Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics, and Health / Kadri Koppel / The pet food industry represents a competitive and growing part of the food industry that is constantly looking for innovation to differentiate products in the market. In recent years, the pet food market has undergone a humanization trend that has transformed pet owners into parents. In the light of this trend, pet owner acceptance has become even more crucial to product developers as the owners are the ones who make purchasing decisions. Performing descriptive sensory analysis on pet foods utilizing a human panel can assist in understanding the sensory characteristic of products. Knowing the sensory profile of pet food can then be useful in product development, in order to relate the descriptive data with palatability data from pets and to understand specific sensory attributes that drive pet liking. At the same time descriptive analysis can help understand what drives consumer acceptance of the products. The first objective of the research was to develop a sensory lexicon that could assist researchers and sensory professionals working in the pet food industry to describe appearance, aroma, flavor, and texture characteristics of dry dog food. More than seventy sensory terms were identified, defined, and referenced. The second objective was to utilize this sensory lexicon to understand relationships between sensory properties of products and pet owners’ liking. Results indicated that appearance played a major role in driving consumer liking of dry pet food. The next objective of the research was to understand sensory qualities and acceptance of extruded dry dog food manufactured with different fractions of red sorghum through some of the developed concepts. Sorghum is an important crop to Kansas that represents the first producer in USA. Sorghum characteristics such as a low glycemic index and antioxidant properties make it a perfect fit for pet food industry. A process such as extrusion may then help improve some negative characteristics such a lower digestibility that has been associated with sorghum in the past. Descriptive sensory analysis was performed and results indicated that aroma and flavor profile of the sorghum diets were not dissimilar to the ones of a control diet manufactured with rice, wheat, and corn, grains that are typically used by the pet food industry. Acceptance of pet owners was then assessed through a Central Location Test involving 105 consumers. The whole sorghum diet resulted to be the most liked sample by consumers, at the same level of the control diet. The next objective was then to understand how the experimental diets would be accepted by pets compared in a home situation. Thirty dogs were fed the diets in their own household environment over 20 consecutive days. No differences in acceptance for the diets were found. The last portion of the research was to determine volatile compounds present in the four diets and try to identify possible relationship with the sensory properties of the samples. Thirty-six compounds were identified with aldehydes being the most abundant volatiles group. Several relationships with sensory characteristics of samples were found.

Magister Curationis - MCur / Background: Health literacy is defined as the degree to which an individual has the capacity of obtaining, processing, and understanding basic health information and services needed for one to make appropriate decisions with relation to health. Health literacy is currently emerging as a major determinant of health outcomes yet it is not receiving enough attention, especially among health professionals. It is now considered a stronger predictor of health outcomes than social and economic status, education, and gender. Since nurses play a major role in providing healthcare information to patients and clients, it is imperative that nurses be prepared to face the challenges presented by individuals with poor health literacy skills. The nursing discipline is the largest segment of the health-oriented workforce and therefore, nurses have the largest responsibility of providing patient education, however, there are no education efforts targeting health professionals with regard to health literacy in South Africa. It is, therefore, imperative to establish the knowledge and experience of nurses in training in order to forge a way forward in nursing education. Aim: The overall aim of the study was to establish the health literacy knowledge and experiences of bachelor nursing students at a University in the Western Cape. Methodology: A quantitative, descriptive survey design was applied and data collection was carried out using a self-administered questionnaire. Total population sampling technique was done, the final sample was (n=82) of the fourth-year nursing students. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 23, descriptive and inferential statistics were employed. Ethics: Ethical approval was granted by the ethics research committee, thereafter permission to conduct the study at the University was obtained from the Registrar and the Director of The School of Nursing. The researcher maintained the principles of anonymity and confidentiality throughout the study. Participation was voluntary and informed consent was signed by the respondents. Results: The study found that bachelor of nursing students in Western Cape exhibited satisfactory health literacy knowledge as measured by the questionnaire, the score was 73%, with a cut-off of 70%. Knowledge gaps however existed in some areas - for example with regards to the impact of low health literacy on patient health outcomes and identification of patients with low health literacy. Their health literacy experience was, however, lacking, with students only reporting some experience in the use of written materials in providing patient education. There was a weak negative, but statistically significant relationship between health literacy knowledge and experience. Conclusion: Exposure to health literacy within the nursing curriculum needs to be more comprehensive, since the results portray that the emphasis of health literacy in the curriculum failed to have an effect on the health literacy knowledge scores, deeming it insufficient.

