京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(文学) / 甲第20109号 / 文博第734号 / 新制||文||643(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院文学研究科行動文化学専攻 / (主査)教授 吉田 豊, 教授 吉田 和彦, 准教授 千田 俊太郎 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Letters / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(文学) / 甲第21492号 / 文博第797号 / 新制||文||673(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院文学研究科行動文化学専攻 / (主査)准教授 千田 俊太郎, 教授 吉田 和彦, 教授 吉田 豊, 教授 加藤 昌彦 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Letters / Kyoto University / DGAM

Previous research has shown that it is common for job candidates to use faking tactics in the context of employment interviews, but situational antecedents of applicant faking has been understudied. Using an experimental design, we aimed to investigate if descriptive and injunctive norms interact to influence the intention to engage in mild types of faking during job interviews.The data were collected through an online survey, where participants (N = 447) were asked to rate their intentions to fake in a hypothetical scenario after being exposed to one out of four norm conditions or being assigned to a no norm control condition. The results did not support the hypotheses, as the respondents presented with both descriptive and injunctive honesty norms did not express significantly lower faking intentions than the respondents that were exposed to two unaligned norms or those in the control group. Moreover, no difference was observed between the participants that were presented with both descriptive and injunctive faking norms and the respondents in the norm condition in which a descriptive faking norm and an injunctive honesty norm were signaled. The participants presented with two faking norms also did not differ significantly from the control group. Thus, the findings do not support the idea that the exposure to two aligned norms influences people’s faking intentions, at least in this specific context. However, more research is needed on this topic before any general conclusions can be drawn.

This thesis presents new theorems in homotopy theory, in particular it generalizes a theorem of Saharon Shelah. We employ a technique used by Janusz Pawlikowski to show that certain Peano continua have a least nontrivial homotopy group that is finitely presented or of cardinality continuum. We also use this technique to give some relative consistency results.

This study examines the phenomenon of contemporary a cappella music making found in high school settings as curricular and extra-curricular offerings. Past music and music education literature has focused exclusively on contemporary a cappella at the collegiate level. Through application of a descriptive phenomenological method and incorporation an educational-sociological lens, this study advances an understanding of the educational benefit and social value of membership in contemporary a cappella at the high school level. Six recent members from three regions of the United States provided data through individual open-form interviews in which questions were derived from the participants’ own speech. I incorporated phenomenological reductions and processes to negate researcher bias during data collection, analysis, and the formation of a general structure and constituent meanings of membership in high school contemporary a cappella. Participants utilized traditional music skills, individual talents, conceptions of popular culture and music, and in-group socialization to facilitate music making and reify membership. Expressing the value of group membership, individuals acted to benefit the group by cultivating social bonds, developing and fostering personal/shared connections to songs, identifying and purposing individual talents and skills, and gaining an understanding of each members’ unique contribution to membership. Discussion includes implications for music education and suggestions for future research.

It is generally accepted among scholars that increases in descriptive representation result in increases in substantive representation. Although women's descriptive representation has increased in recent years, women are still underrepresented in politics. One reason for women's underrepresentation is that female candidates must overcome additional barriers in order to get elected, including on the low number of women in the pipeline to elected office, party gatekeeping, women's lower levels of political ambition, and voters' negative gender stereotypes about female candidates. Changes in women's descriptive representation and recent salience of women-friendly policies, such as abortion and paid maternity leave, has caused me to investigate whether implementation of these women-friendly policies result in an increase in women's descriptive representation. I assert that women-friendly policies reduce the barriers women must overcome to get elected to office. Specifically, the presence of more women-friendly abortion and paid maternity leave policies will result in an increase in women's descriptive representation at the state level. I find partial support for a relationship between these women-friendly policies and higher levels of women's descriptive representation. State-level abortion protections are associated with higher levels of women's descriptive representation in the state legislature.

Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 25 septembre 2023) / Le domaine de l'assurance regorge de toutes sortes de données. Avec des milliers, voire des millions de clients, les compagnies d'assurance ont su emmagasiner un nombre impressionnant d'informations. À partir de celles-ci, elles sont en mesure de développer plusieurs modèles qui leur permettent d'anticiper le comportement de leur clientèle. Elles ont maintenant à leur disposition des modèles qui permettent d'estimer le temps restant avant qu'un client n'abandonne une police d'assurance de dommages. Une compagnie d'assurance souhaite cependant approfondir ses connaissances et améliorer ses prévisions en étudiant l'influence des relations entre les clients sur l'abandon d'une police d'assurance. Certaines données descriptives des clients sont disponibles ainsi que cinq fichiers qui lient les individus à des identifiants de groupe. Ces derniers sont utilisés pour créer des réseaux représentant les relations qui existent entre les clients de la compagnie. L'objectif de ce mémoire est donc d'explorer les données réseaux et de comprendre l'impact que les relations peuvent avoir sur certaines variables, plus particulièrement sur l'abandon d'une police d'assurance de dommages. Des statistiques descriptives en lien avec les réseaux, comme le nombre de liens entre deux individus qui abandonnent ou l'assortativité, permettent rapidement de savoir s'il est pertinent de continuer l'exploration ou non. Par la suite, un test de permutation permet de mieux comprendre l'influence des relations sur le fait qu'un client abandonne ou non. Puis, pour terminer, un modèle statistique qui permet d'estimer une matrice de covariance à partir des relations d'un réseau est présenté. / The insurance sector is full of all kinds of data. With thousands, if not millions, of customers, insurance companies have accumulated a substantial amount of information. From this information, they can develop several models that allow them to anticipate their customer's behavior. They now have models that allow them to estimate the remaining time before a customer cancels their insurance policy. However, an insurance company wishes to deepen their understanding, and improve predictions by studying the influence of relationships between clients on the cancellation of damage insurance policies. Some descriptive data on the customers is available, as well as five files linking individuals to groups. This is how the networks are created. The objective of this thesis is therefore to explore network data and understand the influence that relationships can have on certain descriptive variables, and more specifically on the cancellation of a damage insurance policy. Descriptive statistics related to networks, such as the number of links between two individuals who cancel or assortativity, quickly allow us to know if it is relevant to continue the exploration or not. Then, the permutation test allows us to better understand the influence of relationships on the cancellation of the insurance policy. Finally, a statistical model that allows us to estimate a covariance matrix from a network is presented.

Previous research into sporting events and broadcast commentary have been consistent in showing that there are clear differences in prevalence of commentary topics when a commentator is describing a male athlete and a female athlete. Among these differences are sexualized and ambivalent language towards female athletes, gender marking, and language that suggests male athlete superiority to that of female athletes. Although sporting events such as the Summer and Winter Olympics and NCAA Men's and Women's Basketball Championship games have repeatedly been sites for exploration, the world's largest single-event sporting competition, the World Cup, remains relatively untouched. Keeping this in mind, using a systematic content analysis, this thesis analyzed the broadcast commentary provided by play-by-play and color commentators in FIFA World Cup and FIFA Women's World Cup final matches to discern whether or not the sex of the athlete competing resulted in a difference in the descriptive evaluations employed by commentators. Findings of this study revealed that there were few differences in the prevalence of descriptive evaluations based on the gender of the athletes competing. Implications of the results and recommendations for future research into broadcast commentary and World Cup final matches are addressed. / Master of Arts / Previous research into the role of broadcast commentary in sporting events has shown that not only are there differences in what sports commentators say about male and female athletes, but also in how often specific types of commentary occur. Through the examination of pinnacle athletic competitions, findings have revealed a higher frequency of sexualized and contradictory language towards female athletes, an increase in gender marking, and language that suggests the superiority of male athletes to that of female athletes, among other things. Despite the wide range of athletic competitions that have garnered research attention, one event that has remained relatively ignored is the FIFA World Cup. Because of this, by examining the broadcast commentary provided during FIFA World Cup and FIFA Women’s World Cup final matches, this study looked to discover if the sex of the athlete competing impacted how often certain evaluation types occurred during game action. Findings showed that there were few differences in the prevalence of these evaluations based on the sex of the athlete competing. In addition to discussing the findings of this study, recommendations for future research are also addressed.

The US cider market has expanded in recent years, but limited research-based information is available on fermentation management. This study investigates how apple cultivar and yeast inoculation affect the chemical and sensory properties of cider. Four ciders were produced in triplicate using combinations of two different apple cultivars - Harrison, a cider cultivar and GoldRush, a dessert cultivar - and two fermentation strategies - inoculated with dry active yeast EC1118 or Pied de Cuvé ambient fermentation. Ciders were analyzed for alcohol content, free/total SO2, titratable acidity, volatile acidity, malic acid, pH, and residual sugar. Sensory evaluation was conducted using Descriptive Analysis with trained panelists. Results were analyzed via ANOVA and Principal Component Analysis. Apple cultivar and fermentation method resulted in significant differences for chemistry and sensory parameters. Malic acid concentration was greater in the control ciders while concentrations of both residual sugar and volatile acidity were higher in the PDC ciders. The interactions effect of cultivar*fermentation method influenced both malic acid and residual sugar concentrations, where concentration differences between control and ambient ciders is smaller for GoldRush than for Harrison, showing that fermentation style produces different results across cultivars. Volatile acidity produced opposite interaction effects as differences between fermentation styles was larger for GoldRush. For sensory attributes, Harrison ciders produced high intensities for multiple attributes, but also higher variability. Multiple sensory descriptors displayed interaction effects as the fermentation method produced different results in different cultivars. This study demonstrates that increasingly popular practices in the industry can produce significantly different ciders. / Master of Science in Life Sciences / The US cider market has grown rapidly in recent years, with many new products entering the market. However, there is limited research-based information available on cider fermentation management. This study investigates how production variables, namely apple cultivar and yeast inoculation, affect the chemical and sensory properties of the cider created. The overall goal of this project is to assess the chemical and sensory characteristics that come from cider production treatments. In this study, four experimental ciders were produced using combinations of two different apple cultivars – Harrison, a cider cultivar and GoldRush, a dessert/fresh market cultivar – and two fermentation management strategies – inoculated with dry active yeast strain EC1118 or indirect inoculation through a natural fermentation method. Ciders were analyzed for alcohol content, free and total SO2, titratable acidity, volatile acidity, malic acid, pH and residual sugar. Sensory evaluation was conducted by a trained panel providing descriptive terms and intensities for each sample. Both chemical and sensory results were analyzed to reveal significant differences in samples based on not only apple type and inoculation method, but also the interactions between those two variables. This study demonstrates that increasingly popular practices in the cider industry – like natural fermentation or the use of cider-apple varieties – can produce significantly different ciders. This highlights the idea that producers need to treat each apple cultivar differently, as they behave differently throughout production.

