This report will look at optimization under parameters of uncertainties. It will describe the subject in its wider form, then two model examples will be studied, followed by an application to an ABB product. The Monte Carlo method will be described and scrutinised, with the quasi-Monte Carlo method being favoured for large problems. An example will illustrate how the choice of Monte Carlo method will affect the efficiency of the simulation when evaluating  functions of different dimensions. Then an overview of mathematical optimization is given, from its simplest form to nonlinear, nonconvex  optimization problems containing uncertainties.A Monte Carlo simulation is applied to the design process and cost function for a custom made ABB transformer, where the production process is assumed to contain some uncertainties.The result from optimizing an ABB cost formula, where the in-parameters contains some uncertainties, shows how the price can vary and is not fixed as often assumed, and how this could influence an accept/reject decision.

This report covers the examination of course Degree of Bachelor of Science in Innovation and Design MSGC12. The course is given on the Innovation and Design Program at the Faculty of Health, Science and Technology at Karlstad University. The course corresponds to 22.5 credits and extends over the spring semester in 2017. Examiner is Leo de Vin and supervisor is Kristina Gullander. The project is carried out on behalf of Support Design AB, which manufactures and distributes handmade ergonomic chairs. The company is aiming primarily at the dental and medical industry, where they have discovered a great interest in flexible and ergonomic chairs. There are today competing brands that manufacture chairs whose seats are similar to Support Designs. The company now wishes to expand its range of seating in order to differ from market competitors. Need for a more concrete foundation in research on sitting in the dental sector is also something they are looking for. The assignment therefore consists of developing an ergonomically designed seat for dental operator chairs, which has a strong foundation in research on sitting in the dental industry and has got a unique design. The project's pre-study starts with a literature study, with a large emphasis on trying to define what a good and ergonomic sitting posture is. This is done to provide a basis for a subsequent analysis of interviews and observations by dental staff. To survey the needs of the users, 15 interviews are performed with dental staff to gain an insight into their views of the workplaces and existing operator chairs. Structured observations are carried out at 11 patient visits in connection with the interviews to find motion patterns and review their work positions. The result of the preliminary study shows that many in dental care experience or has experienced work-related pain, especially shoulders, neck and back. A wide legged and relatively ergonomic working position is commonly observed in narrow operating rooms.   The project results in 15 different concepts where four qualify for prototype manufacturing and testing. One concept is perceived to be the most comfortable while another is perceived to be the most unique. One concept meets ergonomic criteria best and another does not meet all the important requirements that the pre-study generated.

Skytte, i synnerhet pistolskytte, är en utmanande sport och är en av de största sporterna i världensett till antal utövare. En mycket omtyckt gren inom pistolskyttet är fältskytte, vilket utövas ute i de svenska skogarna. I fältskytte skjuter man på olikformade måltavlor under olika tider, avstånd och ställning, vilket gör fältskyttet till en väldigt omväxlande och utmanande gren. För fältskytte finns en mängd olika måltavlor som är godkända att användas, och dessa är alla välkända av skyttar som sysslar med fältskytte då de varit oförändrade i många år utan några systematiska försök tillutveckling. Min uppfattning är att det finns förbättringar att göra av de måltavlor som används idag. Syftet med det här designarbetet är att med hjälp av en designprocess identifiera och utreda olika förbättringsområden för fältmål, för att med den informationen skapa ett nytt system för fältmål som är bättre än existerande lösningar. Detta väntas leda till att andra skyttar inspireras till att själva utforska nya möjligheter. Jag hoppas att på så sätt starta en utvecklingstrend som i sin tur moderniserar och för hela sporten framåt i utvecklingen. Arbetet resulterade i de fyra nya måltavlorna ”Ettan”, ”Tvåan”, ”Trean”, och ”Fyran” som tillsammans kallas för ”EXCENTRISKT av Iza”. EXCENTRISKT-måltavlorna passar in bland- och påminner om- existerande utbud måltavlor. Samtidigt har de vissa egenskaper som förbättrats, exempelvis måltavlornas förväntade livslängd, funktion och användning. Detta genom att utmana det konventionella sättet att tänka när det gäller poängmåltavlor för fältskjutning, och få skyttarna att sikta mot andra delar av tavlan än bara mot mitten. Resultatet förhåller sig till rådande reglementen som finns kring fältskjutning, framställt av Svenska Pistolskytteförbundet. Resultatet togs fram utifrån behov och tankar som framkommit genom intervjuer, enkäter och observationer med en grupp fältskyttar från huvudsakligen Gävle Pistolskytteklubb. Namnet ”EXCENTRISKT” är latin och betyder i princip ”något som ligger utanför mitten”, vilket ansågs passande då poängzonerna i måltavlorna flyttat ut från just mitten.