Abstract Early family characteristics may influence the later development of severe mental disorders and criminality of a child. The association between an adverse family environment during childhood and its later consequences in adulthood, however, are still widely open. The aim of the present study was to analyse in a longitudinal perspective, family risks of severe hospital-treated mental disorders and criminal behaviour in the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort and to develop a descriptive life span model of schizophrenia. A large, general population birth cohort (N =11 017), the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort was used as a study population. This database provides the information of prospectively collected data on both biological and social aspects of pregnancy, the characteristics of family, the mother, the father, and the child. The information of psychiatric outcomes was gathered from the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register (FHDR) and the data on registered criminal behaviour of the cohort members come from computerized files maintained by the Ministry of Justice. Children born to multiparous mothers (GMP) i.e. those that had undergone at least six deliveries were more commonly treated in mental hospitals later in life (4.5% vs. 3.4%; p=0.028) than children born to mothers that have fewer children. Of the diagnostic groups, the risk of psychoses other than schizophrenia (OR 2.3; 95% CI 1.2-4.7), and depressive disorders (OR 2.2; 1.0-4.5) was elevated among adult children of those mothers. Birth order was associated with adult schizophrenia. The risk was elevated among male firstborns (ratio 1.5; 95% CI 1.0-2.2), but it was lower than expected among male lastborns (ratio 0.7; 95% CI 0.5-0.9). The elevated risk was not significantly associated with female schizophrenia patients. On the contrary, the risk was lower than expected among females who were not first, not last or not only children in the family (ratio 0.6; 95% CI 0.3-0.9). Among males the risk for violent crimes later in life was elevated among the only children (OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.1-3.0). If perinatal risk was additional exposure, the risk increased up to 4-fold (OR 4.4; 95% CI 1.9-10.8). Combining with maternal risks increased the risk up to 6-fold (OR 5.9; 95% CI 3.1-11.3) and with paternal risk up to 8-fold (OR 8.4; 95% CI 3.9-18.1), respectively. Among females the absence of the father during childhood until the age of 14 was the strongest risk factor in predicting later criminality (OR 2.5; 95% CI 1.4-4.3). Further, in the families, where the father was present, maternal smoking during pregnancy together with being born unwanted increased the prevalence for criminal offending significantly up to 7.2%. In conclusion, some characteristics of the early childhood family environment were associated with mental disorders and criminality in adulthood and form part of the developmental trajectory of these disorders. Early detection of such children at risk is important in preventing mental disorders and criminality in adulthood.

The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of the Arabic version of the revised Job Descriptive Index. In addition, job satisfaction among managers at Saudi ARAMCO was measured and analyzed in relation to age, education, experience, national origin and management rank.

Master of Science / Department of Human Nutrition / Kadri Koppel / Palatability of pet food is an important factor influencing food purchase decision of pet owners. In industry, single- or two-bowl methods are traditionally used to determine food acceptance or preference by pets but shortcomings exist to these methods. The first objective of this study was to propose and develop a preference ranking procedure. Preliminary testing consisted of five phases each lasting five days. Each day twelve beagles were presented 5 treats encased in identical rubber toys (“kongs”). The order of selection was considered as the ranking of preference. The five phases consisted of training, testing lab-baked treats formulations with five varieties of fats, starches and proteins, and commercial foods. The dogs generally ranked 1-2 flavors above others, indicating this procedure could be a more efficient method to determine preference since more samples can be evaluated simultaneously. The second objective was to validate this procedure by following the same process as the preliminary test. The results from phases 2 to 4 showed a similar pattern. For phase 5, various treat formulations were tested by combining the most to least preferred ingredients in each category. The results proved that the ranking of the formulations resembled the preference of the dogs for individual ingredients. Therefore, this procedure was concluded to be reliable. The third objective was to use descriptive sensory analysis to study the sensory characteristics of the treats and gain insights on the drivers of dogs’ preference. Five highly trained panelists profiled the aroma of the treats and the data was analyzed with the preference results collected from the dogs. The external preference maps showed that fish and meaty aromatics tended to be liked by the dogs and grain and musty/dusty aromatics appeared to be disliked. The last objective of this study was to further explore the applications of this procedure by studying the effect of toy/puzzle toy of the treat and ingredient dosage/ratio. With the same dogs, Styrofoam cups (puzzle toy alternative) and kongs were evaluated separately with the same treats. The results collected with Styrofoam cups were similar but less discriminating than kongs. It potentially suggested that the difficulty level of the toy can affect the significance of the dogs’ preferences. No significant preference was observed when testing the treats with different ratio of the most and the least preferred protein sources, although the human descriptive panel was able to provide different profiles for the samples. In conclusion, the preference ranking procedure is a reliable test method but more research is necessary to further explore applications.