Hard cider or "cider" is a fermented, alcoholic beverage made from the juice of apples. The cider industry has experienced recent growth within the United States and Virginia. Virginia is one of the largest producers of apples in the United States, and apples are considered a top commodity in the state. Currently, there is inconsistent terminology to describe Virginia cider, and cider producers are using descriptors that are usually associated with beer and wine. Thus, this study aims to identify the distinct sensory profiles of Virginia ciders and to identify drivers of consumer liking. Understanding sensory profiles and drivers of consumer liking for Virginia ciders will aid consumers in understanding what kind of cider styles they prefer and could help producers identify acceptable cider products. A descriptive analysis (DA) was completed to determine a well-defined sensory profile for Virginia hard ciders. The DA consisted of 24 ciders that producers considered to be representative of Virginia and their brands from 16 of the 32 known cider producers in Virginia. In the DA, 6 panelists defined reference standards for 48 descriptors consisting of 20 aromas, 3 tastes, 13 flavors, and 12 mouthfeel attributes. Through M/ANOVA, 22 descriptors were identified as significant, and 6 groups of ciders were identified using Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA). Then, an exploratory consumer study using 8 representative ciders from the DA was conducted with 67 subjects. Subjects were first asked a series of demographic questions, then presented with samples in randomized, sequential, monadic fashion and reported overall liking, purchasing intent, and willingness to pay. Internal and external preference mapping was accomplished with Partial Least Squares Regression (PLS) and Clustering Around Latent Variables (CLV). Three distinct clusters were identified with distinct product and sensory preferences. Finally, basic chemical analyses of all samples were performed. The DA demonstrated that Virginia ciders have distinct sensory characteristics and fall into distinct sensory groups. The 3 consumer clusters found through CLV may represent cider drinkers' preferences in both Virginia and the United States. While no unusual cider chemistry was found, we were able to observe expected connections between chemistry and sensory profiles. / Master of Science in Life Sciences / Hard cider is the fermented beverage made from apples. It is also known as "cider" outside of the United States. In recent years, the cider industry has experienced growth both nationwide, and within the state of Virginia. Usually, ciders are described using words that are used to describe wine and beer. The aim of this study is to define descriptive terminology for Virginia ciders and identify drivers of consumer liking. Understanding sensory profiles and drivers of consumer liking for Virginia ciders will aid consumers in understanding what kind of cider styles they prefer and could help producers identify acceptable cider products. A descriptive analysis (DA) was completed to determine a well-defined sensory profile for Virginia hard ciders. The DA consisted of 24 ciders that producers considered to be representative of Virginia and their brands from 16 of the 32 known cider producers in Virginia. In the DA, 6 panelists defined reference standards for 48 descriptors consisting of 20 aromas, 3 tastes, 13 flavors, and 12 mouthfeel attributes. A total of 22 attributes were identified as being significant, and 6 distinct groups of ciders were identified. Then, an exploratory consumer study using 8 representative ciders from the DA was conducted with 67 subjects. Subjects were first asked a series of demographic questions, then presented with samples and reported overall liking, purchasing intent, and willingness to pay. Three distinct clusters of consumers were identified with distinct product and sensory preferences. Finally, basic chemical analyses of all samples were performed. The DA demonstrated that Virginia ciders have distinct sensory characteristics and fall into distinct sensory groups. The 3 consumer clusters may represent cider drinkers' preferences in both Virginia and the United States. While no unusual cider chemistry was found, we were able to observe expected connections between chemistry and sensory profiles.