Intro „Sieben von zehn Euro wurden im Jahr 2015 in Deutschland mit Dienstleistung, also Serviceangeboten umgesetzt.“ (Statista, 2015) Was zeichnet das Design einer guten, neuen Dienstleistung aus – Erlebnis, positive Emotion, Zufriedenheit und Vertrautheit, der Wunsch nach Wiederholung? Es geht darum alltagstaugliche Dienstleistungsinnovationen ganz nah am Menschen zu entwickeln. Eine organisatorisch durchgängige, gesamtheitliche Gestaltung von Service-Produkt-Systemen ist dafür notwendig. Gutes Service-Design hat einen markanten Unterschied zu gewohnten und vorherigen Lösungen – es bietet dem Kunden einen hohen Erlebnisfaktor, Neuheitsgrad, spürbaren Mehrwert und darüber nachhaltige Weitererzählungsfaktoren an.

Inspired by the question of the Club of Rome as to Design could help to translate the ubiquitous knowledge on sustainability into daily practise and Peter Senge's belief on mental models as a limiting factor to implementation of systemic insight (Senge 2006), we explored working with mental models as a sustainable design tool. We propose a definition for design uses. At the 7th Sustainable Summer School we collected general unsustainable mental models and "designed" sustainable ones. These mental models were tested as a part of the briefing to student projects and evaluated by the students. Analysing an existing product portfolio, we tested the ability of mental models to aid the creation of strategic design advice. We argue that mental models in the form of associative thinking and cognitive metaphors have been part of designing all along and overlap in nature with design methodologies to such an extent that they are sublimely suited to be used as a design tool. We summarize our prototyping exercises with the proposal of a design process using mental models to root sustainability in design practise and thinking beyond present-day eco-design (Liedtke et al 2013, Luttropp and Lagerstedt 2006, Pigosso and McAloone 2015).

Aus der Einleitung: "Arbeitsabläufe werden in der Regel durch eine jahrzehntelange Praxis geprägt. Eine Vielzahl von individuellen Gewohnheiten und Aspekten bildet oft eine hermetische Abgrenzung gegenüber allen Versuchen, organisatorische Veränderungen herbeizuführen. Dies gilt in besonderem Maße für die Konstruktion. Die unvoreingenommene Betrachtung heutiger Konstruktionsabläufe lässt uns feststellen, dass der Arbeitsprozess an sich seit Anbeginn vor vielen tausend Jahren fast unverändert geblieben ist. Abgesehen von einer Reihe mehr oder weniger voneinander isolierter Computer-Aided Software-Tools, die den Konstrukteur bei der Modellierung, Simulation und Datenspeicherung unterstützen, bekommt er keine weiteren Hilfestellungen. Eine Ausnahme bilden hier automatisierte Verfahrensketten, die auf der Basis fest definierter Produktmodelle in parametrisierten Verfahren Fertigungsunterlagen automatisch erstellen können. Prozessorientiert sind auch neuere Benutzeroberflächen zur Kopplung von Simulationsanwendungen. Hiermit können Anwendungen über mehrere Softwareapplikationen hinweg geschaffen werden (ModelCenter, modeFrontier). Das Wissensmanagement hingegen ist so gut wie gar nicht in die Abläufe integriert, lässt man die Fülle der Freigabeprozeduren einmal außen vor."

Understanding Design Impact: A new framework for understanding the potential of design and enhancing future professional practice. Design is widely recognised as an important driver for economic performance. However, the value of design has proved resistant to quantification despite research attention since the early 1980s. Correlation between design investment and impact has been demonstrated, but not causation. There is considerable interest from policy and professional bodies in what is described here as ‘Design Impact’. Impact can be measured, for example, by return on investment, increases in profitability or cost reductions. However this only crudely captures the economic impact of a design ingredient. Increasingly, social and environmental impacts are also of interest. The design profession sees the potential for better articulation of design impact as a means to increase their influence. The context has been explored through a series of descriptive and prescriptive studies including analysis of 45 DBA Design Effectiveness Award case studies, 304 undergraduate design projects from two institutions over a three year period together with interviews and workshops with senior design professionals and design academics. A new Understanding Design Impact framework is the overall outcome and contribution to knowledge from the work. This bridges between theory and practice and is a powerful basis for placing consideration of design impact at the heart of design activity. A design impact ontology has been developed as a robust foundation to the framework which resolves issues with underlying concepts. An initial version of this ontology is published in The Design Journal and is claimed as a supporting contribution to new knowledge. So too are new ontological classifications of factors which have considerable influence on design impact: Design Influences and Authority and Motivation and Path. These provide fresh perspectives and are worthy of further research consideration. A number of routes are identified for the further development and dissemination of the framework.

No description available.