Contexte : La violence subie par les femmes autochtones est reconnue comme un problème de santé publique majeur, mais les données pour juger de son ampleur réelle sont peu disponibles. Cette étude a pour but de documenter ce phénomène dans une communauté algonquine du Québec. Objectifs : 1) Mesurer la prévalence de la violence physique, sexuelle et psychologique provenant d'un partenaire intime dans une population de 116 femmes âgées de 15-49 ans, pour l'année qui a précédé l'étude et pour la vie entière; 2) confirmer les associations entre la violence et certains facteurs de risque déjà identifiés dans la littérature : abus sexuels pendant l'enfance, surpeuplement des logements, niveau de scolarité, consommation d'alcool, présence de violence familiale pendant l'enfance, violence physique ou sexuelle subie après l'âge de 15 ans; 3) vérifier l'association entre la violence subie et la présence de troubles psychologiques; 4) mais aussi avec l'autoévaluation de la santé des répondantes. Méthodologie : Étude descriptive transversale à l'aide d'un questionnaire standardisé et d'une méthodologie développée par l'OMS, administré par des intervieweuses d'origine autochtone spécialement formées. L'association entre les variables est examinée en utilisant des tests de Mantel-Haentzel. Résultats et conclusion : 80,5 % (I.C. 95 % : 72,0-89,1 %) des femmes ayant eu un partenaire intime ont déclaré la présence de violence physique ou sexuelle au moins une fois au cours de leur vie et 43,9 % (I.C. 95 % : 33,2-54,7 %) au cours de l'année qui a précédé la collecte de données. Les facteurs de risque pour lesquels une association a été identifiée avec la présence de violence physique ou sexuelle sont pour la vie entière : l'agression de la mère de la répondante par son propre partenaire intime (R.C. 2,9, I.C. 95 % 0,9-9,1, p=0,071), la violence physique provenant d'autres personnes > 15 ans (R.C. 4,1, I.C. 95 % 1,2-14,0, p=0,026) et la violence sexuelle > 15 ans subie d'autres personnes (R.C. 11,8, I.C. 95 % 1,5-94,3, p=0,020). Pour l'année précédente, la consommation d'alcool par la répondante a été liée à la présence de la violence (R.C. 6,5, I.C. 95 % 1,2-24,3, p=0,006) et la violence sexuelle d'autres personnes > 15 ans (R.C. 3,6, I.C. 95 % 1,4-9,1, p=0,008). Il y a une association significative (p < 0,05), sauf pour la violence sexuelle (p=0,094), entre toutes les formes de violence subie pendant la dernière année et la présence de détresse psychologique au cours des quatre semaines qui précèdent le questionnaire. L'autoévaluation de la santé n'a pu être associée à aucune des formes de violence mesurée. Ces résultats seront utiles pour estimer la situation d'autres communautés aux caractéristiques semblables et pour identifier des interventions pertinentes au milieu autochtone.

This study is the first of its kind to explore the phenomenon of serial rape from a behavioural profiling perspective within the South African context. The dearth of scientific research on serial rape in South Africa has impacted negatively on the recognition and investigation of such cases. The data set for the study consisted of police dockets, victim statements, court transcripts, detectives’ reports, and correctional services reports on nine serial rapists who assaulted and/or raped a total of seventy five victims. A behavioural profiling framework that was developed from existing literature was used to systematically analyse the victim and offender data using both qualitative and quantitative data analysis techniques. Initial victim and offender profiles were constructed using key elements such as age, population group, modus operandi, and sexual behaviour of the offenders. The initial results showed that the South African serial rapists typically exhibit the same behavioural elements reported in international literature with respect to aspects such as the methods of approach utilised, average age of the victims, ages of the offenders, offender – victim relationship, and sexual acts. However, the research also illustrated that South African serial rapists also displayed some behavioural aspects that have not been reported in international literature. In particular, South African serial rapists approach and attack their victims at two different locations. The research also showed that South African serial rapists are more willing to target victims outside their own populations groups. Young children also appear to be targeted more frequently by the South African serial rapists. The South African offenders also employed a new method of approaching the intended victim (i.e. the delayed-con approach). The results are discussed in terms of the extent to which the behavioural patterns, similarities and differences with observations made in international literature, and current police practices with respect to the investigation of serial rape in South Africa could be utilised to enhance investigative processes. Also, specific areas in need of further examination are identified, as are strategies that could assist in decreasing the occurrence of ‘linkage blindness’ in serial rape investigations in South Africa. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Psychology / unrestricted

