. Os resultados mostraram relações significativas de alto risco relativo entre a temperatura média do ar (17,5ºC a 21ºC, para o total analisado), umidade relativa do ar (84% a 98% para o sexo feminino), precipitação (0 mm a 2,3 mm para o total e ambos os sexos e >120mm para o sexo feminino) e do Material Particulado (MP10) (>35 g/m³ para o total e para o sexo feminino). Espacialmente foi possível identificar os setores com maior e menor privação sócio material, bem como da RPIS. Os resultados da dependência espacial da relação entre a privação e a RPIS também foram significativos e permitiram identificar os setores mais e menos vulneráveis às doenças respiratórias. Além disso, encontramos que as crianças do sexo feminino apresentaram alto risco (RR = 2,30) quando relacionados à maior privação. Esta pesquisa, portanto, permitiu concluir que determinados intervalos (valores específicos) dos atributos climáticos e a privação sócio material podem contribuir para o aumento das internações por doenças respiratórias nas crianças de 0 a 9 anos de idade na área de estudo. / The urban climate change, the excessive air pollution, the large social inequalities and segregation in the cities have become a determinant factors of high morbidity and mortality rates due to respiratory diseases. Therefore, the aims of this research was to understand how the climatic attributes, air pollution and socioeconomic conditions are related with hospital admissions for respiratory diseases in children up to 9 years of age in 14 districts of São Paulo. This research were divided into two working steps; the first step was the relationship between the meteorological variables, thermal comfort indexes and air pollution (PM10) with hospital admissions during 2003 to 2013, based on the statistical models of binomial distribution and Distributed Lag Model Non-linear Model. The second step was to analyze the spatial pattern between the Smoothed Standardized Admissions Ratio - RPIS and the deprivation index of the population in the study area over the period 2006-2013, considering the spatial autocorrelation and the spatial models, Ordinary Least Squares and Geographically Weighted Regression. The results showed significant relationship between the high relative risk with the mean air temperature (17.5ºC at 21°C, for the total), relative humidity (84% to 98% for females), rainfall (0 mm to 2.3mm for the total and both sexes and > 120 mm for the females) and PM10 (> 35g/m³ for the total and for the females). It was possible to identify the highest and lowest social deprivation material spatial pattern in the study area, and it was possible to identify the spatial pattern of the RPIS. The spatial dependence results showed a significant relationship between the deprivation index and RPIS. Therefore, these results allowed us to identify the most and least vulnerable census tracts related to respiratory diseases. In addition, we found that female children presented high risk (RR = 2.30) when they were related to greater deprivation. This research, therefore, allowed us to conclude that certain intervals (specific values) of climatic attributes and the deprivation index may contribute to increase the hospital admissions of respiratory diseases in children from 0 to 9 years of age in the study area.