L’objet de ces travaux de recherche est de recueillir auprès de clients leur appréciation et leurs ressentis, traduits par des attributs de produit, face à une innovation en cours de conception, c’est-à-dire sans la totalité des informations sensorielles et fonctionnelles normalement disponibles sur un produit fini.Les deux objectifs principaux sont de prendre en compte les avis des clients tôt dans le processus de conception d’une innovation et de pouvoir comparer plusieurs innovations entre elles ou une même innovation à plusieurs stades de développement, en vue d’aider la prise de décisions des concepteurs et des décideurs.Afin de répondre à ces objectifs, plusieurs démarches méthodologiques sont réalisées et vérifiées :• En vue de compenser le manque de caractéristiques sensorielles et fonctionnelles d’une représentation intermédiaire d’une innovation, nous avons mis en place un « descriptif sensoriel »,• En vue de faciliter les comparaisons d’évaluations de produit, nous avons mis en place un questionnaire standard d’évaluation des avis clients. En effet, sur la base d’une recherche bibliographique des attributs de produit de qualités hédonique et pragmatique intervenant dans l’évaluation d’un produit, nous avons créé une liste d’affirmations à noter,• En vue de valider ces outils méthodologiques, nous avons réalisé une démarche comparative de plusieurs jalons ou stades de développement. Au total, nous avons réalisé six évaluations clients d’une même innovation à différents jalons du processus de conception auprès de 302 évaluateurs.Les résultats d’évaluation obtenus sont ensuite étudiés et comparés. Le but est de valider la construction du descriptif sensoriel et du questionnaire et d’apporter nos conclusions quant à l’évaluation de représentations intermédiaires à différents stades du processus de conception.Le questionnaire standard d’évaluation nécessite d’être affiné mais permet déjà de s’enquérir d’attributs de qualités hédonique et pragmatique d’un produit du point de vue des clients. Le descriptif sensoriel facilite la projection des clients vers ce que sera le futur produit. / The purpose of this research is to obtain the appraisal and feelings of customers, translated by product attributes, about an innovative product during its design process, i.e. without all the sensory and functional features available like for a finished product. Two main goals are to inquire the customers’ ways of thinking early in the design process and to compare several products themselves or the same product at different stages in the process. The objective is to help the designers and managers decision.To meet these goals, we realized and checked several methodological approaches:• To offset the lack of sensory and functional features of an innovation’s prototype, we created a “sensorial brochure”,• To facilitate the product assessments’ comparison, we created a standard questionnaire to inquire customers. In fact, with a bibliographic research of the hedonic and pragmatic attributes involved in the assessment of a product, we created a list of statements,• To validate these methodological tools, we realized a comparative approach at several milestones or stages of the design process. In total, we realized six customers’ assessments at different stages of the design process with 302 respondents.Then we studied and compared the assessments’ results. The aim is to validate the construction of the sensorial brochure and the questionnaire and to conclude from the innovation’s prototype assessments at different stages of the design process. The questionnaire needs to be improved but it has already permitted to inquire the customers on their hedonic and pragmatic attributes in front of a product. The sensorial brochure helps customers to imagine the future product.

This research proposes a novel Retrofit Design Approach based on process simulation and the Response Surface Methodology (RSM).Retrofit Design Approach comprises: 1) a diagnosis stage in which the variables are screened and promising variables to improve system performance are identified through a sensitivity analysis, 2) an evaluation stage in which RSM is applied to assess the impact of those promising variables and the most important factors are determined by building a reduced model from the process response behaviour, and 3) an optimisation stage to identify optimal conditions and performance of the system, subject to objective function and model constraints. All these stages are simulation-supported. The main advantages of the proposed Retrofit Design Approach using RSM are that the design method is able to handle a large industrial-scale design problem within a reasonable computational effort, to obtain valuable conceptual insights of design interactions and economic trade-off existed in the system, as well as to systematically identify cost-effective solutions by optimizing the reduced model based on the most important factors. This simplifies the pathway to achieve pseudo-optimal solutions, and simultaneously to understand techno-economic and system-wide impacts of key design variables and parameters. In order to demonstrate the applicability and robustness of the proposed design method, the proposed Retrofit Design Approach has been applied to two case studies which are based on existing gas processing processes. Steady-state process simulation using Aspen Plus TM® has been carried out and the simulation results agree well with the plant data. Reduced models for both cases studies have been obtained to represent the techno-economic behaviour of plants. Both the continuous and discrete design options are considered in the retrofitting of the plant, and the results showed that the Retrofit Design Approach is effective to provide reliable, cost-effective retrofit solutions which yield to improvements in the studied processes, not only economically (i.e. cost and product recovery), but also environmentally linked (i.e. CO₂ emissions and energy efficiency). The main retrofitting solutions identified are, for the first case, column pressure change, pump-around arrangement and additional turbo-expansion capacity, while for the second case, columns pressure change, trays efficiency, HEN retrofit arrangements (re-piping) and onsite utility generation schemes are considered. These promising sets of retrofit design options were further investigated to reflect implications of capital investment for the retrofit scenarios, and this portfolio of opportunities can be very useful for supporting decision-making procedure in practice. It is important to note that in some cases a cost-effective retrofit does not always require structural modifications. In conclusion, the proposed Retrofit Design Approach has been found to be a reliable approach to address the retrofit problem in the context of industrial applications.