Metaphors have long shaped the way pure translation studies describe and justify the translation phenomenon by discovering and consolidating underlying principles. Ultimately, by means of metaphor, something that dwells on the interaction of two seemingly distinct things, translation theorists have obtained a better understanding of the category of translation. Human beings are gregarious, and disputes are inevitable in every society, ancient or modern, primitive or civilized. In fact, conflict is one iron law of life that mankind has had to improvise ways of resolving, from such formal ones as litigation to private ones such as self-help. We may not be able to eliminate dispute altogether, but we can, however, resolve it through creative and civilized means. Translation can be approached in a similar context, except it concerns a metaphorical dispute between cultures and/or languages—and probably on a more intangible and subtle platform. Disparate cultures, religions and languages in a clash can be brought closer to each other with skillful translation, and hence, translation is a variation of dispute resolution. That never went totally unnoticed. Over the years, countless translation metaphors have been constructed and exploited with very different results, which indicates how interdisciplinary a subject translation studies really is. Yet, apparently, translation is most often metaphorized as mediation and negotiation but rarely as arbitration or litigation, and one cannot but wonder whether this happened out of sheer coincidence or because of some misunderstanding. Thus, much as I appreciate what theorists have accomplished with translation metaphors, in regard to didactics and heuristics, my primitive observation is that translation theorists and practitioners have never made full use of metaphorization in that they might have had an incomplete idea of dispute resolution theory in general. After all, a metaphor is, ideally, meant to facilitate active learning and full integration of new knowledge, but there still remains a missing piece that is part and parcel of our metaphorization of translation. Specifically, translators have always embraced the amicable terms of negotiation and mediation, distancing themselves from non-mainstream ones such as arbitration and litigation. To that end, in my thesis, I will explore and examine translation through slightly renewed lenses, demonstrating how and why our metaphor schema and mapping should originate in dispute resolution, and why litigation, and perhaps even arbitration as dispute resolution mechanisms, would serve as good a metaphor—if not a better one—for translation. It is my resolute belief that the translator is more qualified as a judge, a respectable professional vested with immense judicial power, than as a mediator, who is but a third-party neutral facilitating dialogue between two disputants. Only in this way can metaphors do translation theory a great service by furnishing it with a renewed and objective description of translation.

This dissertation reports on an exploratory study of a self-directed learning framework for South African cataloguers (increasingly becoming known as metadata specialists) for facilitating their continuing education needs. The study is triggered by the 2010 report of the South African Department of Arts and Culture, which found that newly qualified information specialists cataloguers included were in practice not yet able to perform professional tasks. Continuing education is characteristic of professions and essential for keeping one's professional knowledge up to date. The study focused on the question of a framework required to support and bridge the continuing education needs of professional cataloguers in South Africa. It examines professionals' knowledge of organising information, the nature and role of selfdirected learning in their continuing education and the extent of cataloguers' commitment to selfdirected learning. These aspects are described in the research goal, namely to propose a selfdirected learning framework that cataloguers can use to facilitate their ongoing training needs. The study contains a literature review and an empirical component based on a mixed methods research approach. A survey was conducted in April-May 2015 as research method. Quantitative data was collected using a structured questionnaire (59 participants), supplemented by qualitative data from three semi-structured focus group interviews. An exploratory profile of the state of continuing education for South African cataloguers and their needs could accordingly be drawn up. Findings indicate that "self-direction" is not only related to the personality of the cataloguer. It also pertains to the process of self-directed learning and the context in which it takes place. Several theories on self-directed learning were compared to design a framework that speaks to the continuing education needs of cataloguers. Three concepts professional context, people (individuals, in collaboration with others) and learning (processes, theories and opportunities) form the background against which the framework was developed. The study concludes with recommendations about a framework for self-directed learning. It includes, inter alia, a national programme for continuing information organisation training, and the development of selfdirection in learning as a multifaceted personality trait recommended for continuing education in information organisation. Further research possibilities in relation to selfdirected learning and the self-directed learning framework are also mentioned. / Hierdie verhandeling rapporteer oor 'n verkennende studie aangaande 'n selfgerigteleerraamwerk vir Suid-Afrikaanse katalogiseerders (toenemend bekend as metadataspesialiste) vir die fasilitering van hul voortgesette opleidingsbehoeftes. Die studie is ontlok deur die 2010- verslag van die Suid-Afrikaanse Departement van Kuns en Kultuur, wat bevind het dat inligtingspesialiste insluitend katalogiseerders wat pas gekwalifiseer het, nog nie in staat is om professionele take in die praktyk uit te voer nie. Voortgesette opleiding is 'n eienskap van professies en onontbeerlik vir die byhou van professionele kennis. Die studie word gerig deur die vraag oor hoe 'n raamwerk sou lyk wat die voortgesette opleidingsbehoeftes van professionele katalogiseerders in Suid-Afrika sal ondervang en oorbrug. Die studie ondersoek professionele kennis van inligtingsorganisasie, die aard en rol van selfgerigte leer in voortgesette opleiding en tot watter mate katalogiseerders op selfgerigte leer ingestel is. Hierdie aspekte word vervat in die ondersoekdoelstelling, naamlik om 'n selfgerigteleer-raamwerk voor te stel wat benut kan word om die voortgesette leer van katalogiseerders te fasiliteer . Afgesien van literatuurontledings, sluit die studie 'n empiriese komponent in wat 'n gemengdeondersoekbenadering volg. 'n Opname in April-Mei 2015 is as navorsingsmetode aangewend. Kwantitatiewe data is versamel deur 'n gestruktureerde vraelys (59 deelnemers), aangevul deur kwalitatiewe data uit drie semigestruktureerde fokusgroeponderhoude. Daaruit kon 'n verkennende profiel van die Suid-Afrikaanse voortgesette opleidingsituasie en behoeftes vir katalogiseerders opgebou word. Bevindinge toon dat "selfgerigtheid" nie net met die persoonlikheid van die katalogiseerder verband hou nie. Dit behels ook die proses van selfgerigte leer en die konteks waarin dit plaasvind. Verskeie selfgerigteleerteorieë is in verband met mekaar gebring om 'n raamwerk te ontwerp wat die behoeftes van katalogiseerders aan voortgesette opleiding aanspreek. Drie begrippe professionele konteks, persoon (individue, in samewerking met ander) en leer (prosesse, teorieë en geleenthede) vorm die agtergrond waarteen die raamwerk ontwikkel is. Die studie word afgesluit met aanbevelings oor 'n raamwerk vir selfgerigte leer. Dit sluit onder meer in 'n nasionale program vir voortgesette inligtingsorganisasieopleiding, en 'n aanmoediging tot die ontwikkeling van selfgerigtheid in leer tydens voortgesette opleiding as 'n veelkantige persoonlikheidseienskap vir inligtingsorganisasie. Verdere navorsingsmoontlikhede met betrekking tot selfgerigte leer en die selfgerigteleer-raamwerk word genoem. / Dissertation (MIS)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Information Science / MIS / Unrestricted

Use of ski areas in the Wasatch Mountains of Utah has increased rapidly over the last two decades. To facilitate planning and management of programs and facilities designed to meet this need, public and private organizations should have information which delineates the factors affecting use of these ski areas. The objectives of this study were therefore: (1) to determine what factors were responsible for variation in use at Utah ski areas, (2) to determine the relative importance of these factors in explaining ski area use, (3) to ascertain if these variables explaining use differ significantly between two ski seasons, (4) to determine if the factors explaining use differ significantly between various ski areas, and (5) to analyze the planning and management implications of this study. Six Utah ski areas were examined over two ski seasons. Data concerning site characteristics, management variables and locational variables for each ski area was collected. Methods of data collection included use of existing studies and information, telephone interviews and in-person Interviews with ski area managers. The main statistical procedures utilized were stepwise multiple regression analysis and partial correlation analysis. Results of these analyses indicated that two site characteristic variables, (1) total number of chairlifts and aerial tramways at each ski area, and (2) average snow depth at each ski area were closely related to variation in ski area use. These two variables were the most important for both the 1972-73 and 1974-75 ski seasons, as well as the average of these two seasons. The analyses indicated that vertical drop and lift ticket price were the two variables most closely associated with variation in use at ski areas which received a majority of their use from non-Utah residents. For those ski areas which received a majority of use from residents of Utah's Wasatch Front, the variables most closely related to variation In use were: (1) number of years in operation as a ski area, and (2) total advertising expenditures of each ski area. Implications for planning and management of ski areas in the Wasatch Mountains of Utah are discussed. Possible refinements of this technique for future applications are suggested. A glossary of terms is included.